Uppsatsen handlar om inhyrda lärares arbetssituation som befinner sig utanför organisationers gränser vilket leder till exkludering och bristfälliga arbetsvillkor. Inhyrd personal befinner sig i en trepartsrelation mellan sig själv, bemanningsföretag och kundföretag. Detta skulle kunna göra att den formella tillhörigheten och känslan av tillhörighet differentieras. Inget i studien tyder på att de inhyrda lärarna inte känner en tillhörighet till bemanningsföretaget som arbetsgivare och därmed kan vi inte dra slutsatsen att detta är problemet. Snarare är det kundföretaget och dess medarbetare som inte ser de inhyrda lärarna som inkluderade i organisationen vilket skapar exkludering. Dagens företag behöver vara flexibla och för att möta detta behov används inhyrd personal som en tillfällig resurs. Bemanningsföretag växer sig allt starkare och studien är viktig för att visa att anställningsformen kan få negativa konsekvenser och att man bör ta hänsyn till emotionella aspekter hos individen. Studien är kvalitativ och har genomförts genom djupintervjuer med tre inhyrda lärare, tre ordinarie lärare och en rektor. Då ämnet kan ses som känsligt av vissa parter är ämnet något svårstuderat och det har varit svårt att få tag på intervjupersoner. Materialet har analyserats med teorier utifrån tre teman: tillhörighet, trygghet och frihet vilka följer som en röd tråd genom uppsatsen. / This essay examines temporary teachers working situation and the findings show that they fall outside organizations’ boundaries which leads to exclusion and poor working conditions. The temporary teachers exist in a trilateral relationship between them self, temporary work agencies and client companies. This could make the formal affiliation and sense of belonging differentiated. Nothing in the study suggests that the hired temporary teachers do not feel an affinity to the temporary work agency and thus we cannot conclude that this is the problem. The issue is rather that the client company and its employees do not see the hired temporary teachers as included within the organization. This creates exclusion. The temporary work agencies are growing stronger and this study is important since it highlights that the form of employment can have negative consequences and that the emotional aspects of the individual should be taken into account. The study is qualitative and has been executed by performing in-depth interviews. Due to the delicate nature of the subject to some parties the topic is somewhat difficult to study. Furthermore, it has been difficult to get hold of the people interviewed. The empirical data was analysed with theories based on three themes: belonging, security and freedom.

Submitted by Kenia Bernini (kenia.bernini@ufpel.edu.br) on 2018-10-18T21:41:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Elvis_Silveira_Simões_Dissertação.pdf: 1223796 bytes, checksum: 15a19e1926e8a36dd54a909637b674b8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-10-19T19:51:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Elvis_Silveira_Simões_Dissertação.pdf: 1223796 bytes, checksum: 15a19e1926e8a36dd54a909637b674b8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-10-19T19:51:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Elvis_Silveira_Simões_Dissertação.pdf: 1223796 bytes, checksum: 15a19e1926e8a36dd54a909637b674b8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-19T19:51:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Elvis_Silveira_Simões_Dissertação.pdf: 1223796 bytes, checksum: 15a19e1926e8a36dd54a909637b674b8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar as memórias e as experiências dos trabalhadores arrumadores de Rio Grande-RS, entre as décadas de 1950/60. Neste sentido, as análises buscaram destacar as tomadas de decisões e disputas dos trabalhadores, os quais visaram realizar a transição de Sindicato do Comércio Armazenador, para Sindicato dos Arrumadores de Rio Grande, a luz da Lei 2.196, de 1º de abril de 1954, abrangendo assim seu campo de atuação para o comércio, indústria e o Porto. Conjuntamente, analisaremos como se inseriram nestes distintos ambientes e estabeleceram suas relações de trabalho e estratégias, assim como buscaram lidar com as inseguranças diante a condição de um trabalhado sazonal e avulso. Para tanto, será a partir das memórias reavivadas dos trabalhadores arrumadores, portuários e consertadores, bem como no diálogo com as demais fontes que buscou-se compreender a trajetória histórica desta categoria. / The present research has the objective of analyzing the memories and the experiences of the laborers of Rio Grande-RS, between the decades of 1950/60. In this sense, the analyzes sought to highlight the decision-making and disputes of the workers, which aimed to carry out the transition from Trade Union of Storage Trade, to Union of Arrumadores of Rio Grande, in light of Law 2.196, of April 1, 1954, covering so its field of action for commerce, industry and Porto. Together, we will analyze how they were inserted in these different environments and established their working relationships and strategies, as well as trying to deal with the insecurities faced with the condition of a seasonal and isolated worker. To do so, it will be from the revived memories of the ushers, port workers and repairers, as well as in the dialogue with the other sources that sought to understand the historical trajectory of this category.

