En matière d’interprétation juridique, le rôle du juge se déroule entre le fait et le droit. Le juge est chargé non seulement d’analyser et de déterminer les éléments factuels, mais il a aussi, pour objectif, d’exercer la qualification du fait et d’appliquer les règles de droit. C’est la raison pour laquelle l’interprétation juridique est en générale divisée en deux aspects : l’interprétation du fait et celle du droit (ou de la loi). L’interprétation du contrat participe, en principe, au premier aspect. Précisément, la loi, en tant que règle générale et abstraite, est l’expression de la volonté générale, alors que le contrat n’est que la traduction de plusieurs volontés particulières. Le projet de cette thèse cherche à analyser les problématiques provoquées par la théorie et la pratique de l’interprétation du contrat : dans quelle condition le juge peut-il exercer son pouvoir d’interprétation du contrat ? Interpréter un contrat, c’est interpréter la commune intention des parties ou plutôt interpréter un rapport contractuel intégré dans la vie sociale et économique ? L’interprétation du contrat peut-elle combler les lacunes du contrat ? Les règles d’ordre public peuvent-elles devenir le fondement de l’interprétation du contrat ? La correction du contenu du contrat a-t-elle besoin de participation de l’interprétation du contrat ? La recherche des problématiques exposées ci-dessus détermine, en effet, l’intérêt du projet de cette thèse. Théoriquement, le travail de thèse défie la définition traditionnelle de l’interprétation du contrat, en glosant de nouveau sur le sens et l’esprit des règles classiques d’interprétation, et en analysant le rôle des règles d’ordre public dans l’interprétation du contrat. Pratiquement, le travail de thèse se fonde sur une recherche approfondie des fonctions de l’interprétation du contrat dans les activités judiciaires. / In terms of the legal interpretation, the role of the judge takes place between the facts and the law. The judge is not only charged with analyzing and determining the factual elements, but he also aims to exercise the qualification of the fact and apply the rules of law. This is why legal interpretation is generally divided into two aspects, i.e. the interpretation of the fact and that of the law. The interpretation of the contract, in principle, belongs to the first aspect. More precisely, the law, as general and abstract rule, is the expression of the general will, while the contract is only a translation of several individual wills. This dissertation analyzes the issues aroused by the theory and practice of the interpretation of the contract: In what condition can the judge exercise his capacity of interpretation of the contract? Should the interpretation of the contract aim exclusively at the common intention of the parties or aim not only at the will of the contracting parties but also the internal and external objective elements of the contract? Can the interpretation of the contract fill in the lacunas of the contract? Can the rules of public order become the foundation of the interpretation of the contract? Does the correction of the content of the contract need the participation of the interpretation of the contract? The research of the above mentioned issues determines, in fact, the interest of the plan of this dissertation. Theoretically, the work of this dissertation challenges the traditional definition of the interpretation of the contract, by annotating again the sense and the spirit of the classic rules of interpretation, and analyzing the role of the rules of public order in the interpretation of the contract. In practice, the work of this dissertation is founded on a profound research of the functions of the interpretation of the contract in the judiciary activities.

