在探討委員會制度的理論之中，「形式理論」（formal theory）、「新制度論」（new institutionalism）與「資訊理論」（information theory）等三個理論為學者所廣泛討論。有別於「新制度論」中多以「理性選擇制度主義」（rational choice institutionalism）為主的論述，本文以「歷史制度主義」（historical institutionalism）為導引、新制度應用架構為基礎，建立以「人員組成方式」、「選舉制度」與「輔助立法機構」做為全國人民代表大會專門委員會的三項制約因素。各專門委員會的職權主要可以分為「審議權」、「提案權」、「調查研究權」等三個部分，而研究發現，全國人民代表大會專門委員會確實受到「委員會組成」、「選舉制度」與「輔助立法機構」等三項因素所制約。就制度功能而言，全國人民代表大會專門委員會在發展上的確面臨到三大挑戰：「委員會組成層級偏低」、「間接選舉制度降低選舉效率，導致選區難以與委員會做連結」、「委員會與其他立法輔助機構功能重疊」。

Submitted by Cristiane Oliveira (cristiane.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2011-05-26T14:43:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 72070100770.pdf: 1157601 bytes, checksum: 1d3888d450999d88a856a92549764b8c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia(suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2011-05-26T15:07:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 72070100770.pdf: 1157601 bytes, checksum: 1d3888d450999d88a856a92549764b8c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia(suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2011-05-26T15:09:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 72070100770.pdf: 1157601 bytes, checksum: 1d3888d450999d88a856a92549764b8c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-26T17:18:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 72070100770.pdf: 1157601 bytes, checksum: 1d3888d450999d88a856a92549764b8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-23 / A pesquisa tem por objetivo explicar o processo político que resultou na configuração institucional do setor federal de transportes consubstanciado na Lei 10.233, de 2001, que reestruturou os transportes aquaviário e terrestre, criou duas agências reguladoras autônomas vinculadas ao Ministério dos Transportes e um conselho para propor políticas nacionais de integração dos diferentes modos de transporte, além do Departamento Nacional de Infraestrutura de Transportes. Utilizando-se a abordagem teórica do institucionalismo histórico da Ciência Política contemporânea e o método de comparação controlada com um caso contrastante, a saber, a reestruturação institucional do setor de telecomunicações, a análise mostra como a sequência do processo de reforma e a atuação do mecanismo de policy feedback delinearam um tipo de mudança institucional no setor de transportes caracterizado pela introdução de novas regras e organizações sobre as existentes, diferentemente da mudança no setor de telecomunicações, no qual foram removidas as antigas regras e organizações, substituindo-as por novas. / This research aims to explain the political process that resulted in the current institutional arrangement of the federal transportation sector in Brazil. The Federal Law 10233, of 2001, restructured water and land transportation; it created two autonomous regulatory agencies, a council to propose national policies to integrate the different modes of transport, and the National Department of Transport Infrastructure. Using the theoretical approach of historical institutionalism from contemporary Political Science and the method of controlled comparison between two contrasting cases, namely the cases of the telecommunication and transportation institutional reforms, the analysis concludes that the temporal ordering of the reform process and the mechanism of policy feedback had a significant impact on the outcomes of the transportation case, delineating a pattern of institutional change characterized by the introduction of new rules and organizations on top of existing ones, whereas in the telecommunication sector the institutional change was typified by the removal of existing rules and organizations and the introduction of new ones.

