Master´s thesis focuses on certain possibilities of how user can anonymously commununicate through the Internet. There are described following anonymous programs: TOR, JAP, I2P and CyberGhost, which allow user to hide his own identity to other IP address. Subsequently, measurements from different technologies are made by anonymous program TOR for calculate transmission speed.

Die Anpassung des Zellwachstums eukaryotischer und prokaryotischer Zellen an sich ändernde intra- und extrazelluläre Signale wie Nährstoffverfügbarkeit, Wachstumsfaktoren und dem zellulären Energielevel bedarf eines effektiven Regulationssystems. In Säugern übernimmt der TSC-Komplex als negativer Regulator des TOR-Signalweges eine wichtige Rolle bei der Regulation des Zellwachstums. In S. pombe ist der TSC-Komplex konserviert. Zudem existieren Homologe der Untereinheiten der AMPK, welche in Säugern den TSC-Komplex positiv regulieren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte die Existenz von zwei funktionell getrennten AMPK-Komplexen nachgewiesen werden: AMPK I, bestehend aus Ssp2, SPCC1919.03c und Cbs2 und AMPK II, bestehend aus Ppk9, SPCC1919.03c und Cbs2. Genetische Daten lassen eine Beteiligung von AMPK I an der Regulation der sexuellen Differenzierung, der Adaption an osmotischen Stress und der Verwertung nicht-fermentierbarer Kohlenstoffquellen vermuten. AMPK II scheint für die Adaption an Cadmiumstress wichtig zu sein.In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde weiterhin die Beteiligung der beiden AMPK alpha-Isoformen am TSC/Rhb1/TOR-Signalweg in S. pombe näher untersucht. Dabei deutete sich an, dass Ppk9 und der TSC-Komplex weder synergistische noch antagonistische Funktionen in der Zelle ausüben. Im Gegensatz dazu scheinen Ssp2 und die TSC-Proteine antagonistische Funktionen auszuüben. Einige Wachstumsdefekte der ssp2 -Deletionsmutanten können durch eine Hyperaktivierung des TSC/Rhb1/TOR-Signalweges supprimiert werden. Die Deletion von ssp2 führt zu einer Suppression des Wachstumsdefektes von Leucin-auxotrophen tsc-Mutanten. Diese Beobachtung erlaubt die Einordnung von Ssp2 in einem zum TSC/Rhb1/TOR-Weg parallelen Signalweg. Im Gegensatz zu Säugern scheinen in S. pombe TSC/Rhb1/TORC1 und Ssp2 einen gemeinsamen Effektor unabhängig voneinander zu regulieren, um verschiedene Wachstumsbedingungen miteinander zu integrieren und das Zellwachstum entsprechend anzupassen.

Nutrient sensing kinases sense available nutrients and regulate cell activity accordingly. Three of these enzymes are AMP regulated kinase (AMPK, or Snf1 in yeast), PAS kinase, and target of rapamycin (TOR), are conserved from yeast to man and have overlapping function. AMPK and Snf1 are important in sensing when nutrient status in the cell is low and down regulating energy consuming pathways. PAS kinase is required for glucose homeostasis in the cell, and responds to glucose levels. TOR senses nutrients such as amino acids and upregulates cell growth pathways primarily through protein synthesis. Due to the varying nature of these enzymes, cross talk is expected in order for the cell to properly regulate cellular metabolism and growth in response to energy and nutrient availability. Previous studies have shown that activation of yeast PAS kinase under nutrient stress conditions requires the presence of Snf1. The aim of this thesis is to determine whether Snf1 directly phosphorylates and activates PAS kinase through both in vivo and in vitro approaches. PAS kinase was found to require Snf1 for both activation and phosphorylation in vivo. In vitro kinase assays were also performed to confirm a direct phosphorylation event. The results from this study support the direct phosphorylation and activation of PAS kinase by Snf1, linking cellular energy status to glucose allocation.

