L'impact des modifications climatiques et de l'augmentation de la démographie sur le cycle de l'eau et de l'énergie dans la région ouest africaine passe par la quantification des échanges entre les différents couverts de la surface continentale et l'atmosphère. Toutefois, la compréhension du rôle des interactions entre la surface et l'atmosphère dans la dynamique de la mousson ouest africaine est limitée par le manque d'observations dans cette région. Cette thèse porte sur l'étude des flux turbulents, en particulier l'évapotranspiration réelle, en climat soudanien. Les deux couverts étudiés sont une forêt claire (site de Bellefoungou) et une mosaïque de culture/jachère (site de Nalohou), situés dans la région du Nord – Bénin. On dispose de quatre années de mesures (2007 à 2010). Les sites d'étude font partie de l'observatoire hydro – météorologique AMMA – CATCH.Les données de flux turbulents de l'atmosphère ont été mesurées avec la technique d'eddy covariance. La partition énergétique des flux a été examinée à travers la fraction évaporative (EF) et le rapport de Bowen (β) aux échelles diurne, saisonnière et inter-annuelle. Des caractéristiques de surface (conductance de surface et aérodynamique) et le coefficient de découplage ont été calculés pour interpréter la dynamique de l'évapotranspiration réelle.L'analyse des résultats est basée sur un découpage du cycle saisonnier suivant quatre phases du cycle de la mousson : la saison sèche, la saison humide, les phases d'humidification et d'assèchement de l'atmosphère. Aux échelles diurne et saisonnière, on montre que le taux d'évapotranspiration réelle de la forêt est toujours supérieur à celui de la mosaïque de culture/jachère quelle que soit la saison. L'évapotranspiration réelle demeure non nulle en saison sèche sur le site de Nalohou malgré les conditions de surface peu favorables à ce processus. En saison humide, après le saut de mousson, la partition énergétique des flux atteint un régime stationnaire avec une moyenne égale à 0,75 à Bellefoungou et 0,70 à Nalohou pour les 4 années étudiées. Le rapport de Bowen pris dans le même ordre est environ de 0,4 et 0,6 traduisant ainsi, en dépit des conditions humides, la part non négligeable du flux de chaleur sensible sur les deux couverts végétaux. La différence de rugosité entre les deux couverts végétaux entraîne une conductance aérodynamique nettement supérieure à Bellefoungou par rapport à Nalohou. On montre également que la végétation du site de Nalohou est plus efficace en transpiration pendant la saison humide que celle du site de Bellefoungou. A l'échelle inter-annuelle, on n'a pas pu mettre en évidence une relation entre flux de chaleur latente et pluviométrie pour les quatre années étudiées qui sont toutes des années excédentaires. Cependant nous avons observé que le rayonnement net explique la majeure partie de la variabilité inter-annuelle des flux turbulents.Enfin, nous avons également montré avec le coefficient de découplage que la surface soudanienne et l'atmosphère restent couplées toute l'année. Ce fonctionnement de l'interface surface – atmosphère reflète le rôle majeur que jouent les conditions de surface dans la variabilité saisonnière de l'évapotranspiration réelle. Les résultats issus de cette étude donnent une première estimation des flux de chaleur latente et de chaleur sensible sur une forêt claire et une mosaïque de culture/jachère en climat soudanien. Ils sont d'une importance capitale pour la paramétrisation et la validation des modèles de surface ainsi que pour la quantification robuste de la ressource en eau disponible en surface pour l'agriculture, principale activité génératrice de revenus des populations locales. / Assessing the impact of climate and anthropic changes on the water and energy cycles, mainly rely on the quantification of the transfer between the various land covers and the atmosphere. Nevertheless the land – atmosphere interactions in the West African monsoon dynamic is not yet well understood because of the lack of observations in this region. This thesis focuses on the analysis of the sensible and latent heat fluxes under Sudanian climate. The two studied land covers are a clear forest (Bellefoungou) and a cultivated area (Nalohou), located in northern Benin, during four years (2007-2010). The study sites are a part of the hydro – meteorological AMMA – CATCH observatory.Turbulent fluxes were measured with the eddy covariance technique.The flux partitioning was investigated through the evaporative fraction (EF) and the Bowen ratio (β) at diurnal, seasonal and inter-annual scales. Surface characteristics (surface and aerodynamical conductance) and the decoupling factor were calculated to interpret the dynamic of the actual evapotranspiration.The analysis was performed according to four different stages of the monsoon cycle: dry and wet seasons drying and moistening intermediate stages. At diurnal and seasonal scales, actual evapotranspiration was always higher on the forest than on the cultivated area. It remained non zero during the dry season at Nalohou despite surface conditions which were not favorable to this process. During the wet season, after the monsoon onset, EF remained steady with a mean seasonal value of 0.75 at Bellefoungou and 0.70 at Nalohou for the four studied years. The Bowen ratio was 0.4 and 0.6 respectively, thus the sensible heat flux was significant on the two contrasted vegetation covers during the wet season. The contrasted roughness length of the two vegetation covers led to a highest aerodynamic conductance at the clear forest site. The mixed of crop/fallow was shown to be more efficient than the clear forest regarding wet season transpiration. At the inter-annual scale, no relationship can be evidenced between evapotranspiration and annual rainfall for the studied period (2007-2010), which was rather rainy. Nevertheless, the net radiation explains the main part of turbulent fluxes inter-annual variation.Finally, complete surface atmosphere decoupling was never observed. This property of the surface – atmosphere interface underlines the key role of the surface conditions in the actual evapotranspiration. Our results provide a first estimate of the latent and sensible heat fluxes over a clear forest and a mixed crop/fallow under sudanian climate. They are relevant to land surface models parametrisation or evaluation and to a robust quantification of the water resources for agriculture, the main economic activity in this region.

