Research into military motivation seeks to explore what drives people to do military tasks, what drives these individuals not only to join but also what drives them to do their best. In a conscription system people are forced into the military with legal means and with a professional military the people working in the military are paid a salary through an employment. Research into military motivation shows that people are rarely completely forced through conscription or only work in the military for the salary. This paper sought to examine if there is a motivational difference between Swedish conscripts and professional soldiers. Self-determination theory is a well-established motivational theory that divides motivation into three categories: amotivation, extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Where amotivation is the lack of motivation, extrinsic motivation is being controlled externally and intrinsic motivation comes from within the individual such as enjoyment of the task itself. To be able to reach intrinsic motivation the theory details three basic psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. To measure these distinct factors of basic psychological need fulfillment and motivation, semi-structured interviews were conducted on both conscripts and professional soldiers. The interviews showed that both categories are motivated by similar factors. The biggest difference found was that the conscript feel more extrinsically controlled because they cannot affect their situation, in contrast to the professional soldiers who accepted their lack of control because they made a conscious decision to take employment as a soldier.

<p>The study examines the massacre of the garrison of the castle of Kalmar in 1525 and its causes. The goal of the investigation has been on the one hand to elucidate the most probable sequence of events, and on the other to identify as many different plausible explanations to the massacre as possible. For this end, four contemporary sources have been examined and compared in their details. To enable a broad basis for interpretation, the author has consulted various works on the themes of warfare, soldiers and violence in the late middle ages and the sixteenth century. Apart from political aspects, the study highlights social and cultural conditions as important factors in explaining how the massacre could be carried out without provoking any single part of society. Among these are found the idea of the perceived natural ferocity of siege warfare, the exposed position of soldiers in general and the low status of lansquenets in particular, as well as the increasing general acceptance of executions and retributional violence.The paper finishes with a discussion on the importance of the event under investigation as part of a greater whole, and asks whether or not it is worthy of the sparsely used label of ”blood bath”. In relation to this, the author inquires for an expanded historical debate on the relationship between cultural and social values and conditions, and the use of violence in society.</p>

<p>Den svenska Försvarsmakten står inför en stor omstrukturering, där de första anställda soldaterna är redo att ta anställning. I övriga Europa har liknande omstruktureringar från värnpliktsarméer till yrkesförsvar lett till problem med rekryteringen och svårigheter att behålla de anställda soldaterna. Det här arbetet genomför en undersökning på tre olika grupper (n=84), gymnasiestudenter, högskole och universitetsstudenter och unga arbetande, för att se vilka faktorer de anser är viktigast för att kunna tänka sig en anställning i Försvarsmakten. Gruppernas attityder till Försvarsmakten och hur de påverkar deras vilja till anställning har även undersökts. För att undersöka detta har en enkät använts. Den teori som har använts i undersökningen är Peter Warrs vitaminmodell, där hans nio arbetsmiljökomponenter utgör kärnan. Resultatet visar att de generellt viktigaste faktorerna för att dessa grupper skulle kunna tänka sig en anställning är lönen och möjlighet till variation, men med en liten skillnad om vilka faktorer som är viktigast. De arbetsmiljöfaktorer som grupperna har angett som viktigast för en eventuell anställning i Försvarsmakten visade sig inte stämma överens med de arbetsmiljöfaktorer grupperna angett som viktigast för att de trivs just nu. Undersökningen visar också att attityden gentemot Försvarsmakten är avgörande för individens vilja till anställning; de som anger sig positiva till Försvarsmakten har även oftare angett att de kan tänka sig en anställning där. Slutsatsen av undersökningen ger att beroende på vilken grupp Försvarsmakten vill rekrytera ifrån, så innebär troligtvis de viktigaste faktorerna för anställning olika saker för de olika grupperna trots att de anger samma faktorer som viktiga.</p> / <p>The Swedish Armed Forces are facing considerable reorganization where, for the first time, a professional army will be employed. Throughout Europe reorganizations like this, from a conscript army to a professional one, have caused problems with recruitment and retention. This essay investigates three different groups: students in high school, students at university, and young workers, to see what factors these groups think are the most important when considering employment in the Swedish Armed Forces. The essay also investigates the attitude among these groups towards the Swedish Armed Forces and how that affects the will to work there. The survey has been done with a questionnaire distributed to these three groups after which the answers were analyzed. The theory used in this essay is one created by Peter Warr, called the vitamin model. Especially interesting in this theory is what Warr refers to as the features of the working environment. The result of this survey shows that the most important factor amongst these groups isthe salary and variety. Between themselves the groups have small differences in the most important factors for employment, but overall the groups are quite similar. The survey also shows that different attitudes towards the Swedish Armed Forces also generate different desires to work there. The conclusion of this survey shows that depending on which groups the Swedish Armed Forceswant to recruit from, the most important factors probably mean different things for the different groups.</p>

