Titel: “Everybody talks about the weather, but nobody does anything about it.” Författare: Malin Nyberg Institution: Fakultetsnämnden för ekonomi och design, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU Kurs: Turismvetenskap III – Examensarbete, 15 hp. Handledare: Martin Gren, (Linnéuniversitetet, Fakultetsnämnden för ekonomi och design, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU) Examinator: Stefan Gössling, (Linnéuniversitetet, Fakultetsnämnden för ekonomi och design, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU) Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka på vilket sätt och varför Öland som turistdestination är sårbar inför vädervariationer ur turismaktörernas perspektiv. Studien avser även att belysa på vilket sätt marknadsföring av Öland och medias rapportering om destinationens väderförhållanden är bidragande krafter till väderkänsligheten. Metodik: I undersökningen har en kvalitativ fallstudie använts som forskningsmetod med en induktiv ansats. Informationsinsamling har skett via semi-strukturerade intervjuer med respondenter från fyra turismverksamheter på Öland. Urvalet av fallstudieområde och respondenter har skett genom ett bekvämlighetsurval med hänsyn till access och karaktär av forskningsområdet. Slutsats: De viktigaste betydelserna av forskningsresultatet har bland annat visat att brist på alternativa turismprodukter innebär en stor sårbarhet för turismaktörernas verksamheter vid ogynnsamma väderförhållanden för de huvudsakliga aktiviteterna Forskningsresultaten har även påvisat att fokus på specifika väderattribut i marknadsföringen av destinationen medverkar till destinationens sårbarhet tillsammans med förväntningar om specifika väderförhållanden bland besökare. / Title: “Everybody talks about the weather, but nobody does anything about it.” Author: Malin Nyberg Institution: School of Business and Economics Course: Tourism Studies III – Bachelors Thesis, 15 credits Supervisor: Martin Gren, (Linnaeus University, School of Business and Economics, ELNU) Examiner: Stefan Gössling, (Linnaeus University, School of Business and Economics, ELNU) Purpose: The study aims to examine how and why Öland as a tourist destination is vulnerable to weather variations from tourism operators’ perspective. The study also aims to shed light on how the marketing of Öland and media coverage of the weather conditions of the destination are contributing forces to weather sensitivity. Methodology: The study was conducted with a qualitative case study research method together with an inductive approach. Information has been collected through semi-structured interviews with respondents from four tourism businesses on Öland. The selection of the case study area and respondents have been through a convenience sample with respect to access and the nature of the research. Conclusion: The most important findings of the research results has shown that the lack of alternative tourism products is a major vulnerability for tourism operators in adverse weather conditions for the main activities. Research results have also shown that the focus of the marketing of the destination on specific weather attributes contributing to the destination vulnerability together with expectations on specific weather conditions among visitors.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thais C G Lima.pdf: 1944536 bytes, checksum: baad5428036fbb2c2e13726d6ca7a7e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study aims to analyze the social impact of the tourism, considering its influences on local development and social inclusion/exclusion. For its contributions to the local economy, with the employment and income generation to the resident population and the culture valorization of the localities, tourism has been presented by academic studies and official documents as an important development factor. The difficult situations in which live many resident populations on tourist destinations, however, instigate investigations related to the actual level that it occurs. It was analyzed the conceptions of these three keyelements: tourism, local development and social inclusion/exclusion. Understood as a social phenomenon, in contraposition to its merely economic character, tourism is taken as a practice and activity that involves cultural and symbolical exchanges, impacts on the nature and influences on social behaviors and relations. Regarding the local development, it s taken as a process that involves citizenship, obtained by negotiations of interests and priorities of the different social groups, and it centers on the human beings as citizens. The social inclusion is seen as a consequence of multiple factors that come from social processes, with no absolute character. To the data collection, it was used two questionnaires one to the residents of Paraty and another to the tourists and qualitative