<p>By studying the forms of work and methods teachers choose for their teaching on the Business and Administration Programme and by examining the experiences gained by these teachers, I hope to gain a clearer insight into how the demands of national policy/governing documents are met in the actual teaching of the courses within the programme. In my qualitative study,teachers in a team from a Business and Administrative Programme have been my informants. The team combines multiple forms of work and methods in line with the intentions of the national policy/governing documents. Students usually have an unbroken school day with block teaching where they work with case studies and interdisciplinary  work. Morals and ethics are integrated in class. More progressive ways of working  re combined with so-called traditional teaching. An internet based learning platform supports communication between teachers and pupils. Joint setting of goals, planning, and evaluation are done within the team. Teachers' pedagogical views are consistent with those that permeate the national policy/governing documents.Teachers choose the methods they believe lead to better effectiveness. Their choices are based on experience gained from work experience outside school and their teaching experience. I have grouped factors that contribute to teachers' choice of work as, individual, organizational and infrastructural. It is found that the choice of working methods is partly the result of limited resources. The teachers’ chosen approach also means a better working environment for themselves, which is believed to have positive affects on the pupils work situation and results.</p> / <p>Genom att studera vilka arbetsformer och metoder lärarna på handelsprogrammet väljer för sin undervisning och genom att ta del av de erfarenheter lärarna gjort, ville jag bidra med mer kunskap om hur man i undervisningen omsätter de krav som styrdokumenten formulerar. I min kvalitativa studie har lärare i ett arbetslag på Handelsprogrammet varit mina informanter. Arbetslaget kombinerade flera arbetsformer och metoder i linje med styrdokumentens intentioner. Eleverna hade oftast en samlad skoldag med blockundervisning där man jobbade med case och ämnesöverskridande arbeten. Värdegrundsarbete integrerades. Arbetsformerna kombinerades med s.k. traditionell undervisning. En lärplattform stödde kommunikationen mellan lärare och elever. Gemensam målformulering, planering, och utvärdering gjordes i arbetslaget. Lärarnas pedagogiska grundsyn överensstämde med den som genomsyrar styrdokumenten. Lärarna valde de arbetsmetoder de ansåg leder till bättre måluppfyllelse. Valen var grundade på erfarenheter från arbetsliv utanför skolan och erfarenheter av undervisning. Faktorer som bidragit till lärarnas val av arbetsformer har jag grupperat i individuella, organisatoriska och infrastrukturella. Det framkommer att valet av arbetsformer och metoder delvis var en följd av begränsade resurser. För lärarna innebar valda arbetssättet också en bättre arbetsmiljö vilket man ansåg påverkar även elevernas arbetssituation och resultat positivt.</p>

<p>Laser beam control is important in many applications. Phase modulating spatial light modulators (SLMs) can be used to electronically alter the phase distribution of an optical wave-front and thus change the direction and shape of a laser beam. Physical constraints set limitations to the SLM and an ideal phase distribution can usually not be realised. In order to understand how such components can be used for non-mechanical beam control three nematic liquid crystal (NLC) SLMs have been thoroughly characterised and modelled.</p><p>The pixel structure and phase quantisation give a discrepancy between ideal and realised phase distributions. The impact on beam steering capability was examined by measurements and simulations of the intensity distribution in the far-field.</p><p>In two of the studied SLMs the pixel period was shorter than the thickness of the LC layer giving the optical phase shift. This results in a so-called “fringing field”, which was shown to degrade the phase modulation and couple light between polarisation modes. The deformation of the LC was simulated and a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm was used to calculate how polarised light propagates through the optically anisotropic SLM.</p><p>Non-mechanical beam steering and tracking in an optical free-space communication link were demonstrated. Continual optimisation of the steering angle was achieved by feedback from a video camera.</p><p>The optical properties of the SLM in the time period right after a voltage update were studied. It was shown how light is redistributed between orders during the switching from one blazed grating to another. By appropriate choice of the blazed gratings the effects on the diffraction efficiency can be minimised.</p><p>The detailed knowledge of the SLM structure and its response to electronic control makes it possible to predict and optimise the device performance in future systems.</p>