<p>Sweden's government says in the bill 2008/09: 140 that military service should be suspended and replaced with a system based on voluntary recruitment. In the essay, I will make an argument analysis of the parliamentary debate on the bill from the 12th of June 2009 with the following questions: On what is the different side’s argument based on? Are the arguments essentially and factually substantiated? Is there a clear political party tendency among the for-/counter arguments? The method is a "Pro et contra" analysis, a logical systematization of the arguments. The analysis will take start in the headline; Conscription should be suspended in favour of a voluntary system based on contract employed soldiers. The presentation of arguments in the analysis will be guided by the chronological order. The main argument against the bill is a belief that this system will generate greater costs. Furthermore, results from studies performed on other countries that have recently changed from compulsory military service to contract employed soldiers shows difficulties in recruiting and retaining staff in a voluntary system. Moreover it is noted that the increase in battle readiness that this new system means, would be completely unjustified in view of prevailing threats against Sweden. Finally, it is argued that the common support is at risk when Sweden's defence affairs no longer become an obligation for every individual to contribute. The arguments for the bill believe that we need forces that are fit to use and available, to meet the new threats that is emerging and in which Sweden's participation in international missions is the focal point. The conflict in the debate is based mostly in the ideological distinctions and as a result of these also economic contradictions. As a direct consequence of this, most of the arguments are not substantiated with facts. However, there is traceability to arguments that historically have been used to justify the introduction of either of the systems. There is a clear party political tendency in the debate. Government parties stay united and the opposition parties are slightly more dispersed in their argumentation but still against the bill.</p>

Den svenska Försvarsmakten står inför en stor omstrukturering, där de första anställda soldaterna är redo att ta anställning. I övriga Europa har liknande omstruktureringar från värnpliktsarméer till yrkesförsvar lett till problem med rekryteringen och svårigheter att behålla de anställda soldaterna. Det här arbetet genomför en undersökning på tre olika grupper (n=84), gymnasiestudenter, högskole och universitetsstudenter och unga arbetande, för att se vilka faktorer de anser är viktigast för att kunna tänka sig en anställning i Försvarsmakten. Gruppernas attityder till Försvarsmakten och hur de påverkar deras vilja till anställning har även undersökts. För att undersöka detta har en enkät använts. Den teori som har använts i undersökningen är Peter Warrs vitaminmodell, där hans nio arbetsmiljökomponenter utgör kärnan. Resultatet visar att de generellt viktigaste faktorerna för att dessa grupper skulle kunna tänka sig en anställning är lönen och möjlighet till variation, men med en liten skillnad om vilka faktorer som är viktigast. De arbetsmiljöfaktorer som grupperna har angett som viktigast för en eventuell anställning i Försvarsmakten visade sig inte stämma överens med de arbetsmiljöfaktorer grupperna angett som viktigast för att de trivs just nu. Undersökningen visar också att attityden gentemot Försvarsmakten är avgörande för individens vilja till anställning; de som anger sig positiva till Försvarsmakten har även oftare angett att de kan tänka sig en anställning där. Slutsatsen av undersökningen ger att beroende på vilken grupp Försvarsmakten vill rekrytera ifrån, så innebär troligtvis de viktigaste faktorerna för anställning olika saker för de olika grupperna trots att de anger samma faktorer som viktiga. / The Swedish Armed Forces are facing considerable reorganization where, for the first time, a professional army will be employed. Throughout Europe reorganizations like this, from a conscript army to a professional one, have caused problems with recruitment and retention. This essay investigates three different groups: students in high school, students at university, and young workers, to see what factors these groups think are the most important when considering employment in the Swedish Armed Forces. The essay also investigates the attitude among these groups towards the Swedish Armed Forces and how that affects the will to work there. The survey has been done with a questionnaire distributed to these three groups after which the answers were analyzed. The theory used in this essay is one created by Peter Warr, called the vitamin model. Especially interesting in this theory is what Warr refers to as the features of the working environment. The result of this survey shows that the most important factor amongst these groups isthe salary and variety. Between themselves the groups have small differences in the most important factors for employment, but overall the groups are quite similar. The survey also shows that different attitudes towards the Swedish Armed Forces also generate different desires to work there. The conclusion of this survey shows that depending on which groups the Swedish Armed Forceswant to recruit from, the most important factors probably mean different things for the different groups.