interviews. The study identifies differences and similarities among the perceptions of residents and tourists. To the residents, the importance of the tourism is strongly related to the valorization that it promotes of the city, of the local culture and of the social relations and cultural interactions that come from it, when it transforms a small historic city into a famous tourist destination, internationally known. The population also recognizes the contribution of the tourism to the employment and income generation on the city. Among the tourists, the more frequent vision refers to the local economy activation and the elevation of the local culture and artistic production visibility. The study reveals tourism as a fundamental factor to the progress, in terms of local development and social inclusion, in Paraty. It denotes the importance of the union between the tourist activity and public policies, conjugating tourism and actions towards the local development, with special attention to the education, health and infrastructure areas, which will benefit not only the resident population but also the tourists that visit the city / Resumo Este estudo visa a analisar o impacto social do turismo, considerando sua influência sobre o desenvolvimento local e a inclusão/exclusão social em Paraty. Por suas contribuições para a economia local, com a geração de empregos e renda para a população residente, juntamente com a valorização da cultura das localidades, o turismo tem sido apresentado na literatura e nos documentos oficiais como importante fator de desenvolvimento. As precárias situações em que vivem muitas populações residentes em destinações turísticas, entretanto, instigam investigações a respeito do efetivo grau em que isto se realiza. Foram analisadas as conceituações acerca destes três elementos-chave: turismo, desenvolvimento local e inclusão/exclusão social. Compreendido enquanto fenômeno social, em contraposição ao seu caráter meramente econômico, o turismo é tomado como prática e atividade que envolve trocas culturais e simbólicas, impactos ambientais e influências nos comportamentos e relações sociais. Quanto ao desenvolvimento local, este é entendido como um processo que envolve a cidadania, obtida por meio de negociações e embates de interesses e prioridades dos diversos grupos sociais, e centra-se nos seres humanos enquanto cidadãos. A inclusão social é vista como conseqüência de múltiplos fatores, decorrentes de processos sociais, sem caráter absoluto. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizados dois questionários um destinado aos residentes de Paraty e outro, aos turistas e entrevistas qualitativas. O estudo identifica diferenças e semelhanças entre as percepções dos moradores e turistas. Para os residentes, a importância do turismo está fortemente ligada à valorização que ele promove da cidade, da cultura local e das relações sociais e interações culturais que dele decorrem, ao transformar uma pequena cidade histórica em um famoso destino turístico internacionalmente conhecido. A população reconhece, também, a contribuição do turismo para a geração de empregos e renda na cidade. Já para os turistas a visão mais recorrente refere-se à ativação da economia local, além do aumento da visibilidade da cultura e produção artística paratienses. O estudo revelou o turismo enquanto fator fundamental para avanços em termos de desenvolvimento local e inclusão social em Paraty. Apontou a importância da vinculação entre a atividade turística e políticas públicas, que aliem o turismo a ações voltadas ao desenvolvimento local, com especial atenção às áreas de educação, saúde e infra-estrutura que beneficiarão não apenas a população residente mas também os turistas que visitam a cidade

This thesis examined vegetation change over the last 43 years in Australia's largest contiguous alpine area, the Kosciuszko alpine zone in south-eastern Australia. Using historical and current data about the state of the most common vegetation community, tall alpine herbfield, this thesis addressed the questions: (1) what were the patterns of change at the species/genera and life form levels during this time period; (2) what were the patterns of recovery, if recovery occurred, from anthropogenic disturbances such as livestock grazing or trampling by tourists; (3) what impacts did natural disturbances such as drought have on the vegetation and how does it compare to anthropogenic disturbances; and (4) What are the benefits, limitations and management considerations when using long-term data for assessing vegetation changes at the species/genera, life form and community levels? The Kosciuszko alpine zone has important economic, cultural and ecological values. It is of great scientific and biological importance, maintaining an assemblage of vegetation communities found nowhere else in the world. It is one of the few alpine regions