Submitted by Cristiane Oliveira (cristiane.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2011-06-13T15:05:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 61080200034.pdf: 42011735 bytes, checksum: 13ca852a13e7fb007dc2246867ea246f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-06-13T16:09:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 61080200034.pdf: 42011735 bytes, checksum: 13ca852a13e7fb007dc2246867ea246f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-06-13T16:10:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 61080200034.pdf: 42011735 bytes, checksum: 13ca852a13e7fb007dc2246867ea246f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-06-13T17:52:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 61080200034.pdf: 42011735 bytes, checksum: 13ca852a13e7fb007dc2246867ea246f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-11 / For over 30 years, Brazil has developed specific policies to foster computer industry. Goals and institutional frameworks have been outlined for the sector, since the National Informatics Policy of the 70’s, going through the Market Reserve Period of the 80’s, until nowadays, when Informatics Communication Technologies (ICT) are seen as prioritary area for Industrial Policy. Among the current goals, we can highlight the focus on increasing exports of software products and services. However, despite these claims, the country exports on the field haven’t been particularly expressive at the global market. On the other hand, India, which, just as Brazil, is also considered an emerging economy portrayed on the list of BRIC, was responsible for exporting about USD$47 billion in software and IT services by 2009, emerging as a global player for the sector. The implementation of a sophisticated activity such as software industry in a developing country like India definitely calls our attention. Certainly, legal-institutional arrangements were implemented at that country. Which? To what extent such arrangements helped the development of Indian industry? What about Brazil? This paper assumes that the legal-institutional framework developed at the countries have established different knowledge flows, leading to different development paths for each software industry. The generic goal of this research is to investigate how, among other socio-economic factors, these legal-institutional arrangements have outlined different knowledge flows. For the matter, legal-institutional framework is considered as all regulation that establishes institutions, policies and conditions to a particular subject. This paper also assumes that the software industry is based on knowledge-intensive activities. Therefore, the analysis will focus on legal-institutional arrangements that had and/or still have influence over knowledge flows directly related to software industry, thus, trade policies (export and import, property rights, etc) and investment policies for innovation developed in India and Brazil to foster the sector. The goal is not to take India as the ideal model to be followed by Brazil, or even to exhaust the question of what would be an ideal public policy for this sector, which would mean going beyond a legal-institutional analysis. The key question to be faced is not if the State has a developmental role, but what are the different types of State involvement that can be observed and what are its effects. To reach these goals, in addition to literature reviews, a fieldwork was developed at India (Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore) and Brazil (São Paulo, Brasilia and Rio de Janeiro), where interviews were conducted with enterprises and software associations, policy makers and academics who study the industry. / Há mais de 30 anos o Brasil tem desenvolvido políticas específicas para o setor de informática, desde a Política Nacional de Informática da década de 70, passando pelo Período de Reserva de Mercado dos anos 80 e, nos dias de hoje, em que as Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC) são tidas como uma das áreas prioritárias na Política Industrial. Dentre as metas atuais, destaca-se o foco na ampliação do volume de exportações de software e serviços. Contudo, apesar dessas pretensões, o país não tem tido destaque internacional expressivo para o setor. Por outro lado, a Índia, também considerada como um país emergente, figurando na lista dos BRIC, foi responsável pela exportação de cerca de US$47 bilhões em software e serviços de Tecnologia da Informação (TI) em 2009, se destacando como um país protagonista no mercado internacional do setor. A implementação de uma indústria tecnicamente sofisticada como a do software, que exige um ambiente propício à inovação, em um país em desenvolvimento como a Índia chama a atenção. De certo existiram arranjos jurídico-institucionais que foram utilizados naquele país. Quais? Em que medida tais arranjos ajudaram no desenvolvimento indiano do setor? E no Brasil? Este trabalho parte da hipótese de que o ambiente jurídico-institucional desses países definiu fluxos de conhecimento distintos, influenciando o tipo de desenvolvimento do setor de software de cada um. Averiguar como, entre outros fatores sócio-econômicos, esses arranjos jurídico-institucionais influenciaram na conformação diversa de fluxos de conhecimento é o objetivo específico desta pesquisa. Entende-se aqui como ambiente jurídico-institucional todas as regulamentações que estabelecem instituições, diretrizes e condições comuns para determinado tema. Partindo do pressuposto de que o setor de software desenvolve atividades intensivas em conhecimento, para cada país em questão, serão analisados apenas arranjos jurídico-institucionais que tiveram, ou têm, poder de delimitar o fluxo de conhecimento referente ao setor, sejam eles provenientes de políticas comerciais (de exportação e importação, ou de propriedade intelectual) ou de políticas de investimento para inovação. A questão fundamental ultrapassa o debate se o Estado deve ou não intervir, para focar-se na análise sobre os diferentes tipos de envolvimento observados e quais os seus efeitos. Para tal, além de revisão bibliográfica, foi feita uma pesquisa de campo na Índia (Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore) e no Brasil (São Paulo, Brasília e Rio de Janeiro), onde foram conduzidas entrevistas com empresas e associações de software, gestores públicos e acadêmicos que estudam o setor.