La connaissance subjective renvoie à la perception que porte un individu sur sa connaissance dans un domaine donné. La recherche suivante étudie l’influence d’une manipulation de la connaissance subjective sur les stratégies de traitement et de mémorisation de l’information. Dans notre première étude, nous montrons que l’estime de soi du consommateur joue un rôle modérateur dans la relation entre manipulation de la connaissance subjective et différentes mesures de mémorisation de l’information. Dans une deuxième étude, nous identifions des mécanismes modérateurs et des limites aux effets identifiés. La troisième étude spécifie l’étendu de cet effet de mémorisation. Enfin, la dernière étude étend la validité de nos résultats en adoptant un autre type de manipulation de connaissance subjective et en s’intéressant à un autre domaine de connaissance. Les implications de ces résultats sont discutées et des pistes de recherches futures sont proposées / Subjective knowledge refers to consumers’ perceptions about how knowledgeable they are in a specific domain. The present research investigates the impact of manipulating subjective knowledge on information processing and retrieval strategies. In a first study, we show that consumer self-esteem moderates the relationship between subjective knowledge manipulations and different measures of memory for new information. In a second study, we identify moderating mechanisms and boundary effects for the hypothesized effects. The third study specifies the scope of the memory effect. Finally, the fourth study extends the generalizability of the findings by adopting another subjective knowledge manipulation and covering a different domain of knowledge. Implications of these results are discussed and future tracks for research are provided

L'évolution des systèmes de télécommunications conduit à la conception de codecs de la parole et du son de plus en plus sophistiqués, accroissant ainsi la concurrence de l'industrie de l'audio et accordant une importance grandissante à la qualité de service. Si l'évaluation de la qualité des codecs peut s'opérer suivant des mesures objectives ou subjectives, les secondes restent les plus fiables dans la mesure où la qualité perçue par les utilisateurs est intrinsèquement subjective. Toutefois, les tests subjectifs requièrent des signaux d'ancrage, i.e. des signaux artificiels visant la reproduction des défauts perceptifs des codecs de sorte que les dégradations provoquées soient aisément contrôlables. Le système de référence actuellement normalisé par l'Union Internationale des Télécommunications est le MNRU (Modulated Noise Reference Unit) qui simule le bruit de quantification introduit par les premiers codecs en forme d'onde. L'évolution de la technologie rend aujourd'hui ce système obsolète, et il s'agit donc de concevoir un nouveau système d'ancrage plus adapté aux codecs actuels. En considérant la qualité audio comme un objet multidimensionnel, nous avons mis en évidence un espace perceptif à quatre dimensions, et ce à partir de deux approches de réduction de dimensionnalité, l'AFM (Analyse Factorielle Multiple) et la MDS 3–voies (MultiDimensional Scaling). A partir des quatre dimensions identifiées – « Réduction de la largeur de bande », « Bruit de fond », « Écho/Réverbération » et « Distorsion de la parole » –, nous avons modélisé puis validé les signaux d'ancrage des trois premières dimensions et proposé deux modèles de signaux d'ancrage pour la quatrième. / The evolution of technology led to the design of very sophisticated speech and audio codecs. Accordingly, the competition in audio devices manufacturing has increased and today the quality of service becomes crucial for telecommunications operators. Quality of codecs is assessed through objective and subjective measures, the second ones being the most reliable since the quality perceived by users is inherently subjective. Nevertheless, subjective tests require anchor signals corresponding to artificial signals, which reproduce the perceptual impairments of codecs in such a manner that the amount of degradation can be easily controlled. The reference system currently standardized by the International Telecommunication Union is the Modulated Noise Reference Unit (MNRU), which simulates the quantization noise of the first generation of waveform codecs. Due to the evolution of codecs, the MNRU system became obsolete and researchers aim at designing a new reference system of anchor signals more suited to current codecs. Assuming that speech and audio quality is multidimensional, we first identified four perceptual dimensions using two dimensionality reduction techniques – the MFA (Multiple Factor Analysis) and the 3–way MDS (MultiDimensional Scaling). From the identified dimensions, namely “Bandwidth limitation”, “Background noise”, “Echo/Reverberation” and “Speech distortion”, we succeeded in modeling and validating anchor signals for three of them and we suggested two models of anchor signals for the last one.