O pensamento de Bergson situa a estética no seio de uma filosofia da natureza, cujo princípio metafísico está longe de qualquer determinismo e do arbítrio do acaso, remetendo-se à irreversibilidade do tempo. Ao invés de disciplina intelectual que busca a natureza da beleza, trata-se, antes, de conduta vital, processo de diferenciação virtual rumo à posição de novidades radicais, podendo ou não desembocar na atividade artística. A arte não é, portanto, um conjunto de atributos atualmente dados ou a prática de habilidades específicas e, sim, um modo de ação que entrelaça os regimes do virtual e do atual sem permitir que a existência se sobreponha à consistência, realizando-se, inclusive, na sua própria abertura. Se o impulso da vida é o que comunica espírito e matéria, inserindo liberdade na necessidade, segue-se que a atividade artística é uma das vias em que desemboca o elã, ao lado dos seres vivos e da expressão mística. A individuação de uma obra implica certos graus de liberdade e níveis de consciência que não se explicam nem pela espécie, nem pelo indivíduo, já que sua contração intuitiva submete a duração do artista a tonalidades não psicológicas e a-subjetivas. Tocado por uma emoção criadora, vai-se realmente do Todo Aberto à colocação de novos mundos. O veículo de ação confunde-se com a própria ação, criatura com criador, de modo que o corpo artístico instaurado é puro transbordamento de vitalidade, consciência de si do tempo. / Bergson's aesthetics lies within a philosophy of nature, whose metaphysical principle is far from any determinism or chance as it refers to the irreversibility of time. Instead of an intellectual discipline that seeks the nature of beauty, it is rather defined by a vital conduct, a process of virtual differentiation towards the position of radical novelties, which may or may not culminate in artistic activity. Therefore, art is not a set of actual attributes or the practice of specific skills; its, on the other hand, a mode of action that interweaves the regimes of the virtual and the actual without allowing its existence to overlap its consistency. Its realization indeed relies in its own opening. If the impulse of life is what communicates spirit and matter, by inserting liberty into necessity, it follows that artistic activity is one of the ways in which the élan flows, alongside living beings and mystical expression. The individuation of a piece involves certain degrees of freedom and levels of consciousness that cannot be explained neither by the species nor by the individual because its intuitive contraction takes the duration of the artist to tones of vitality that are not psychological or subjective. Touched by a creative emotion, one goes from the perspective of the Open Whole to the placement of new worlds. The vehicle of action then merges with the action itself, creature with creator, so that the artistic body is pure overflowing vitality, when time regains consciousness of itself.