Laser beam control is important in many applications. Phase modulating spatial light modulators (SLMs) can be used to electronically alter the phase distribution of an optical wave-front and thus change the direction and shape of a laser beam. Physical constraints set limitations to the SLM and an ideal phase distribution can usually not be realised. In order to understand how such components can be used for non-mechanical beam control three nematic liquid crystal (NLC) SLMs have been thoroughly characterised and modelled. The pixel structure and phase quantisation give a discrepancy between ideal and realised phase distributions. The impact on beam steering capability was examined by measurements and simulations of the intensity distribution in the far-field. In two of the studied SLMs the pixel period was shorter than the thickness of the LC layer giving the optical phase shift. This results in a so-called “fringing field”, which was shown to degrade the phase modulation and couple light between polarisation modes. The deformation of the LC was simulated and a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm was used to calculate how polarised light propagates through the optically anisotropic SLM. Non-mechanical beam steering and tracking in an optical free-space communication link were demonstrated. Continual optimisation of the steering angle was achieved by feedback from a video camera. The optical properties of the SLM in the time period right after a voltage update were studied. It was shown how light is redistributed between orders during the switching from one blazed grating to another. By appropriate choice of the blazed gratings the effects on the diffraction efficiency can be minimised. The detailed knowledge of the SLM structure and its response to electronic control makes it possible to predict and optimise the device performance in future systems.

The essay treats religion teachers’ planning and how this is affected, from the perspective of three different aspects: steering documents, pupils and colleagues. Through interviews with a number of upper secondary school teachers, thoughts and opinions concerning these aspects impact on the planning, both from a quantitative and qualitative perspective, have been raised. The steering documents have proved to have the strongest influence on planning, while pupils’ and colleagues’ opinions have come second. The authors are in their closing discussion surprised to see the domination of the steering documents and the lack of cooperation between pupils and teachers as well as between teachers when planning. / Uppsatsen behandlar religionslärares planering och hur denna påverkas utifrån tre aspekter: styrdokument, elever och kollegor. Författarna har genom intervju med ett antal gymnasielärare tagit del av tankar och åsikter angående dessa tre aspekters kvantitativa och kvalitativa påverkan på planeringen. Styrdokumenten har visat sig vara den starkaste kraften i planeringen, medan elevernas och kollegornas åsikter kommit i andra respektive tredje hand. Författarna är i sin slutdiskussion förvånade över styrdokumentens starka roll i planeringen och den brist på samarbete mellan både elever och lärare och lärare emellan som blir synliggjord.

Schulpflichtige Nachwuchssportler sehen sich mit der Problematik konfrontiert, dass sowohl die schulische als auch die spitzensportliche Karriere von ihnen vollen Einsatz verlangt, ohne dass sich die erbrachten Leistungen wechselseitig anrechnen lassen. Die daraus entstehende Doppelbelastung kann dazu führen, dass beide Karriereformen nur mit Abstrichen und Beeinträchtigungen verfolgt werden. Bedenkt man nunmehr, dass bei einer Vernachlässigung der schulischen Ausbildung bereits frühzeitig weiterführende berufliche Karrieren eingeschränkt werden, so verwundert es nicht, dass die Verantwortung für die Lösung dieses Inklusionsproblems gemeinhin dem politischen System zugeschrieben wird. Das darauf aufbauende, übergeordnete Erkenntnisinteresse der Arbeit liegt in der Analyse der Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des politischen Systems eine bessere Vereinbarkeit von Schule und Spitzensport herbeizuführen. Die Auseinandersetzung mit der Problematik erfolgt dabei primär auf theoretischer Ebene und verfolgt das Ziel ein in sich geschlossenes Theoriegebäude unter systemtheoretischen Prämissen zu entwickeln. Dabei zeigt sich einerseits, dass die Möglichkeiten der Politik, auf die Problematik der Doppelbelastung schulpflichtiger Nachwuchssportler einwirken zu können aufgrund der funktionalen Differenzierung moderner Gesellschaften und der operativen Schließung der einzelnen sozialen Systeme, stark reglementiert sind. Andererseits scheinen jedoch, aufgrund der Außenorientierung der Politik in Verbindung mit den spezifischen Steuerungsmedien und den vielfältigen Verbindungen zu anderen Systemen, Wirkungen im Sinne einer Differenzsteuerung denkbar. Bei der Betrachtung konkreter Ansatzpunkte politischer Steuerungsmöglichkeiten kann danach unterschieden werden, ob sich Interventionen primär auf die Ebene der Funktions- bzw. Organisationssysteme beziehen oder aber, ob Interorganisationsbeziehungen fokussiert werden.