Sweden's government says in the bill 2008/09: 140 that military service should be suspended and replaced with a system based on voluntary recruitment. In the essay, I will make an argument analysis of the parliamentary debate on the bill from the 12th of June 2009 with the following questions: On what is the different side’s argument based on? Are the arguments essentially and factually substantiated? Is there a clear political party tendency among the for-/counter arguments? The method is a "Pro et contra" analysis, a logical systematization of the arguments. The analysis will take start in the headline; Conscription should be suspended in favour of a voluntary system based on contract employed soldiers. The presentation of arguments in the analysis will be guided by the chronological order. The main argument against the bill is a belief that this system will generate greater costs. Furthermore, results from studies performed on other countries that have recently changed from compulsory military service to contract employed soldiers shows difficulties in recruiting and retaining staff in a voluntary system. Moreover it is noted that the increase in battle readiness that this new system means, would be completely unjustified in view of prevailing threats against Sweden. Finally, it is argued that the common support is at risk when Sweden's defence affairs no longer become an obligation for every individual to contribute. The arguments for the bill believe that we need forces that are fit to use and available, to meet the new threats that is emerging and in which Sweden's participation in international missions is the focal point. The conflict in the debate is based mostly in the ideological distinctions and as a result of these also economic contradictions. As a direct consequence of this, most of the arguments are not substantiated with facts. However, there is traceability to arguments that historically have been used to justify the introduction of either of the systems. There is a clear party political tendency in the debate. Government parties stay united and the opposition parties are slightly more dispersed in their argumentation but still against the bill.

The study examines the massacre of the garrison of the castle of Kalmar in 1525 and its causes. The goal of the investigation has been on the one hand to elucidate the most probable sequence of events, and on the other to identify as many different plausible explanations to the massacre as possible. For this end, four contemporary sources have been examined and compared in their details. To enable a broad basis for interpretation, the author has consulted various works on the themes of warfare, soldiers and violence in the late middle ages and the sixteenth century. Apart from political aspects, the study highlights social and cultural conditions as important factors in explaining how the massacre could be carried out without provoking any single part of society. Among these are found the idea of the perceived natural ferocity of siege warfare, the exposed position of soldiers in general and the low status of lansquenets in particular, as well as the increasing general acceptance of executions and retributional violence.The paper finishes with a discussion on the importance of the event under investigation as part of a greater whole, and asks whether or not it is worthy of the sparsely used label of ”blood bath”. In relation to this, the author inquires for an expanded historical debate on the relationship between cultural and social values and conditions, and the use of violence in society.

<p>Resande, globalt engagemang och arbete utomlands av olika former är företeelser som förändrar människors syn på världen. Dessa tillhör samtiden och de blir därmed aktuella och relevanta att diskutera. Att vi lever i en global värld påverkar våra livsvillkor och innebär i sin tur nya möjligheter och förutsättningar för individen. Begrepp som är centrala att diskutera blir därmed livsstil, engagemang, svenskhet och världsmedborgarskap.</p>