Among abiotic stresses, salinity is considered the main limiting stress that negatively affects plant growth and reduces productivity worldwide. To overcome this challenge, a sustainable solution such as plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can be used to meet the increasing demand for food. The desert microbe Enterobacter sp SA187, an endophytic PGPB, induces salt tolerance in both model plant and crops. The interaction between SA187 and the host plant triggers the sulfur pathway in the bacteria which then provides multiple sulfur-containing compounds to its host plant. However, the molecular sensor of these compounds in the host plant is not known. Here, we show that SA187 activates the plant target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway. The beneficial effect of SA187 was lost in TOR mutants like raptor, and by the application of TOR inhibitor AZD8055. Next, we show that SA187 modulates the one- carbon (1C) metabolism of the host plant consisting of methionine and folate cycles. The beneficial effect of SA187 was compromised by using chemical inhibitors of folate cycle like Methotrexate (MTX) and Sulfadiazine (SDZ). The intermediates of the 1C metabolism like Homocysteine and S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) showed similar beneficial effects as SA187 colonized plants. Finally, we showed that SA187 enhances 1C metabolism activity by increasing methylation index (SAM/SAH ratio) in the plants. Taken together, we could show that host TOR-1C axis is essential for plant salt tolerance by SA187.

The goal of this paper is to extend Sanders Mac Lane's formulation of the torsion product as equivalence classes of projective chain complexes in the setting of modules over a ring to the setting of modules over small categories. The motivation to extend the definition was with a specific view to the orbit category. The main difficulty was in defining an appropriate dual for modules over small categories. During the course of our investigation it was discovered that modules over small categories can be formulated as modules over a matrix ring without losing any of the key features. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

In this dissertation, we introduce a novel text representation method mainly used for text classification purpose. The presented representation method is initially based on a variety of closeness relationships between pairs of words in text passages within the entire corpus. This representation is then used as the basis for our multi-level lightweight ontological representation method (TOR-FUSE), in which documents are represented based on their contexts and the goal of the learning task. The method is unlike the traditional representation methods, in which all the documents are represented solely based on the constituent words of the documents, and are totally isolated from the goal that they are represented for. We believe choosing the correct granularity of representation features is an important aspect of text classification. Interpreting data in a more general dimensional space, with fewer dimensions, can convey more discriminative knowledge and decrease the level of learning perplexity. The multi-level model allows data interpretation in a more conceptual space, rather than only containing scattered words occurring in texts. It aims to perform the extraction of the knowledge tailored for the classification task by automatic creation of a lightweight ontological hierarchy of representations. In the last step, we will train a tailored ensemble learner over a stack of representations at different conceptual granularities. The final result is a mapping and a weighting of the targeted concept of the original learning task, over a stack of representations and granular conceptual elements of its different levels (hierarchical mapping instead of linear mapping over a vector). Finally the entire algorithm is applied to a variety of general text classification tasks, and the performance is evaluated in comparison with well-known algorithms.