Décider, c’est sélectionner une alternative parmi l’ensemble des options possibles en accord avec nos buts. Les décisions perceptuelles, correspondant à la sélection d’une action sur la base d’une perception, résultent de l’accumulation progressive d’information sensorielle jusqu’à un seuil de décision. Aux niveaux comportemental et cérébral, ce processus est bien capturé par les modèles de décision par échantillonnage séquentiel. L’étude neurobiologique des processus de décision, guidée par l’usage de modèles computationnels, a permis d’établir un lien clair entre cette accumulation d’information sensorielle et un réseau cortical incluant le sillon intra-pariétal et le cortex dorso-latéral préfrontal. L’architecture des réseaux biologiques impliqués dans la prise de décision, la nature des algorithmes qu’ils implémentent et surtout, l’étude des relations entre structure biologique et computation est au cœur des questionnements actuels en neurosciences cognitives et constitue le fil conducteur de cette thèse. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés aux mécanismes neuraux et computationnels permettant l’ajustement du processus de décision perceptuelle à son contexte. Nous avons montré que l’information a priori disponible pour prédire nos choix diminue la distance au seuil de décision, régulant ainsi dynamiquement la quantité d’information sensorielle nécessaire pour sélectionner une action. Pendant la prise de décision perceptuelle, le cortex cingulaire antérieur ajuste le seuil de décision proportionnellement à la quantité d’information prédictive disponible et le cortex dorso-latéral préfrontal implémente l’accumulation progressive d’information sensorielle. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons abordé la question de l’unicité, au travers des domaines cognitifs, des mécanismes neuro-computationnels implémentant la prise de décision. Nous avons montré qu’un modèle de décision par échantillonnage séquentiel utilisant la valeur subjective espérée de chaque option prédisait avec précision le comportement de sujets lors de choix économiques risqués. Pendant la décision, la portion médiale du cortex orbito-frontal code la différence entre les valeurs subjectives des options considérées, exprimées sur une échelle de valeur commune. Ce signal orbito-frontal médian sert d’entrée à un processus de décision par échantillonnage séquentiel implémenté dans le cortex dorso-latéral préfrontal. Pris ensemble, nos travaux précisent les contours d’une architecture fonctionnelle de la prise de décision dans le cortex préfrontal humain en établissant une cartographie des modules computationnels qu’il implémente, mais aussi en caractérisant la façon dont l’intégration fonctionnelle de ces régions cérébrales permet l’émergence de la capacité à prendre des décisions / Decision-making is the selection of an alternative according to our inner goals. Perceptual decisions, the selection of an action based on our perceptions, are made when sensory evidence accumulated over time reaches a decision threshold. This cognitive process is well accounted for by sequential sampling models of decision-making. Moreover, the model-driven neurobiological study of the decision-making process has linked the accumulation of sensory information with a parieto-prefrontal cortical network. The architecture of these cortical networks, the algorithms implemented and the mapping of elementary computations onto biological structures are the questions at the core of this thesis. First, we investigated the neural mechanisms underlying the contextual modulation of the decision-making process. We showed that predictive information on the forthcoming stimuli decreased the distance to the decision threshold, adjusting dynamically the amount of sensory information required to commit to a choice. In our study, the anterior cingulate cortex modulated the decision threshold in proportion to the amount of predictive information and the dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex accumulated sensory information. Then, we addressed the question of the unicity across cognitive domains of the neuro-computational mechanisms of decision-making. We showed that a sequential sampling model of decision-making using subjective values as its inputs precisely predicted Human economic decision-making behavior. Moreover, we showed that the medial part of the orbito-frontal cortex coded the difference between the subjective values of the options under scrutiny on a common scale. This orbito-frontal decision-related value signal drove the sequential sampling decision-making process implemented in the dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex. Taken together, our work delineates a functional architecture of Human decision-making by mapping elementary computations onto the human prefrontal cortex and by characterizing how the functional integration between these brain regions subserves the ability to make choices