The European common currency, the euro, is in crisis. Bad news about indebted governments and economic recession has continuously outperformed itself since 2009/2010 and kept the European Union and its member states in suspense. It is up to them to combat the crisis. This master thesis deals with the European sovereign debt crisis (“euro crisis”) and tries to allow a better understanding of how the crisis has been managed by governments at the European level. A special focus is put on decision-making in the crisis, posing the research question “How can the decision-making of the EU in the euro crisis be understood?”. To solve this research problem, three different approaches are applied: liberal intergovernmentalism, historical institutionalism and cognitive institutionalism. Each of them adds different aspects to the analysis, gives answers from its respective point of view and thereby widens the overall picture that evolves. The design of the thesis is a case study with the euro crisis as a special case of decision-making and crisis management. Official documents and statements, expert interviews, scholastic, expert, and journalistic analyses are employed as basic research material. It has been uncovered that, powerful states, especially Germany and France, have bargaining advantages during crisis decision-making. However, the decision-making is constrained by institutional aspects (rules, norms and values). Stress factors deriving from the crisis situation facilitate group dynamics that appeared at least partially during the ongoing crisis.

The target of this research is to reveal causal factors that influence the way policy goals and instruments of international organizations in the domain of human trafficking are designed. By tracking evolutions of anti-trafficking policies undergone by the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the thesis demonstrates impact of specific factors on changes in the functioning of international organizations. To unravel mechanism explaining the internal workings of a policy formation within an IO, the thesis considers and tests theoretical assumptions of three rivalling theories on institutions; the realism, historical institutionalism and neoliberal institutionalism. Premises of respective theories, which offer contrasting perspectives on the functioning of international organizations, will help to formulate corresponding independent variables. The dependant variable being the changing design of institutions, the detailed cross-case analysis spanning a period of one decade uncovers causal relations between independent dependent variables. Thus, by means of time series data collection, patterns revealing which of independent variables can be designed as responsible for observed changes becomes visible. In this way, the study is able to answer to what extent...

This Research is aimed at becoming a theoretical contribution to the field of European Integration Theory and IR for two reasons. Firstly, this Research proposes the theoretical perspective of Talcott Parsons from sociology and organizational research to scholars within IR Theory. By employing the historical institutionalist and social constructivist IR perspectives and Parsons's 'four-function paradigm' theory, scholars can identify the two effects of a successful institutional design of international political organizations such as the EU: effectiveness and a good public reputation. The Literature Review in Chapter 2 is a theoretical discussion about compatibility of the Parsonians concepts of 'adaptation', a 'holistic approach to policymaking', 'success', and the 'European institutional design' with the European Integration Theory and IR fields. The same Chapter stresses the need to consider the 'ideas' of political leaders in analysing change of institutional design. The second reason for which this Research is a contribution to IR theory is the presentation of eight specific strategies that are likely to generate an organization's success. The eight strategies are institutional conditions making up the 'eight-condition model' of Charles Edquist. This Research adopts an objective and deductive approach that applies the Parsonians theory and the Edquist's 'eight-condition model' to empirical data about European institutions in a cross-sectional and longitudinal research design in the Analysis Chapters 4, 5, and 6. A 'holistic innovation policy approach' to supranational policymaking is employed by the Researcher for the salient circumstances of success to be identified, in order to guide data collection and analysis. The results show that success occurred three times: fully, in the years between 1945 and 1958 and from 1959 to 2002, and partially from 2003 until our days. The concepts of 'adaptation', 'success', 'ideas', the 'four-function paradigm' theory of Parsons and the 'eight-condition model' of Edquist are discussed and ultimately claimed to be both epistemologically compatible and methodologically valid for studies about the success of European integration in the Discussions and Conclusions Chapter.