Syfte: Studiens syfte var att identifiera teoretiska begrepp för att kunna förstå kundföretags till synes konsumtionsinriktade hantering av bemanningspersonal. Vidare ämnar studien beskriva den förändrade personaletiken gällande bemanningspersonal, vilken verkar ligga till grund för hanteringen av personalgruppen. Teori: Inledande presenteras bemanningsbranschens premisser. För att förstå kundföretags ”syn på” bemanningspersonal anammade studien tre perspektiv för att försöka förstå problemformuleringen. Dessa var HRM, Flexibilitet och Ekonomi. Metod: Empirin samlades in med hjälp av semistrukturerade informantintervjuer. Totalt deltog tre kundföretag och 9 informanter i studien. Dessa ombads inledande att tala fritt om några utvalda ämnen med hjälp av ledord. Senare ombads de associera fritt kring begrepp i relation till bemanningspersonal. Resultat: Studien fastställer att kundföretags ”syn på” bemanningspersonal är personaletiskt politisk god men att hanteringen av bemanningspersonal innehåller dimensioner av nyttjande i övergång till utnyttjande. Vilket bildligt liknar konsumtion. / Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify theoretical concept to better understand customer companies* consumption like behavior of temporary workers. Further on the study wished to describe the seemingly changed employee’s ethics for temporary workers, which seems to be the basis for employers handling. Theory: Initial the premise for temporary work is introduced. To understand the customer companies this study took on three perspectives trying to understand the problem question. These perspectives were HRM, Flexibility and Economics. Method: The empirical material was gathered through semi structured interviews. In total three customer companies were represented and nine interviews conducted. The informants were told to freely talk about a few selected topics with the help of catchwords. Further on, the informants were asked to associate some concept in relation to temporary workers. Findings: This study conducts that the view of customer companies are in line with what can be called employers politic ethics. Thus, the temporary workers management includes several dimensions in which use transform in to exploit. That in which this study conducts can resemble consumption. *Costumer company/user company; referring to an organization using temporary workers.

Magister Legum - LLM / Universally, workers’ protection is centred on the standard employment relationship (full-time,indeterminate employment) based on the distinction between ‘employee’ and ‘independent contractor’; nonetheless globalization coupled with advances in technology and other related processes such as casualization, externalization and informalization, has resulted in the proliferation of different forms of work that deviate from the conventional employment relationship. There is also an increase,worldwide, in the number of persons who perform work outside the employment sphere because they are labelled independent contractors though in fact they are on the same level of economic dependence and vulnerability with those who perform work as ‘employees’. It is to this category of workers that literature refers collectively as ‘atypical employees’ or ‘non-standard employees’. Despite the fact that there have been moves internationally and nationally to integrate these classes of worker, it remains clear that they constitute a labour force which is less well paid and less secure. Most of the atypical employees are included in the definition of ‘employee’ in both jurisdictions though home workers are explicitly excluded under the Ethiopian labour law.However, the collective bargaining system does not function to address the problems of atypical employees in both countries as it does for standard employees.