Författare beskrivs ofta som ensamma skapare till sina verk. I många fall finns det dock betydligt fler som medverkar i produktionen av ett litterärt verk, däribland förlaget. I fallet med svenska författarna Harry Martinson och Moa Martinson är det sen tidigare vederlagt att de båda hade ett utbyte med sina förläggare på Albert Bonniers förlag och att de på olika vis fick råd och ändringsförslag gällande sina texter av sina förläggare Karl Otto Bonnier, Tor Bonnier och Kaj Bonnier. Uppsatsen undersöker på vilka vis förläggarna fungerar som medskapare genom att undersöka kommunikationen i brev mellan författarna och förläggarna gällande författarnas olika manuskript under perioden 1928–1939. Uppsatsen utgår från flera frågeställningar och undersöker mönster i förläggarnas kommunikation och deras synpunkter på författarnas manuskript, hur dialogen ser ut mellan de olika parterna samt vilken funktion förläggarna kan sägas ha i produktionen av de litterära verken, allt som allt i syftet att bidra till förståelse för hur relationen mellan de två yrkesgrupperna kan påverka produktionen av ett litterärt verk fram till dess att en originalutgåva publiceras. Av analysen framkommer det att det finns ett flertal mönster i förläggarnas kritik som berör allt från språket, innehållet och formen, manuskripten i relation till den tänkta mottagaren, förlagets angelägenheter samt vänskapliga relationer mellan författare och förläggare. Trots att förläggarna refuserar båda författarna vid ett flertal tillfällen ser relationen mellan dem olika ut och på så vis skiftar även kritiken från förläggarna och författarnas respons. Bland annat Harry Martinson och Tor Bonnier utvecklar en särskild vänskaplig relation, medan Moa Martinson förmodligen anser sig åsidosatt och att hennes författarskap inte tillskrivs lika stor vikt av förlaget. Harry Martinsons får även något mindre omfattande förslag om ändringar från förlaget och med tiden dessutom mer frihet, medan Moa Martinson in i det sista ombes göra omfattande ändringar och även av andra skäl, så som att hon måste göra ändringar för att hennes innehåll inte anses passande. Båda författarna visar tacksamhet för de kommentarer de får av förläggarna på sina manuskript men är till en början inte alltid villiga att göra ändringar, även om de i slutändan väljer att göra som förläggarna önskar för att på så vis kunna publicera sina verk. Uppsatsen konstaterar att förläggarna framför allt kan ses som medskapare i den litterära produktionen på så vis att de med sina kommentarer är med och formar författarnas åsikter om hur god litteratur ska skrivas och på så vis påverkar deras skapande i det långa loppet. / Authors are often described as lone creators of their work. However, in many cases there are several others included in the production of a literary work, amongst them the publishing house. It is previously known that Swedish authors Harry Martinson and Moa Martinson both had an exchange with their publishers Karl Otto Bonnier, Tor Bonnier and Kaj Bonnier at Albert Bonniers förlag (a leading Swedish publishing house). This thesis examines in what ways the publishers’ acts as “co-creators” of the authors literary works by analysing the communication in letters between the publishers and the authors regarding numerous manuscripts written during 1928–1939. The thesis frames several questions and analyses patterns in the publishers’ letters and their comments of the authors’ writing, the dialogue between the five respective parties and what function the publishers can be said to have in the literary production. The overall purpose of the thesis is to further understand the relationship between the two professions and how that affects the production of a literary work, up until the original publication of the work. The analysis concludes that there are some distinguishable patterns in the publishers’ critique of the authors’ manuscripts regarding language, content and disposition, the recipient, the publish houses’ interests as well as the friendship between the authors and publishers. While the relationship between the authors and publishers changes, so does the publishers comments and the authors response to those comments. Harry Martinson and Tor Bonnier develops a friendship which affects their working relationship, while Moa Martinson presumably feels left out and treated less amicably by Albert Bonnier’s. There is a difference between how the authors are treated by the publishers in that Harry Martinson gets less critique and does not need to make as extensive changes in his writings whilst Moa Martinson on the other hand has to do the opposite. The publishers, especially Karl Otto Bonnier, also demands that Moa Martinson make changes regarding unsuitable topics in her writing. Both authors show gratitude for the publishers’ commentary, though they are at first often unwilling to make the suggested changes. In the end Harry Martinson and Moa Martinson tend to yield to the publishers wishes, possibly in order to get their works published. The thesis concludes that the publishers could be considered “co-creators” of the authors’ literary works mainly by contributing to and shaping the authors’ views on what literature is and how it should be written, thus affecting their writings in the long run.

Proteins in Escherichia coli were compared in terms of essentiality, centrality, and conservation. The hypotheses of this study are: for proteins in Escherichia coli, (1) there is a positive, measureable correlation between protein conservation and essentiality, (2) there is a positive relationship between conservation and degree centrality, and (3) essentiality and centrality also have a positive correlation. The third hypothesis was supported by a moderate correlation, the first with a weak correlation, and the second hypotheis was not supported. When proteins that did not map to orthologous groups and proteins that had no interactions were removed, the relationship between essentality and conservation increased to a strong relationship. This was due to the effect of proteins that did not map to orthologus groups and suggests that protein orthology represented by clusters of orthologus groups does not accurately dipict protein conservation among the species studied.