Diploma thesis "Social Housing in the Czech republic - a story of one law" deals with an issue of attempting to adopt a law of social housing in the Czech Republic. The thesis is based on historical institutionalism approach that identifies institutions as the essential factors on development of an enviroment where the formulations of design of the social housing policy come from. The analytical part follows a pattern of social constructivism and applies the features of discoursive analysis. The conclusions drawn from the analysis indicate that there are two dominant discoursive frames which influence the public policy debates on how to deal with the problem of non-existence of social housing in the Czech Republic. One discoursive frame points out the liberal perspective which is based broadly speaking on economical calculus and importance of individual deservedness. The second - social - frame promotes the principles of social cohesion and solidarity with the most vulnerable groups in society. These perspectives influence the shapes of suggested policy arrangements that are presented as a solution of an inaccesability of housing for specific groups in society and most likely determine possible controversions in the future.

This research focuses on agencification and quangocratisation (AQ) through a comparison of the experiences of South Korea and the UK. Although a number of studies of AQ have been produced recently, these reforms remain inadequately understood. Since AQ involves the structural disaggregation of administrative units from existing departments, executive agencies and quangos have distinct characteristics which are quite different from ordinary core departments. There are a number of factors which influence these changes; and this thesis explores nine existing theories which are available to explain these phenomena. Case studies are presented of Tate Modern in the UK and the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art (MMCA), which are carefully analysed to examine the validity of those nine arguments. Although cultural agencies, which show some unique features, have become increasingly an essential part of the national economy, they have scarcely been researched from the viewpoint of public policy. This thesis endeavours to explore distinctive characteristics of this policy area; and moreover, it examines the diverse variables which have an impact on policy formation and its results through the process of comparison of arguments. The major tasks of this thesis are to investigate the applicability of the nine arguments and to weigh their merits. As a corollary of this comprehensiveness, it examines the whole public sectors of both countries, in order to show the broader picture and to understand the processes of changes and their backgrounds. More profoundly, similarities and differences between both countries are compared from both macro and micro perspectives. At the same time, the results of AQ are analysed through the comparison of outputs or outcomes before and after these changes, with a view to exploring whether their rationales are appropriate. Furthermore, it also examines the institutional constraints which influence not only the change of agencies but also their performances. Besides which, it seeks to find strategies for overcoming these constraints. This thesis adopts systematic and comprehensive approaches regarding basic concepts and data. It draws on theories of comparative research, the scope of the public sector, the classification and analysis of agencies and quangos, and theories underlying the detailed components of each argument and epistemological assumptions. Therefore, it suggests various aspects which enable us to broaden our understanding of the changes within the public sector; and to generate practical understanding to inform real world reform.