<p>The aim of this study is to investigate the components of religion and spirituality in the specific context of "Fryshuset" – a multicultural and glocal arena. Against the backdrop of contemporary researchers such as Heelas and Woodhead and their hypothesis about the "spiritual revolution" and a "new spirituality", as well as the postmodern discussion about "the return of God", this study discusses how religious change can be understood in the context of Fryshuset.</p><p>The theoretical point of departure is taken in a hermeneutical method where Fleck´s theory about "thought-collective" and Gidden´s theory about the "duality of structure" are used in order to understand and describe the dialectical relationship between individual and social structure.</p><p>The method used in this study is qualitative. The interviews are made of six individuals representing different social projects at Fryshuset.</p><p>By analyzing the material from the field study through theories on religious change, three areas are identified:</p><ol><li>"The subjective turn"</li><li>Religion and spirituality</li><li>A Cosmopolitan interpretation of life </li></ol><p>The result of this study is that the religiosity among the interviewed can be described through Taylor’s understanding of the "subjective turn". Furthermore they are also part of a "double subjective turn" understood as an internalized subjective turn. Despite the fact that a lot of what the informants describe corresponds to Heelas and Woodheads theories of "subjective life spirituality" it is not relevant to talk about a "spiritual revolution". However, according to Beckford´s theories about religion as a "cultural resource" it can be described as a kind of new spirituality which is used in order to act and think global. The individuals use religion and spirituality as a cultural resource in their formation of a larger cosmopolitan interpretation of life.</p>

The aim of this study is to investigate the components of religion and spirituality in the specific context of "Fryshuset" – a multicultural and glocal arena. Against the backdrop of contemporary researchers such as Heelas and Woodhead and their hypothesis about the "spiritual revolution" and a "new spirituality", as well as the postmodern discussion about "the return of God", this study discusses how religious change can be understood in the context of Fryshuset. The theoretical point of departure is taken in a hermeneutical method where Fleck´s theory about "thought-collective" and Gidden´s theory about the "duality of structure" are used in order to understand and describe the dialectical relationship between individual and social structure. The method used in this study is qualitative. The interviews are made of six individuals representing different social projects at Fryshuset. By analyzing the material from the field study through theories on religious change, three areas are identified: "The subjective turn" Religion and spirituality A Cosmopolitan interpretation of life  The result of this study is that the religiosity among the interviewed can be described through Taylor’s understanding of the "subjective turn". Furthermore they are also part of a "double subjective turn" understood as an internalized subjective turn. Despite the fact that a lot of what the informants describe corresponds to Heelas and Woodheads theories of "subjective life spirituality" it is not relevant to talk about a "spiritual revolution". However, according to Beckford´s theories about religion as a "cultural resource" it can be described as a kind of new spirituality which is used in order to act and think global. The individuals use religion and spirituality as a cultural resource in their formation of a larger cosmopolitan interpretation of life.

“Influence of physical activity on III–IV form students` self-image in personal wholeness context” Key words Physical activity, forms of physical activity, subjective evaluation of appearance, subjective evaluation of health. Topicality of the theme Nowadays development of students` physical activity as well as development of students` self- knowledge tendencies are under major consideration. Development process is orientated towards students, their expansion of physical abilities, their needs and interests, where parents, teachers, social life changes and means of such reflection have visible influence. The urgency of work is related to a problem which has not been analysed enough, it is the influence of physical activity to the self-image (subjective evaluation of self-appearance and health, selection of forms of physical activity) of III–IV form students formers. Cultural significance for students` development and health was analysed by A. Zaborskis (1993), A. Zaborskis and other authors (1996), I. J. Zuozienė (1998). Positive aspect of sport for development child`s personality was explained by J. Kralikauskas (1993), A. V. Matulionis (2002). Problem How physical activity affects III–IV form students` self-image in personal wholeness context? The aim of research To establish students` (III–IV forms) physical activity influence for appearance and health subjective evaluation and forms of physical activity preferences. The goals of research 1.To establish influence of... [to full text]