Background - Work environment for care staff in elderly care has been particularly discussed during covid-19. A large part who worked during the pandemic were temporary workers. In addition to the already existing challenges in the psychosocial work environment, the temporary workers have a job that involves working in different workplaces, with different colleagues and with different managers, which can also be a challenge to ensure the psychosocial working environment of the temporary workers. Aim - To investigate and describe the experiences of temporary workers in elderly care of the psychosocial work environment during the covid-19 pandemic. Method - A qualitative method with an inductive approach has been applied. The empirical material was collected through five semi-structured interviews with hourly workers in elderly care. The material was analyzed using thematic analysis. Results and conclusion – Three main themes and nine sub-themes were identified. Majority experienced changes in work during the pandemic. The changes were about increased responsibility, overtime and concerns about infecting care recipients and their families. There was good support from the manager and colleagues, but the most significant thing for experiencing a good psychosocial work environment was the support from colleagues. It is important to prevent or reduce the risk of ill health and create better conditions for temporary workers to stay in the profession. / Bakgrund och Problemformulering – Arbetsmiljön för omsorgspersonalen inom äldreomsorgen har blivit särskilt omdiskuterad under covid-19. En stor del av de som arbetade under pandemin var timvikarier. Utöver de redan befintliga utmaningarna i den psykosociala arbetsmiljön har timvikarierna ett arbete som går ut på att arbeta på olika arbetsplatser, med olika kollegor och med olika chefer vilket också kan vara en utmaning för att säkerställa timvikariernas psykosociala arbetsmiljö. Syfte - Att undersöka och beskriva timvikarier inom äldreomsorgens upplevelser av den psykosociala arbetsmiljön under covid-19 pandemin. Metod - En kvalitativ metod med induktiv ansats har tillämpats. Det empiriska materialet samlades in genom fem semistrukturerade intervjuer med timvikarier i äldreomsorgen. Materialet analyserades med tematisk analys. Resultat och slutsats – Tre huvudteman och nio underteman identifierades. Majoriteten av timvikarierna upplevde förändringar i arbetet under pandemin. Förändringarna handlade om ett ökat ansvar, övertid och oro för att smitta vårdtagare och sina familjer. Resultatet visade att det fanns ett bra stöd från chef och kollegor men det mest betydelsefulla för att uppleva en god psykosocial arbetsmiljö var stödet från kollegor. Det är av att stor vikt att arbetsgivare arbetar aktivt med sätt att förhindra eller minska risken för ohälsa och skapa bättre förutsättningar för timvikarier att stanna i yrket.

Bakgrund och problem: En introduktion till arbetsplatsen ger det första intrycket av situationen. Introduktionen innefattar de aktiviteter och processer som krävs för att kunna genomföra ett arbete (Arbetsmiljöverket, 2018), men även förvärvande av den sociala kunskapen och kompetens som krävs i arbetet (Benzinger, 2016). En tidigare studie av Arbetsmiljöverket (2018) visar att organisationer har bristande introduktioner av bemanningsanställda. Tidigare studier har fokuserat på de brister som finns i bemanningsanställdas arbetssituation hos organisationer. Studierna har visat att det finns bristande säkerhetsgenomgångar, arbetstrygghet, utvecklingsmöjligheter och socialt stöd för bemanningsanställda. Syfte och metod: Syftet med denna studien var att undersöka hur kunskapsöverföring och gemenskap kan påverka introduktionen av bemanningsanställda. Studien tar utgångspunkt i Knowledge Management, Knowledge Sharing, “medarbetarskapshjulet” samt inskolningskurvor. Dessa teorier har fungerat som perspektiv för att besvara studiens problemformulering. En fallstudie har