台北市身心障礙領域工作整合型社會企業之浮現，與鑲嵌在身心障礙福利改革脈絡中庇護工場之組織變遷有關。職此，本研究旨從歷史制度論觀點，結合文獻分析法與深度訪談法，探討我國庇護工場、工作整合型社會企業相關政策立法之歷史變革，並研究行動者與身心障礙福利制度之間的交互作用如何形塑台北市非營利身心障礙就業組織制度場域—從庇護工場到現行庇護工場與工作整合型社會企業兩種制度並立的演進歷程，進而理解身心障礙領域工作整合型社會企業的現況挑戰與未來發展圖像。主要的研究發現如下：首先，台北市非營利身心障礙組織創建工作整合型社會企業的外生動因包括，政府補助誘因、身心障礙就業相關法規與政策之瑕疵、沉痾的身心障礙者失業問題、外在財務資源的緊縮、日益盛行的社會企業概念；而內在動因則主要是組織為實踐其理念宗旨與招募合適的經營管理人才兩面向。其次，台北市身心障礙領域工作整合型社會企業成立的關鍵時刻為第三部門組織採納台北市勞動局於2011年所研擬之政策方案；此外，部分由庇護工場所轉型的工作整合型社會企業發生了路徑依賴現象。最後，未來台北市身心障礙領域工作整合型社會企業可發展網絡與協力夥伴關係，並有朝向「四重底線」、作為一般勞動市場而與庇護工場同時並存之發展趨勢。 / The emergence of work integration social enterprises (hereafter WISEs) for the disabled in Taipei is related to the organizational changes of sheltered workshops embedded in the context of the disability welfare reforms. Hence, this dissertation adopts the approach of historical institutionalism and the research methods of secondary literature analysis and in-depth interviews to discuss the historical changes of sheltered workshops and WISEs-related policies and legislation; to explore the interaction between actors and the disability welfare institutions in inducing the process of transformation from “sheltered workshop only” system to one where sheltered workshops and WISEs coexist; and to further discuss the challenges and future scenarios of WISEs for the disabled in Taipei. This study finds that firstly, the exogenous factors of the institutional transformation include: government’s policy incentives, the flaws of disability employment regulations and policies, persistent disabled unemployment issues, the tightening of external financial resources, and the growing popularity of the concept of social enterprise. The ideals of the non-profit organizations and the participation of management experts in these organizations appear to be the endogenous factors. The critical juncture of establishing WISEs for the disabled in Taipei is the implementation of WISE policy by some non-profit organizations in 2011. Path dependence is observed in the transformation of some sheltered workshops into WISEs. Finally, the prospects of WISEs for the disabled in Taipei are building resources network and the collaborative partnership, procuring the “quadruple bottom line”, and coexisting with sheltered workshops simultaneously.

Ce mémoire vise à évaluer les réformes consistant à encadrer le pouvoir de nomination que confère la prérogative royale au premier ministre. Notre étude s’inspire largement de l’institutionnalisme historique en science politique et des analyses en termes de « path dependency ». Selon cette approche, lorsque les décideurs amorcent une trajectoire de politique publique, leurs décisions subséquentes auront tendance à suivre la même direction. À partir des documents gouvernementaux et des transcriptions de comités parlementaires, ainsi que de l’exemple de la Grande-Bretagne, ce travail cherche à évaluer si les réformes visant à contraindre le pouvoir de nomination du premier ministre canadien ont suivi une trajectoire « path dependent ». Nos conclusions nous amènent plutôt à constater qu’en ce qui concerne les nominations, le Canada est plus monarchique que la Grande-Bretagne. Pour le Canada, l’impression générale qui se dégage à la fin de ce mémoire n’en est pas une de « path dependence » mais plutôt d’incrémentalisme disjoint. / This paper aims to assess the reforms that regulate the appointment power conferred by the Royal Prerogative to the Prime minister. Our study is largely based on historical institutionalism in political science and analysis in terms of “path dependency”. This theory argues that once policymakers begin a course of public policy, their subsequent decisions will follow the same direction. Based on governmental documents, transcripts of parliamentary committees and the example of Great Britain, this work seeks to assess whether the reforms to constrain the appointment power of the Prime Minister of Canada validates the “path dependence” approach. Our findings leads us rather to see that with regard to appointments, Canada is more monarchical than Great Britain. Our general conclusion is that the Canadian approach is not “path dependent” but can be better described as “disjointed incrementalism”.