Despite the prevalence of bilingual identity among linguistic minority youth in Canada, few studies have empirically investigated its acculturative consequences. This study explores the nature of bilingual identity, as determined by language confidence, in various ethnolinguistic contexts. More specifically, it investigates the relation between language confidence and identity as moderated by ethnolinguistic vitality. It also verifies whether bilinguals can be distinguished from predominantly unilingual participants on factors related to the maintenance of identity, namely subjective ethnolinguistic vitality and language usage and evaluates the impact of ethnolinguistic vitality on these differences. Data from the Survey on the Vitality of Official-Language Minorities collected by Statistics Canada among francophones outside of Quebec and anglophones in Quebec (N = 7377) was used for analysis. The results of univariate and multivariate analyses of variance show that language confidence is significantly related to levels of identity for all regions. Bilinguals are significantly distinct from predominantly monolingual participants on most factors for maintenance of identity. However, among all francophone samples, bilinguals most resemble the franco-dominant participants. The implications of these findings on the understanding of the nature of bilingual identity are discussed. Malgré la prévalence de l’identité bilingue parmi les jeunes de groupes minoritaires linguistiques au Canada, peu d’études ont vérifié ses conséquences acculturatives de façon empirique. Cette étude explore la nature de l’identité bilingue telle que déterminée par la confiance langagière, dans divers contextes ethnolinguistiques. De façon plus spécifique, la relation entre la confiance langagière et l’identité, modérée par la vitalité ethnolinguistique est examinée. Par ailleurs, l’étude explore si les gens bilingues se distinguent de ceux qui ont une prédominance langagière sur des facteurs liés au maintien de l’identité, soit la vitalité ethnolinguistique subjective et l’utilisation langagière, et évalue l’impact de la vitalité ethnolinguistique sur ces différences. Les analyses ont été menées à partir des données de l’Enquête sur la vitalité des minorités de langue officielle de Statistique Canada recueillies auprès des francophones de l’extérieur du Québec et des anglophones du Québec (N = 7377). Les résultats d’analyses univariées et multivariées dévoilent que pour chacune des régions ethnolinguistiques, la confiance langagière est significativement liée à l’identité. Les bilingues se distinguent significativement de ceux à prédominance langagière sur la plupart des facteurs importants au maintien de l’identité. Toutefois, parmi les groupes francophones, les bilingues ressemblent le plus aux participants franco-dominants. Les conséquences de ces résultats sur la compréhension de la nature de l’identité bilingue sont discutées.

La recherche s'appuie sur trois hypothèses fondamentales : 1) il existe un lien entre les processus cognitifs de bas et haut niveau; 2) l'espace sensori-rnoteur est une perception subjective; et 3) l'espace sensori-rnoteur varie en fonction des différentes conduites à l'intérieur des interactions sociales. La thèse soutient que l'espace sensori-rnoteur se laisse modeler par la simple co-présence humaine et par des interactions coopératives plutôt que non-coopératives. Les chapitres 1, II, III, ont pour but de décomposer et d'expliquer la signification des hypothèses 1), 2) et 3) qui débouchent sur la formulation de la thèse centrale que le chapitre TV démontrera expérimentalement. Le chapitre V ouvre des perspectives éthiques en formulant une nouvelle hypothèse sur le lien qui pourrait exister entre la perception de l'espace en situation d'interaction sociale et les jugements moraux. La recherche met en œuvre plusieurs des disciplines qui concourent aux sciences cognitives: la neuro-psychologie expérimentale, certains aspects de la psychologie sociale, mais aussi l'histoire de la philosophie et la philosophie de l'esprit contemporaine. / This research arises from the following three main hypotheses: 1) Low and high-level cognitive processes are bound together; 2) Sensorimotor space is a subjective perception; and 3) Sensorimotor space varies as a function of different types of social behaviours. The thesis argues that sensorimotor space is shaped by both mere co-presence of another human body and cooperative or uncooperative interactions. Chapters l, Il, III aim at analyzing and explaining the meaning of the first, the second and the third hypothesis in order to