genomförts med ett företag inom byggämnesindustrin. Totalt åtta stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med bemanningsanställda, introduktionsansvariga och produktionsledare. Respondenterna har praktisk erfarenhet av hur introduktionen utförs hos fallföretaget. Utöver intervjuer har det genomförts observationer, samt att företagets introduktionsplan har blivit granskad vilket har givit en bredare empirisk grund för denna studie. Resultat och slutsatser: Det empiriska materialet resulterade i att en utvecklad introduktionsplan till arbetsplatsen underlättade processen att lära sig arbetet och komma in i gruppen. Introduktionsplanen tydliggjorde vem som gör vad och vilken kunskap som krävs, vilket skapade både klarhet och trygghet för samtliga parter. En introduktionsansvarig skapade en känsla av socialt stöd och gör det enklare att komma in i arbetsgruppen. / Background and problem: An introduction to a workplace gives the first impression of the situation. The introduction includes activities and processes required to be able to fulfill the work (Arbetsmiljöverket, 2018), but also the acquisition of the social knowledge and skills required in the work (Benzinger, 2016). A former study made by Arbetsmiljöverket (2018) shows that organizations have inadequate introductions for temporary workers. Previous studies have been focused on the shortcomings of temporary workers work situation at organizations. The studies have shown that there are inadequate safety briefings, work security, development opportunities and social support for temporary workers. Aim and method: The purpose of this study was to examine how the transfer of knowledge and fellowship can influence the introduction for temporary workers. The study is based on Knowledge Management, Knowledge Sharing, “medarbetarskapshjulet” and introduction curves. These theories have served as perspectives for answering the study’s problem formulation. A case study were conducted with one company in the building material industry. A total of eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with temporary workers, introduction managers and production managers. The respondents have practical experience of how the introduction is carried out at the case company. In addition to the interviews, observations have been carried out and the company's introduction plan has been reviewed, which provided a broader empirical basis for this study. Results and conclusions: The empirical material resulted in that a developed introduction plan to a workplace facilitated the process of learning the work and getting into the group. The introduction plan clarified who does what and what knowledge that is required, which created both clarity and security for all parties. An introductory manager created a sense ofsocial support and makes it easier to get into the working group.

在台灣，臨時性雇用佔總就業比例在2012年大約為5.3%，而且這個比例近年來有持續上升的趨勢。當勞工的工作型態從臨時性轉換到非臨時性雇用或是從非臨時性轉換到臨時性雇用時，勞工的薪水會因此而有明顯地差距。本研究利用人力運用調查之下的擬追蹤資料，檢驗勞工改變其工作型態與其薪水變化之間的關係。實證結果顯示從臨時性轉換到非臨時性工作之勞工，其薪水有顯著地上升；而從非臨時性轉換到臨時性工作之勞工，其薪水會受到顯著地傷害。女性從臨時性轉換到非臨時性工作，可以享有較多的薪水增加，但是男性從非臨時性轉換到臨時性工作時，薪水會受到較多的傷害。而年齡介於40至60歲之間的勞工，薪水下降較其他年齡層的勞工多；而較年輕的勞工其薪水增加較多。 / In Taiwan, the proportion of temporary employment is about 5.3% (as of 2012) and this ratio has been growing gradually in recent years. Wage differences are caused by change of job status from non-temporary to temporary and vice-versa. Using data from the Manpower Utilization Quasi-Longitudinal Survey, the results confirm that workers switching from non-temporary to temporary jobs suffer significant erosion of income and workers switching from temporary jobs to non-temporary jobs receive significant income gain. Women benefit more when changing from temporary employment to non-temporary, while men suffer more when transiting from non-temporary to temporary jobs. The wage loss for workers’ in age group 40 to 50 is larger than workers in other age groups and younger workers receive greater income gains.