La presente investigación fue elaborada en una empresa del sector aéreo, en donde los analistas de compras a lo largo del año 2014 y los primeros meses del presente año percibieron que existe demora en satisfacer los pedidos de las órdenes de servicio. Esta deficiencia también ha sido reflejada en los reportes de servicios donde se puede apreciar los largos periodos de tiempo en el proceso de adquisición. Por ello se buscan diferentes teorías que puedan ayudar a solucionar este problema. La teoría más adecuada es la teoría de restricciones del físico israelí Eliyahu M., en donde enuncia un proceso que tiene como resultado buscar eliminar las restricciones. En este contexto la tesis tiene como objetivo aplicar las teorías y metodologías, en cual se abordó la problemática. Asimismo se formuló la solución óptima para mejorar el tiempo del proceso de adquisición. This research was developed in a company in the aviation sector, where analysts purchases throughout 2014 and the first months of this year realized that there is delay in fulfilling orders service orders. This deficiency has also been reflected in reports of services where you can see long periods of time in the procurement process. Therefore different theories that can help solve this problem are sought. The best theory is the theory of constraints Israeli physicist Eliyahu M., where states a process that results seek to eliminate the restrictions. In this context the thesis aims to apply theories and methodologies, in which the issue was discussed. The optimal solution is also made to improve the time of the acquisition.

Chez les Mayas Actuels (MA), de nombreux symbolismes révèlent des symétries brisées qui laissent penser à une propriété du noyau de la matière, la rupture spontanée de symétrie. Ce travail, traite de la genèse et du maintien des Principes Fondateurs (PF) chez les MA. Un savoir, issu d’une certaine connaissance de la matière, porterait ces PF à travers le temps, par répétition, en se transmettant chez les MA au moyen de leurs Espaces de Représentation Symbolique. La Matrice de Référence Maya, une Matrice Ontologique du Savoir particulière, sous-tendrait leurs PF. L’exploration de leurs modes de vie montre comment ces PF nourrissent le moi en tant que substrat permanent et façonnent le sujet transcendantal. Les supports pédagogiques semailles du maïs, tissus et cérémonies traités révèlent l’existence d’un habitus particulier, la cosmovision des MA, et permettent de savoir où, pourquoi et comment s’accomplissent la genèse et le maintien de leurs PF. / At the Actual Mayas (MA), numerous symbolisms reveal broken symmetries that feel like a property of the core material, the spontaneous break of symmetry. This work, milking of the genesis and maintain of the Founding Principles (PF) at the MA. A knowing, stemming from certain knowledge of the material, would carry these PF through time, by repetition, and would passed on to the MA by means of their Spaces of Symbolic Representation.The Reference matrix Maya, an Ontological particular Matrix of the knowing,would underlie their PF. The exploration of their way of life shows how this PF is nourishing the self as permanent substratum and shape the transcendental subject. The teaching aids sowings of corns, tissues and ceremonies treated reveal the existence of a particular Habitus, the Cosmovision of MA, and allow to know where, why and how come true the genesis and the maintain of their PF.