In this study, various stability control systems are developed to remove the lateral instability of a conventional articulated steer vehicle (ASV) during the oscillatory yaw motion or “snaking mode”. First, to identify the nature of the instability, some analyses are performed using several simplified models. These investigations are mainly focused on analyzing the effects of forward speed and of two main subsystems of the vehicle, the steering system and tires, on the stability. The basic insights into the stability behavior of the vehicle obtained from the stability analyses of the simplified models are verified by conducting some simulations with a virtual prototype of the vehicle in ADAMS. To determine the most critical operating condition with regard to the lateral stability and to identify the effects of vehicle parameters on the stability, various studies are performed by introducing some modifications to the simplified models. Based on these studies, the disturbed straight-line on-highway motion with constant forward speed is recognized as the most critical driving condition. Also, the examinations show that when the vehicle is traveling with differentials locked, the vehicle is less prone to the instability. The examinations show that when the vehicle is carrying a rear-mounted load having interaction with ground, the instability may happen if the vehicle moves on a relatively good off-road surface. Again, the results gained from the analyses related to the effects of the vehicle parameters and operating conditions on the stability are verified using simulations in ADAMS by making some changes in the virtual prototype for any case. To stabilize the vehicle during its most critical driving condition, some studies are directed to indicate the shortcomings of passive methods. Alternative solutions, including design of different types of stability control systems, are proposed to generate a stabilizing yaw moment. The proposed solutions include an active steering system with a classical controller, an active torque vectoring device with a robust full state feedback controller, and a differential braking system with a robust variable structure controller. The robust controllers are designed by using simplified models, which are also used to evaluate the ability to deal with the uncertainties of the vehicle parameters and its variable operating conditions. These controllers are also incorporated into the virtual prototype, and their capabilities to stabilize the vehicle in different operating conditions and while traveling on different surfaces during the snaking mode are shown.

Analog-to-digital converter (ADC) plays an important role in mixed signal processingsystems. It serves as an interface between analog and digital signal processingsystems. In the last two decades, circuits implemented in current-modetechnique have drawn lots of interest for sensory systems and integrated circuits.Current-mode circuits have a few vital advantages such as low voltage operation,high speed and wide dynamic ranges. These circuits have wide applications in lowvoltage, high speed-mixed signal processing systems. In this thesis work, a 9-bitpipelined ADC with switch-current (SI) technique is designed and implemented in65 nm CMOS technology. The main focus of the thesis work is to implement thepipelined ADC in SI technique and to optimize the pipelined ADC for low power.The ADC has a stage resolution of 3 bits. The proposed architectures combine adifferential sample-and-hold amplifier, current comparator, binary-to-thermometerdecoder, a differential current-steering digital-to-analog converter, delay logic anddigital error correction block. The circuits are implemented at transistor level in 65nm CMOS technology. The static and dynamic performance metrics of pipelinedADC are evaluated. The simulations are carried out by Cadence Virtuoso SpectreCircuit Simulator 5.10. Matlab is used to determine the performance metrics ofADC.

In this study, various stability control systems are developed to remove the lateral instability of a conventional articulated steer vehicle (ASV) during the oscillatory yaw motion or “snaking mode”. First, to identify the nature of the instability, some analyses are performed using several simplified models. These investigations are mainly focused on analyzing the effects of forward speed and of two main subsystems of the vehicle, the steering system and tires, on the stability. The basic insights into the stability behavior of the vehicle obtained from the stability analyses of the simplified models are verified by conducting some simulations with a virtual prototype of the vehicle in ADAMS. To determine the most critical operating condition with regard to the lateral stability and to identify the effects of vehicle parameters on the stability, various studies are performed by introducing some modifications to the simplified models. Based on these studies, the disturbed straight-line on-highway motion with constant forward speed is recognized as the most critical driving condition. Also, the examinations show that when the vehicle is traveling with differentials locked, the vehicle is less prone to the instability. The examinations show that when the vehicle is carrying a rear-mounted load having interaction with ground, the instability may happen if the vehicle moves on a relatively good off-road surface. Again, the results gained from the analyses related to the effects of the vehicle parameters and operating conditions on the stability are verified using simulations in ADAMS by making some changes in the virtual prototype for any case. To stabilize the vehicle during its most critical driving condition, some studies are directed to indicate the shortcomings of passive methods. Alternative solutions, including design of different types of stability control systems, are proposed to generate a stabilizing yaw moment. The proposed solutions include an active steering system with a classical controller, an active torque vectoring device with a robust full state feedback controller, and a differential braking system with a robust variable structure controller. The robust controllers are designed by using simplified models, which are also used to evaluate the ability to deal with the uncertainties of the vehicle parameters and its variable operating conditions. These controllers are also incorporated into the virtual prototype, and their capabilities to stabilize the vehicle in different operating conditions and while traveling on different surfaces during the snaking mode are shown.

Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva betydelsen av studie- och yrkesvägledande aktiviteter med barn i åldrarna sju till tolv år. Kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med sex examinerade studie- och yrkesvägledare som bedriver studie- och yrkesvägledningsverksamhet med barn i grundskolans år 1-6 eller fungerar som stöd till pedagoger som arbetar med studie- och yrkesorienterande verksamhet med barn i dessa åldrar. Resultatet visade att intervjupersonerna anser att arbetet måste påbörjas tidigt, helst redan i grundskolans första år, för att målen så som de skrivs fram i de nationella styrdokumenten ska kunna uppnås. De förutsättningar intervjupersonerna menade krävs för att tidig vägledning ska kunna bedrivas är av såväl strukturell som av individuell art. Slutsatsen som drogs var att studie- och yrkesvägledande aktiviteter som påbörjas i grundskolans tidigare år och som följer elevernas kognitiva utveckling kan medverka till att eleverna ökar sina förutsättningar att göra väl underbyggda val i framtiden. / The main purpose of this study was to describe the importance of educational and vocational guidance activities for children, seven to twelve years old. Qualitative interviews were conducted with six guidance counselors engaged in this type of activities or counselors that provides support to educators working with these matters. The result showed that the respondents believe that the work must be started early preferably already the first year in primary school to achieve the objectives of the national steering documents. The conditions interviewees felt necessary for the early guidance to be conducted are both individual and structural, such as economical factors. Conclusion drawn was that educational and vocational guidance activities that start in primary school and follows students' cognitive development can help the students increase their ability to make informed choices in the future.

Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka, belysa och exemplifiera hur en svensk grundskola arbetar med elever som har dyslexi, dels i generella termer, dels med inriktning mot engelskundervisningen, vad gäller stöttning, hjälpmedel, bedömning och betygssättning samt i vilken mån den undersökta skolans dyslexiarbete harmonierar med styrdokumentens föreskrifter.      För att kunna undersöka det valda området användes semi-strukturerade intervjuer med tre lärare och en specialpedagog på skolan. Intervjuerna sammanställdes och analyserades.      Resultaten på studien visade att skolan arbetar medvetet för att underlätta för elever med dyslexi genom hjälpmedel och nivågrupperingar, men att lärarna ändå till stor del står frågande när det gäller vilka metoder som fungerar bäst, hur de ska handla vid misstanke om dyslexi samt bedömning och betygssättning. Resultaten visade också att engelska är ett ämne som lärarna och specialpedagogen upplever som extra svårt för elever med dyslexi. Under engelskundervisningen arbetar lärarna dock inte annorlunda med elever som har dyslexi, trots att det ämnet anses som svårare. De anser sig inte ha verktygen. / The aim of this study was to examine, illustrate and exemplify both in general terms and in the teaching of English, how a Swedish compulsory school works with pupils who have dyslexia. The study focused on support, assistance, assessment and marking, and to what extension the school’s work with dyslexia corresponds to the regulations of the steering documents.      Semi-structured interviews were chosen as the method for examining the chosen subject. Three teachers and one special educational needs teacher were interviewed. The interviews were then put together and analysed.      The results of the study showed that the school works deliberately to make school easier for pupils with dyslexia by giving them assistance and ability grouping, however, the teachers still seem to have many questions regarding teaching methods, what to do if suspecting dyslexia, assessment and marking. The results also showed that English is a subject which is considered to be especially difficult for pupils with dyslexia, by the teachers and the special educational needs teacher. During the teaching of English, the teachers do not work differently with the pupils who have dyslexia, even though English is believed to be a difficult subject to learn. The teachers do not feel that they have the right tools to do so.