經濟全球化以及國際分工，形成跨國的人才競爭，許多國家意識到在新經濟模式下欲維持競爭力，就必須吸納世界各國人才，對高技術人才的需求成為許多已開發國家的共同現象，並將技術性人才的跨國招募視為國家政策的重要項目，其中，美國和加拿大是最能成功吸引技術移民的國家，因此，本研究主要想要探討：美國和加拿大能夠成功吸引技術移民的原因是否與美國和加拿大的技術性移民政策有關。 本研究運用文獻研究法及比較研究法，先分析美國與加拿大的技術性移民政策的發展趨勢與變化，瞭解美國和加拿大技術性移民政策吸引世界各國高技術人才的方式，最後探討美國和加拿大技術性移民政策的成效及影響。 本研究發現美國與加拿大技術性移民政策的變化，主要受到需求驅動的影響，針對不同時期的需求，會適時調整移民政策，而在基於經濟增長的長遠考慮下，必須有一套穩定、有計劃的招募人才的選擇性移民政策。美國與加拿大招募技術性人才的方式，主要皆以招募永久移民與短期移民為主，永久性的技術移民必須是國家需要的、有利於國家的高技術人才，並能長期為國家作出貢獻者；短期移民目的是為了要解決國家短期急需，但雇主在國內卻又招不到高階人才而設置的，但有工作年限的限制，不但解決了國家對極需人才的問題，也避免了當景氣衰退時的勞工過剩現象。在技術性移民政策的成效上，美國與加拿大的技術性移民政策，無論是永久移民或是短期移民，皆呈現逐年增加趨勢，可見得美國與加拿大的技術性移民政策在吸引各國技術人才上有明顯的成效。 本研究建議台灣政府學習美國與加拿大，調整技術性移民政策或配套措施，減少嚴重的人才流失問題，有效吸引外國技術性人才。並期待國內能有更多與美國及加拿大技術性移民政策的相關研究，作為台灣制訂技術性移民政策的借鏡。 / Due to economic globalization and international division of labor, contries compete for manpower cross the global. Many countries have realized the importance of recruiting labor forces over the world to maintain their competitiveness under this new economic trend. Especially the needs for high skilled professionals have become a common phenomenon in many developed countries. They regard the transnational labor recruitment is a crucial factor of their national policies. Among these countries, the United State of American and Canada are most success on recruiting skilled immigrants. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to explore a question - Are the policies of skilled immigrants of United State of American and Canada related to their success of skilled workers recruitment? This study utilizes literature review and comparative research method. Through analyzing the developmental trend and change of skilled immigrant policies of the United State of American and Canada, this study tries to understand the method of transnational skilled worker recruitment from these policies. Further, this study discusses the achievements and impacts of these policies. This study found the changes of skilled immigrant policies of the United State of American and Canada majorly were influenced by the demands of labor forces. Focusing on the demands in different periods, these policies were adjusted accordingly. Based the long term consideration on the economic growth, countries need to have a stable and planned selective immigrant policies on recruitment of skilled workers. The United State of American and Canada’s methods of recruiting skilled labors primarily are in two categories - “Permanent Immigration" and “Temporary Workers”. Permanent immigration is given to immigrants who are high skilled workers. They are needed by the country and will benefit to the country. Also they will contribute to the country for a long time. On the other hand, the temporary worker is given to skilled workers who are fulfilled the short-term needs of the country when these employers could not find employees from domestic labor force. Temporary worker status has limitation on the duration of stay that solves the shortage of domestic manpower and also avoids the excessive labor force in recession. Regarding the achievements of skilled immigrant policies of the United State of American and Canada, both “Permanent Immigration” and “Temporary Workers” policies have been brining skilled workers increasingly every year. This shows their policies have significant effects on recruiting skilled workers cross the world. This study suggests Taiwan government can learn from skilled immigrant policies of the United State of American and Canada. Taiwan government can adjust its skilled immigrant policies or other supporting measurements. It can reduce seriously problem of losing skilled workers and effectively recruiting skilled workers from other countries. This study expects more related researches in Taiwan on skilled immigrant policies of the United State of American and Canada. It could provide references for designing skilled immigrant policies in Taiwan.