[pt] As curvas de capacidade de geração de potência reativa fornecidas pelos fabricantes são elaboradas em função dos parâmetros de projeto do gerador, e geralmente não consideram as condições de operação da planta e do sistema como fatores limitantes. É sabido que as condições de operação da planta, tais como tensões nominais do terminal do gerador e das barras auxiliares, valores limites dos reguladores de tensão, potência máxima da turbina e dispositivos de limitação e proteção de sub e sobreexcitação podem ser fatores limitantes da capacidade de geração e absorção de potência reativa. Neste trabalho foi elaborado um método e desenvolvida uma ferramenta computacional para identificar a curva de capacidade real de geração de potência reativa para qualquer ponto de operação. Este trabalho pode ser estendido para qualquer gerador, conhecidas as características da usina. Nos estudos de caso apresentados pôde-se verificar que é possível ampliar a capacidade de geração reativa da usina apenas conhecendo seus reais limites, não necessitando portanto, de grandes investimentos para o aumento dessa capacidade. / [en] They show that different generator loads produce greater heating in different parts of generator. A method is described and a software is presented to evaluate the actual reactive power capability curve considering the operating condition.This paper shows that it is possible to enlarge the reactive power capability only by knowing the actual capability limitations, without raising costs and keeping operation safe.It is important to the generator agent to know its capabilities if it is desidered to provide reactive support as an ancillary service in the new competitive environment.

[pt] Atualmente, no direito brasileiro, a liberdade de expressão corre perigo e a censura judicial é exercida de diversas maneiras. Dentre elas, figura a condenação de jornalistas e demais cidadãos que, sob o pretexto de violação da honra das pessoas afetadas pela expressão do pensamento, se vêem obrigados ao pagamento de indenizações indevidas e excessivas mesmo quando em debate assuntos de interesse público. As pessoas afetadas, geralmente políticos, empresários e outros poderosos, se valem do poder judiciário para silenciar o pensamento e gerar autocensura. O Superior Tribunal de Justiça convalida este meio indevido de restrição da liberdade de expressão na medida em que adota, em sua jurisprudência, um critério de posição preferencial da honra quando em conflito com a liberdade de expressão. Esta tese busca uma solução para este problema. A doutrina da malícia real, desenvolvida no direito norte-americano a partir do julgamento do caso New York Times v. Sullivan pela Suprema Corte em 1964, consiste em poderoso mecanismo de proteção da liberdade de expressão nos Estados Unidos, conferindo a ela a posição preferencial quando em questão assuntos de interesse público. A partir da análise da doutrina da malícia real, seus critérios deproteção da liberdade de expressão foram identificados e transpostos para um sistemaromano-germânico de responsabilidade civil como o brasileiro. A tese propõe uma reforma legal no direito brasileiro, apresentando um anteprojeto de lei da proteção da liberdade de expressão elaborado com base na doutrina da malícia real. A tese também convoca o Supremo Tribunal Federal a exercer o seu papel de guardião das normas constitucionais de proteção da liberdade de expressão e sugere, por fim, que todos os juízes e tribunais brasileiros considerem a adoção dos critérios de proteção da liberdade de expressão elaborados pela jurisprudência da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos. / [en] Nowadays, in the Brazilian legal system, freedom of expression is in danger and judicial censorship is imposed in many different ways. Among them, the presumed and punitive damages awarded over journalists and other citizens for violating someone s reputation on the basis of mere negligence even when speech about public affairs is at stake. Powerful people, politicians, and corporations go to court to silence the criticism and generate self-censorship. The Brazilian Superior Court of Justice does not oppose this restriction on freedom of expression as far as its jurisprudence assumes that reputation has a preferred position in the Brazilian law. This dissertation seeks a solution for that issue. The real malice doctrine, construed in the American law since the Supreme Court s ruling in New York Times v. Sullivan in 1964, is a powerful device to protect the freedom of expression in the United States, granting the speech a preferred position when public measures are at stake. The dissertation tries to identify the tools and mechanisms adopted by the real malice doctrine and make them work in a civil law jurisdiction as the Brazilian legal system. It proposes a legal reform in the Brazilian law by submitting a new statute containing legal rules to protect the freedom of expression based on the real malice doctrine. The thesis also exhorts the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court to exercise its constitutional powers to grant effective protection to the freedom of expression and makes to all Brazilian judges and courts a suggestion to consider the adoption of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights jurisprudence on freedom of speech, and of the press.