Denna studie är av kvalitativ karaktär och har tagit sin epistemologiska utgångspunkt i gestaltningsteorin för att undersöka digitala representationer av ett tillsynes undangömt nätverk. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur Dark web gestaltas i ett urval mediekanaler för att fastställa vanliga representationer av nätverket. Studien ämnar för att besvara i vilka sammanhang som nätverket gestaltas som en risk respektive möjlighet. Studien genomförs med hjälp av kvalitativ textanalys inspirerad av kritisk diskursanalys. Det empiriska materialet hämtades från de fyra mediekanalerna Expressen, Computer World, Sveriges Radio och Tor Blog. Vidare diskuteras termerna anonymitetsparadox och moralpanik i studien eftersom att de visade sig vara av särskild relevans vid forskning av ett sådant digitalt och till synes anonymt mediefenomen. Studiens resultat påvisar att tillgången till ett fritt och anonymiserat Internet tycks blivit en fråga vad avser demokratiska rättigheter. Ur denna aspekt fungerar Dark web som en potentiell lösning mot den kartläggning som förekommer på det traditionella Internet. Computer World hade en uteslutande teknisk gestaltning av Dark web där intresset låg i att presentera teknologin bakom nätverket. Kvällspressen fokuserade huvudsakligen på den kriminalitet som cirkulerar på det dolda nätverket och redogjorde främst för narkotikahandel och kortbedrägerier. Tog Blog belyste både tekniken och anonymitetsaspekten bakom Dark web medan Sveriges Radio visade sig vara det medium som hade mest omfattande och genomgripande porträtteringar vad avser Dark web. Slutligen visade studien att det är i samspelet mellan de risker och möjligheter kring Dark web som paradoxen med anonymitet uppstår.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:32:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 423170.pdf: 1415520 bytes, checksum: 259850120c034569a64bb8b1e92a8a9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-15 / Objetivo: Determinar a incid?ncia de imobilidade de prega vocal (IPV) ap?s cirurgia cardiotor?cica e estabelecer os fatores associadas a esse desfecho. M?todos: Laringoscopia flex?vel para acessar o movimento das pregas vocais foi realizada antes da cirurgia e novamente dentro de 72 horas ap?s a extuba??o em 100 pacientes pedi?tricos submetidos a procedimentos cardiotor?cicos. Os dois cirurgi?es documentaram a t?nica cir?rgica e sua impress?o de poss?vel les?o do nervo laringeo recorrente (NLR). Presen?a de sintomas lar?ngeos ap?s a extuba??o foi documentada. Resultados: Das 100 crian?as inclu?das nesse estudo, 8 apresentavam IPV ap?s a cirurgia. Crian?as sem IPV apresentavam idade mais avan?ada (p=0.023) e eram mais pesadas (p=0.016). Crian?as submetidas a ligadura do ducto arterioso apresentaram risco 9.5 vezes maior de IPV (p=0.0009). O uso do caut?rio se mostrou associado ? IPV (p=0.039). A chance de IPV foi aumentada em oito vezes (p=0.01) e 8.1 vezes (p=0.033) em pacientes que apresentavam estridor e rouquid?o, respectivamente. Choro fraco tamb?m foi significativamente associado ? IPV (p<0.0001). Sempre que o cirurgi?o apresentava impress?o que o NLR havia sido lesionado a chance de IPV era aumentada em 11.4 vezes (p=0.03). Conclus?es: Crian?as menores e de idade menos avan?ada que foram submetidas a ligadura do ducto arterioso apresentaram risco maior de IPV ap?s a cirurgia. O uso do caut?rio foi associado a este desfecho e deve ser evitado sempre que poss?vel. Laringoscopia flex?vel p?s operat?ria ? indicada especialmente se houver impress?o do cirurgi?o de les?o do NLR ou na presen?a de sintomas lar?ngeos.