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Escola de Enfermagem, 2006. / Submitted by eloisa silva (eloisa1_silva@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-11-12T16:28:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 jorganasoares.pdf: 1913969 bytes, checksum: b890d4445c212ee7e2ad6a56ad27c79a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-11-13T21:34:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 jorganasoares.pdf: 1913969 bytes, checksum: b890d4445c212ee7e2ad6a56ad27c79a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-13T21:34:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 jorganasoares.pdf: 1913969 bytes, checksum: b890d4445c212ee7e2ad6a56ad27c79a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Esse trabalho está enfocado nos trabalhadores portuários avulsos (TPA´s) e incluído na linha de pesquisa “Organização do Trabalho da Enfermagem/Saúde”, do Programa de Pósgraduação em Enfermagem da Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG) na vertente “Saúde Ecossistêmica e Trabalho” do Laboratório de Estudos de Processos Socioambientais e Produção Coletiva de Saúde(LAMSA), inserido no macroprojeto de pesquisa intitulado Saúde do trabalhador e conhecimento sobre situações de risco: um estudo com trabalhadores portuários avulsos no município do Rio Grande-RS financiado pelo CNPq. Teve como objetivo geral identificar o conhecimento dos TPA’s sobre risco à saúde no ambiente de trabalho. A presente pesquisa é de cunho quantitativo, de caráter exploratório e analítico do tipo transversal. A amostra da pesquisa foi de 306 TPA’s que atuam no Porto do Rio Grande. A entrada de dados foi realizada no programa EPINFO 6.0, sendo traduzido para o software Statistic® 6.0. Os dados das questões de escala nominal, foram apresentados através da distribuição de freqüência e analisados estatisticamente através do teste Quiquadrado de Pearson e os das questões em escala contínua foram apresentados através do cálculo da média e coeficiente de variação e estes foram analisados estatisticamente através da análise de variância e Teste t de student. Para a análise dos dados utilizou-se abordagem qualitativa do tipo sociohistórica e observação espontânea no sentido de contextualização e explicação do fenômeno. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética na Pesquisa em Saúde da FURG, possuiu a concordância para realização do Órgão Gestor da Mão-de-Obra do Trabalho Avulso do Rio Grande (OGMO), responsável pelos TPA’s e utilizado o consentimento livre e esclarecido com os participantes da pesquisa. A maioria dos trabalhadores reconheceu que existem riscos à sua saúde no ambiente de trabalho e isso independeu do grau de instrução, categoria, oferecimento pelo OGMO de cursos para medidas de identificação, prevenção e eliminação dos riscos existentes e o trabalhador já ter solicitado informações ao OGMO sobre como evitar os riscos existentes no ambiente de trabalho. O conceito de risco pode ser expresso como perigos à saúde e vida do trabalhador e os fatores de risco identificados pelo grupo geral foram queda de objetos suspensos, ruídos e intempéries. Os fatores de risco que se mostraram significativamente diferente entre as categorias profissionais foram: ruídos, levantamento manual de carga, ferramentas de trabalho, componentes dos ternos em número abaixo do ideal, ganho por produtividade, ritmo de trabalho, trabalho em altura, deslocamento do trabalhador sobre as cargas, escadas de acesso às embarcações, presença de ratos e de pombas no ambiente de trabalho. Os riscos à saúde e vida, no contexto portuário, não são sempre os mesmos, porque distintos são os navios e as cargas que se apresentam no porto, com exigências de procedimentos de segurança peculiares a cada operação. Pode-se concluir que os TPA’s conhecem os riscos aos quais estão expostos e que esses variam em consonância com a atividade desenvolvida, sugerindo-se a realização de outros estudos para aprofundar o conhecimento acerca dos riscos à saúde nesse cenário. / This study focuses on port temporary workers (PTW) and is part of a research project entitled “The Organization of Work in Nursing/Health” that has been carried out in the Postgraduation program in Nursing at Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG). It deals with “Ecosystemic Health and Work” and has been developed at the Laboratory of Studies on Socio-environmental Processes and Health Collective Production (LAMSA), whose macro-project is “Occupational Health and Knowledge about Risk Situations”, a study about port temporary workers in Rio Grande, RS, funded by CNPq. It aims at identifying the knowledge PTW’s have about health risks in the Work Environment. It is a quantitative research with exploratory and analytical characteristics, and cross sectional in nature. The subjects are 306 PTW’s who work at the port in Rio Grande, and agreed to take part in the research. The data were entered in the program EPINFO 6.0, and in the software Statistic® 6.0. Data regarding the questions in a nominal scale were shown with