<p>Försvarsmakten får fler och svårare uppgifter att lösa i framtiden. Internationella insatser blir en allt större del av Försvarsmaktens verksamhet. Konflikterna i insatsområdena är komplexa och kräver att Försvarsmakten har välutbildade officerare och soldater. Samtidigt strävar Försvarsmakten efter att ha förband redo att sättas in och genomföra insats på kort varsel. Detta har medfört att Försvarsmakten i framtiden kommer rekrytera soldater på frivillig grund och det innebär att värnplikten avskaffas. De blir en del av ett stående förband, där motivationen att lösa uppgift är hög. För att kunna rekrytera soldater till förbanden krävs att utbildningen som bedrivs har en hög kvalité, är utvecklande och utmanande för soldaten. Ovan presenterade förutsättningar bidrar till, enligt min mening, att kraven på den som utbildar rimligtvis borde förändras. Syftet, med uppsatsen, är att undersöka vilka krav det, i framtiden,kommer ställas på utbildaren som skall utbilda kontraktsanställda soldater? Undersökningen grundar sig i officerares syn på de nuvarande och framtida kraven på utbildaren. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att kraven på stridsutbildning, i allt väsenligt, kommer se likadant ut. Där kravet på personlig färdighet blir allt viktigare. Däremot kommer krav kopplat till ledarskap och förhållningssätt ändras jämfört med tidigare. Bland annat tror officerare att skapa förtroende och vara ett föredöme i utbildningen är viktigt, för att motivera soldaterna till att utvecklas.</p> / <p>The Swedish Armed Forces gets more task and more difficult problems to solve in the future. International efforts are becoming an increasingly larger part of The Armed Forces activities. The conflicts in the areas of action are complex and require that the Armed Forces have well trained officers and soldiers. At the same time The Armed Forces strive to have units ready to deploy and implement an effort on short notice. This has led to The Armed Forces in the future will recruit soldiers on a voluntary basis and that the compulsory military service will be abolished. The soldiers become part of a standing unit, where the motivation to solve the task is high. In order to recruit soldiers for the troops required that the training will have a high quality, is evolving and challenging for the soldier. The above-presented conditions contribute to, in my opinion that the requirements of the person who educate and train ought to change. The purpose of this paper is to investigate what the requirements, in the future, will be on the trainer to train contracted soldiers? The study is based on officer’s view of the current and future requirements for the trainer. The results of the survey show that the requirements for the combat training, in all inextricably, will be the same. Where the requirement of personal skills are important. However, the requirements related to leadership and attitude will change compared to earlier. Among other things, officers believe that building confidence and be a model of education is important, to motivate the soldiers to be developed.</p>

<p>Inom kort stundar en av Försvarsmaktens kanske största processer sedan förändringen mot ett insatsförsvar påbörjades under 90-talet. Soldatförsörjningen övergår från värnplikt till en professionalisering av hela personalstyrkan och soldater skall på frivillig bas rekryteras och anställas för att fylla upp Försvarsmaktens insatsförband. Med grund i Bernt Öströms rapport från 2008: Soldatförsörjning – Redogörelse för modellerna i Danmark, Nederländerna och Spanien studeras de två nationerna Danmark och Nederländerna för att identifiera påverkande faktorer inom de bådas soldatförsörjningssystem. De två nationernas försvarsmakter, samt Sveriges, beskrivs övergripande med historisk bakgrund och nuläge angående soldatförsörjning. Detta analyseras och operationaliseras för att ta fram de essentiella faktorer som påverkar soldatförsörjningen i de aktuella länderna. Dessa jämförs och diskuteras i syfte att åskådligöra dessa faktorer. Slutligen presenterar författaren några reflektioner samt drar slutsatser angående de framtagna faktorerna och Sveriges framtida soldatförsörjning och soldatrekrytering.</p> / <p>In a near future the Swedish Armed Forces will undergo one of the biggest processes since the transformation towards a more expeditionary force began in the 90’s. The supply of soldiers changes from being full out based on conscription to a professionalization of all personnel and soldiers are to be voluntarily recruited and contracted into the Armed Force’s different units. With a base in the report: Soldatförsörjning – Redogörelse för modellerna i Danmark, Nederländerna och Spanien (Supply of soldiers – A presentation of the systems used in Denmark, the Netherlands and Spain;writers own translation.) by Bernt Öström, the two nations, Denmark and the Netherlands are studied to identify effecting factors in their system of soldier supply. The two nations armed forces are described briefly, a historic background to the change and the situation in soldier supply today is added. This is analyzed and operationalized to bring forth the essential factors that is affecting the supply of soldiers in the countries at focus. These are compared and discussed with the purpose of illustrating the factors. Finally the writer shares some reflections on the subject and presents conclusions concerning the factors at hand and the future Swedish recruitment and supply of soldiers.</p>