advance the primary thesis. Chapter V opens up an ethical perspective about a possible bound between spatial perception and moral evaluations during social interactions. This work is enriched by several constitutive disciplines of cognitive sciences : conternporary philosophy, philosophy of mind, experimental neuropsychology and some topics studied by social psychology. / La ricerca ha preso le mosse da tre ipotesi fondamentali: 1) Esiste un legame tra processi cognitivi di basso ed alto livello; 2) Lo spazio senso-motorio è una percezione soggettiva; 3) Lo spazio senso-motorio varia in funzione delle diverse modalità di interazione sociale. La tesi sostiene che lo spazio senso-motorio si lascia modulare dalla semplice co-presenza di un altro agente umano e da interazioni cooperative e non cooperative. I capitoli I, II, III, hanno lo scopo di scomporre e spiegare il significato della prima, seconda e terza ipotesi; giungendo a formulare la tesi centrale che sarà poi dimostrata sperimentalmente nel capitolo IV. Il capitolo V introduce future linee di ricerca nell’ambito dell’etica proponendo una nuova ipotesi sul legame che potrebbe sussistere tra la percezione dello spazio durante l’interazione sociale e i giudizi morali. Il lavoro svolto chiama ad operare insieme diverse discipline che concorrono a formare le scienze cognitive: la storia della filosofia, la filosofia della mente contemporanea, la neuropsicologia sperimentale ed alcuni temi della psicologia sociale.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:31:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Jeronimo Goroski Rambalducci.pdf: 1712175 bytes, checksum: 686de03d4ecc65dc1b88175117860d02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-18 / Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie / All research up to now aimed at identifying the reasons for the low participation of Brazilian industry in international trade does not handle us the answer why some companies choose to export while others do not, even though geographically laid next to each other, manufacturing similar products, and subject to the same environmental conditions. This gap may result from an underestimation of the importance of human subjectivity in its social context in making decisions that affect the o organization. This research was conducted along the lines of symbolic interactionism and followed the methodological procedures of Grounded Theory. The data were collected through 18 interviews with 12 entrepreneurs in the industry, and were analyzed with the help of the software ATLAS/ti. Entrepreneurs who had export conduct were those who own the company as an instrument to achieve economic, social, and self rewards. The entrepreneurs who did not present export conduct were those who own the company only as a tool for economic reward. For these, the company is not the result of a vocational option, but rather a means by which one gets financial security for oneself and one s own, or even it serves as a substitute to the failure of one's financial or professional aspirations. Moreover, it was possible to identify differences in conduct among exporters which are associated with the different subjective psychosocial behavior of the entrepreneurs, and it was possible to group them into four profiles: grouped proactive, independent proactive, independent reactive, and grouped reactive. / Pesquisas voltadas a identificar as razões da baixa inserção da indústria brasileira no comércio internacional não têm dado conta de responder o porquê algumas empresas optam pela exportação e outras não, mesmo estando geograficamente estabelecidas uma ao lado da outra, manufaturando produtos semelhantes, sujeitas as mesmas condições ambientais. Tal hiato pode decorrer da subestimação da importância da subjetividade humana em seu contexto social na tomada de decisões que afetam a organização. Esta pesquisa foi conduzida inspirada na perspectiva do interacionismo simbólico e nos procedimentos metodológicos da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados. Os dados foram coletados mediante 18 entrevistas com 12 empresários do setor e analisadas com o apoio do software ATLAS/ti. Os empresários que apresentaram conduta exportadora são aqueles que têm a empresa como instrumento para alcançar recompensas de ordem econômica, do SELF e sociais. Não apresentaram conduta exportadora os empresários que têm a empresa unicamente como instrumento de recompensa econômica. Para estes, a empresa não é fruto de uma opção vocacional, mas desempenha a função de garantia financeira sua e dos seus, ou ainda, serve de sucedâneo ao malogro de sua aspiração profissional ou financeira. Por outro lado, foi possível identificar diferentes condutas exportadoras, as quais estão associadas diferentes condutas psicossociais subjetivas dos empresários que permitiram agrupálos em quatro perfis: Proativo consorciado; Proativo independente; Reativo independente; Reativo consorciado