frequency distribution and analyzed statistically by Pearson’s test; the data in a continuous scale were shown with the calculation of the average and variation coefficient. The latter were statistically analyzed through variance analysis and the Student’s t Test. To analyze the data, I used a qualitative approach, socio-historical in nature, besides spontaneous observation in order to contextualize and explain the phenomenon. The project was accepted by the Ethics Committee in Research in Health at FURG, in agreement with the Órgão Gestor da Mão-de-Obra do Trabalho Avulso do Rio Grande (OGMO), the PTW’s association in town. Most workers acknowledge that there are risks to their health in their work environment, regardless of their schooling, category, and OGMO courses they have taken to help identify, prevent, and eliminate present risks. The concept of risk comprises hazards to the worker’s health and life; the risk factors identified by the group were the fall of hanging objects, noise, and bad weather. The risk factors that were significantly different among the professional categories were: noise, lifting weight, working tools, shift teams with fewer workers than necessary; productivity gain, hard work, work in high places, moving on the loads, ladders that access the ships, and rats and pigeons in the work place. Risks to health and life are not always the same at the port because the ships and their loads are different and have distinct requirements concerning safety procedures during the operation. I can conclude that the PTW’s know the risks they are exposed to and that these risks vary according to the task they carry out. I suggest that other studies should be made to deepen the knowledge regarding health risks in this scenario. / Este trabajo focaliza los trabajadores portuários esporádicos (TPA’s) e incluídos en la línea de pesquisa “Organización del Trabajo de Enfermería/Salud”, del Programa de Pos Graduación en Enfermería de la Fundación Universidad Federal de Río Grande (FURG) en la vertiente “Salud Ecosistémica y trabajo” del Laboratorio de Estudios de Procesos Socioambientales y Produción Coletiva de Salud (LAMSA), inserido em el macro projecto de pesquisa titulado Salud del Trabajador y Conocimiento sobre Situaciones de Riesgo: un estudio com trabajadores portuários esporádicos, del município de Río Grande, financiado por el CNPq. Tuvo como objetivo general identificar el conocimiento de los TAP’s sobre los riesgos a la salud en el ambiente de trabajo. La presente pesquisa es de cuño cuantitativo,de carácter exploratório y analítico del tipo transversal. La muestra de la pesquisa fué de 306 TPA’s que actuan en el Puerto de Río Grande. La entrada de los datos fué relizada em el programa EPINFO 6.0, siendo traducida para el software Statistic 6.0. Los datos de las cuestiones de la escala nominal, fueron apresentados atraves de la distribuición de freqüência y analizados statisticamente através del analisis de varianza y el Teste t de student. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizo la abordajem cualitativa de tipo sociohistorico y la observación espontanea en el sentido de la contextualización y explicación del fenômeno.El projecto fué aprobado por el Comité de Ética de Pesquisa em Salud de la FURG, poseyó concordancia para su realización del Organo Gestor de Mano de Obra del Trabajo Esporádico de Río Grande (OGMO), responsable por los TPA’s y utilizado el consentimiento libre y esclarecido com los participantes de la pesquisa. La mayoría de los trabajadores reconocierom que existem riesgos para la salud en el ambiente de trabajo y eso fué independiente del grado de instrucción, categoria, ofrecimiento por el OGMO de cursos para medidas de identificación, prevención y eliminación de los riesgos existentes y el trabajador ya haber solicitado informaciones al OGMO sobre como evitar los riesgos existentes en el ambiente de trabajo. El concepto de riesgo puede ser expresado como peligros para la salud y vida del trabajador y los factores de riesgo identificados por el grupo fueron la caída de objetos suspensos, ruídos e intempéries. Los factores de riesgo que se mostraron significativamente diferentes entre las caregorías profesionales fueron: ruidos, levantamiento manual de carga, herramientas de trabajo, componentes de los gupos de trabajo em numero abajo del ideal, ganancias sobre la productividade, ritmo de trabajo, trabajo em altura, deslocamiento del trabajador sobre las cargas, escaleras de aceso a la embarcaciones, presencia de ratas y palomas em el ambiente de trabajo.Los riesgos a la salud y a la vida, en el contexto potuario no son siempre los mismos, porque diferentes son los navios y las cargas que se apresentam em el puerto con exigencias de seguridad peculiares para cada operación. Se pode concluir que los TPA’s conocem los riesgos a los cuales están expuestos y que estes variam en consonancia com la atividad desenvolvida, se sugiere la realización de otros estudios para aprofundar el conocimiento relativo a los riesgos para la salud en este escenario.