This thesis deals with the realization of inflation targeting in the Slovak and the Czech Republic, and compares successfulness in fulfilling of inflation target. It is divided into three chapters. The first chapter characterizes monetary policy in general and two transmission mechanisms used in both countries. The next chapter is concerned with the practical application of monetary transmission mechanism after the monetary separation. Problems connected with the realization of this monetary policy regime that led to the change in the transmission mechanism in both central banks are also mentioned. In the last chapter there is the comparison of conditions in Slovakia and the Czech Republic during the implementation and application inflation targeting. We also compare trend in the actual and target inflation rate, and describe changes in the key interest rates of both national banks as a result of it.

The goal of this diploma thesis is a suggestion of real estate division of a guesthouse with a restaurant. Firstly the thesis is focus on theoretical study of this problem. Then in the practical part chapters solves the description of property, the valuation of actual state and proposed state and a suggestion of real estate division. Finally the results was to sum up and it is proposed settlement of co-owners.

This Master’s thesis deals with the analysis of the effects influencing the difference between projected and actual costs of the works. To obtain prices of supply and demand itemized budgets were compiled on the basis of the project documents of this object and firm pricing. The actual price is based on the outputs of in-house accounting. The result is an effort to define and describe all possible factors that might have a negative effect on the project's economic outcome.

Infrastrukturella projekt har ofta kalkylavvikelser, vilket har varit huvudanledningen till inriktningen för detta examensarbete. Rapporten beskriver mot en teoretisk referensram, kostnadskalkylering vid olika skeden i byggprocessen. Det redogörs hur kalkyleringen förändras och blir mer detaljerad i takt med att fler faktorer om det aktuella projektet efterhand blir kända. I rapporten läggs viss tyngdpunkt på uppföljningar av fyra stycken infraprojekt som kalkylerats hos Bygganalys på ÅF-Infrastructure AB. Kalkylerna har gjorts på uppdrag av beställaren Stockholms stad trafikkontor. Kostnadsuppskattningarna har ställts mot respektive entreprenörs anbudskalkyl/prissatta mängdförteckning för att identifiera vilka kostnadsposter som bidrar till kalkylavvikelser för de fyra projekten. Det redovisas även en uppföljning av den uppskattade ÄTA-summan som gjorts av Bygganalys för projekten, vilket ställts mot den verkliga ÄTA-summan. I uppföljningen av ÄTA-posterna har det även gjorts en identifikation av vilka avvikelser som orsakats av projekteringsfel och vilka som berott på ändrad arbetsomfattning eller kvalitetshöjande arbeten. I rapporten förekommer även slutsatser om orsaker till avvikelserna i kostnadsuppskattningarna och en redogörelse om vad avvikelserna kan bero på. / Infrastructural projects do often have calculated deviations, which has been the main reason to the selected orientation for this exam report. The report describes against a theoretical framework, cost accounting at different stages in the building process and how the calculations change and get more detailed as more factors about the current project gradually becomes known. The point of balance in the report is put on follow-ups of four infraprojects that has been calculated on Bygganalys at ÅF-infrastructure AB in request of the client Stockholm city traffic office. The calculations have been set against each entrepreneurs tender document/priced amount list to identify which costing post that contributes to the calculated deviation for the four projects. It also describes a follow-up of the estimated changed, additional and outgoing work sum that has been made by Bygganalys for the projects, which has been pledged against the actual outcome for changed, additional and outgoing work sum. In the follow-up of changed, additional and outgoing work posts it has also been made an identification of which deviations that has been caused by project planning failures and which that has been caused by changes in the amount of work or quality improvements.