in the world with deep loamy soils, and contains endemic flora and fauna and some of the few periglacial and glacial features in Australia. The area also forms the core of the Australian mainland's most important water catchment and is a popular tourist destination, offering a range of recreational opportunities. The vegetation of the Kosciuszko alpine zone is recovering from impacts of livestock grazing and is increasingly exposed to pressures from tourism and anthropogenic climate change. At the same time, natural disturbances such as drought and fire can influence the distribution, composition and diversity of plants. Thus, there is a need for detailed environmental data on this area in order to: (1) better understand ecological relationships; (2) understand existing and potential effects of recreational and management pressures on the region; (3) provide data against which future changes can be assessed; and (4) provide better information on many features of this area, including vegetation, for interpretation, education and management. The research in this thesis utilised three types of ecological information: (1) scientific long-term datasets; (2) photographic records; and (3) a comparison of disturbed and undisturbed vegetation. This research analysed data from one of the longest ongoing monitoring programs in the Australian Alps established by Alec Costin and Dane Wimbush in 1959. Permanent plots (6 transects and 30 photoquadrats) were established at two locations that differed in the time since grazing and have been repeatedly surveyed. Plots near Mt Kosciuszko had not been grazed for 15 years and had nearly complete vegetation cover in 1959, while plots near Mt Gungartan showed extensive impacts of grazing and associated activities which only ceased in 1958. Some transect data from 1959 to 1978 have been analysed by the original researchers. The research presented in this thesis extends this monitoring program with data from additional surveys in 1990, 1999 and 2002 and applies current methods of statistical evaluation, such as ordination techniques, to the whole data set for the first time. Results indicated that the recovery from livestock grazing and the effects of drought have been the main factors affecting vegetation. Recovery from livestock grazing at the three transects at Gungartan was slow and involved: (1) increasing genera diversity; (2) increasing vegetation cover; (3) decreasing amounts of bare ground; and (4) a directional change over time in species composition. Patterns of colonisation and species succession were also documented. In 2002, 44 years after the cessation of grazing, transects near Mt Gungartan had similar vegetation cover and genera diversity to the transects near Mt Kosciuszko, but cover by exposed rock remained higher. A drought in the 1960s resulted in a temporary increase of litter and a shift in the proportional cover of life forms, as grasses died and herb cover increased at both locations. Proportions of cover for life forms reverted to pre-drought levels within a few years. The results also highlighted the spatial variability of tall alpine herbfield. The photoquadrats were surveyed in the years 1959, 1964, 1968, 1978 and 2001 and are analysed for the first time in this thesis. After comparing a range of methods, visual assessment using a 130 point grid was found to be the most suitable technique to measure vegetation cover and genera diversity. At the 18 quadrats near Mt Gungartan, there was a pattern of increasing vegetation cover as bare areas were colonised by native cudweeds and the naturalized herb Acetosella vulgaris. Revegetation from within bare areas largely occurred by herb species, while graminoids and shrub species predominately colonised bare ground by lateral expansion from the edges, eventually replacing the colonising herbs. At the 12 quadrats near Mt Kosciuszko, vegetation cover was almost complete in all years surveyed except 1968, which was at the end of a six year drought. Similar to the results from the transect study, the drought caused an increase in litter at both locations as graminoid cover declined. Initially herb cover increased, potentially as a result of decreased competition from the graminoids and a nutrient spike from decaying litter, but as the drought became more severe, herb cover also declined. Graminoid cover rapidly recovered after the drought, reaching pre-drought levels by 1978, and was at similar levels in 2001. Herb cover continued to decline after peaking in 1964. The photoquadrat study also documented the longevity and growth rates of several species indicating that many taxa may persist for several decades. It further provided insights into replacement patterns amongst life forms. In addition to assessing vegetation change following livestock grazing and drought at the long-term plots, recovery from tourism impacts was examined