Cette thèse par articles examine les causes et conséquences économiques des politiques d'immigration du point de vue des pays receveurs. Je soutiens que les politiques d'immigration affectent la composition industrielle, et que l'immigration non-qualifiée a ralenti le développement des secteurs haute-technologie dans les pays de l'OCDE au cours des dernières décennies. Néanmoins, les gouvernements élus ont des incitatifs à accroître les niveaux d'immigration et à admettre des immigrants non-qualifiés, afin de conserver l'appui du secteur privé, et de façon à éviter les réactions négatives qui résulteraient de l'affaiblissement des industries traditionnelles. Le premier article s'appuie sur un modèle de progrès technologique endogène et soutient que les activités de recherche des entreprises croissent avec l'offre relative en travail qualifié, et se contractent avec l'offre relative en travail non-qualifié. À l'aide de données panel sur les pays de l'OCDE entre 1971 et 2003, j'estime l'élasticité des dépenses en R&D par rapport à l'offre relative de facteurs au moyen d'un modèle OLS dynamique (DOLS). Les résultats sont conséquents avec les propositions théoriques, et je démontre que l'immigration non-qualifiée a ralenti l'intensité des investissements privés en R&D. Le deuxième article examine la réponse des gouvernements fédéraux canadiens au lobbying des entreprises sur l'enjeu de l'immigration, à l'aide de données trimestrielles entre 1996 et 2011. J'argue que les gouvernements ont des incitatifs électoraux à accroître les niveaux d'immigration malgré les préférences restrictives du public sur cet enjeu, afin de s'assurer de l'appui des groupes d'intérêt corporatifs. Je teste cet argument à l'aide d'un modèle vectoriel autorégressif. Un résultat clé est la réponse positive des influx de travailleurs temporaires à l'intensité du lobbying des entreprises. Le troisième article soutient que les gouvernements ont des incitatifs à gérer la sélection des immigrants de façon à préserver la composition industrielle régionale. Je teste cet argument avec des données panel sur les provinces canadiennes entre 2001 et 2010, et un devis de recherche basé sur l'approche des doubles moindres carrés (two-stage least squares). Les résultats tendent à appuyer l'argument principal : les provinces dont l'économie repose davantage sur des industries traditionnelles sont susceptibles de recevoir une plus grande proportion d'immigrants non-qualifiés, ce qui contribue à renforcer cette spécialisation. / This paper-based dissertation examines the economic causes and consequences of immigration policies from the perspective of recipient countries. I argue that immigration policies affect the industry mix, and that unskilled immigration has tempered down the development of high-technology sectors during the past decades in OECD countries. Nonetheless, elected governments have incentives to increase immigration levels and to admit unskilled immigrants, in order to maintain the support of corporate interests, and to avoid the negative attention that would result from the depletion of traditional industries. The first paper builds upon a model of endogenous technological change to argue that business research activities expand with the relative supply of skilled labour, and contract with relative increases in unskilled labour. Using panel data on OECD countries between 1971 and 2003, I estimate the elasticity of R&D outlays with respect to relative factor supplies with a dynamic OLS (DOLS) model. The empirical findings are consistent with the theory, and a key policy implication is that unskilled immigration has dampened the intensity of business investments in R&D. The second paper examines the responsiveness of Canadian federal governments to corporate lobbying on the subject-matter of immigration, using quarterly data between 1996 and 2011. I claim that governments have electoral incentives to increase levels of immigration despite the restrictive preferences of the public, in order to secure the support of corporate interest groups. To test this argument, I make use of the vector autoregression methodology. A significant finding is the positive response of temporary worker inflows to the intensity of corporate lobbying. The third paper argues that governments have incentives to adjust the skill composition of immigration in order to maintain the existing regional industry mix. I test this argument using panel data on Canadian provinces between 2001 and 2010, and a research design based on the two-stage least squares approach. The empirical findings are consistent with the main argument: provinces relying intensively upon traditional industries are likely to receive higher proportions of unskilled immigration, which contribute to maintain this specialization.