by comparing vegetation and soils on a closed walking track, with that of adjacent undisturbed tall alpine herbfield at a series of 22 paired quadrats. Fifteen years after the track was closed there was limited success in restoration. Over a quarter of the closed track was still bare ground with non-native species the dominant vegetation. Plant species composition differed and vegetation height, soil nutrients and soil moisture were lower on the track which had a higher compaction level than adjacent natural vegetation. The results presented in this thesis highlight that tall alpine herbfield is characterised by nearly entire vegetation cover which is dominated by graminoids, followed by herbs and shrubs in the absence of disturbance by livestock grazing, trampling or drought. The studies also showed that under quot;average" conditions, the relative cover of herbs and graminoids remained fairly stable even though there can be considerable cycling between them. Spatial variability in terms of taxa composition was high. The only common introduced species in unrehabilitated sites was Acetosella vulgaris, which was effective at colonising bare ground but was eventually replaced by other native species. However, in areas actively rehabilitated, such as on the closed track, non-native species introduced during revegetation efforts still persist with high cover 15 years after their introduction. Monitoring of vegetation change is also important at the landscape scale. This thesis provides a review of the potential use, the limitations and the benefits of aerial photography to examine vegetation change in the Kosciuszko alpine zone. Numerous aerial photography runs have been flown over the area since the 1930s for government agencies, industry and the military. Some of these records have been used to map vegetation communities and eroding areas at a point in time. Other studies compared different types and scales of photographs, highlighting in particular the benefits and potential of large scale colour aerial photography to map alpine vegetation. However, despite their potential to assess vegetation change over time, a temporal comparison of vegetation in the Kosciuszko alpine zone from aerial photographs has not been completed to this date. Historical photographs may not be easy to locate or access and difficulties with vegetation classification may restrict the practicality of using historical aerial photographs to assess vegetation change. Despite these issues, aerial photography may provide a very useful and efficient tool to assess changes over time when applied appropriately, even in alpine environments. The development of digital classification techniques, the application of statistical measures of error to both methodology and data, and the application of geographic information systems are likely to further improve the practicality of historical aerial photographs for the detection of vegetation change and assist in overcoming some of the limitations. The results presented in this thesis highlight the need for limiting disturbance, for ongoing rehabilitation of disturbed areas and for long-term monitoring in the Kosciuszko alpine zone. The results contribute to our understanding of how vegetation may change in the future and may be affected by new land use activities and climate change. This type of information, which otherwise would require the establishment of long-term studies and years of monitoring, can assist land managers of this and other important protected areas. The study highlights how the use and expansion of already existing datasets to gather ecological information can save considerable money and time, providing valuable data for current and emerging issues.

<p><!--StartFragment--></p><p>Det internationella resandet till Sverige har sedan 1991 ökat med nästan 100 procent. Nästan 35 procent av all turism är utländsk konsumtion, där Tyskland näst Norge är Sveriges viktigaste utlandsmarknad. Var fjärde utländsk turist är tysk och exportdelen inom turismen i Sverige anses vara mer utvecklingsbar än den inhemska delen. I juli 2008 offentliggjorde regeringen en vision formulerad i rapporten ”Sverige det nya matlandet”, där Sverige lyfts fram som det nya matlandet i Europa. Regeringen menar att matturism är värd att satsa på, då den står för cirka 15 procent av den totala turismomsättningen. Internationella turister lägger en större del av sin konsumtion på mat och restaurangbesök – drygt en fjärdedel. En knapp fjärdedel av denna konsumtion borde således komma från tyska turister och deras efterfrågan blir väsentlig för turismutvecklingen i Sverige. Uppsatsens utgångspunkt ligger i att det finns turism, mer specifikt tysk turism i Sverige och att de turisterna konsumerar mat. Alla måste äta och varje individ som utgör en del av den ackumulerade turismen har matbehov att tillfredställa. Utlandsmarknadens bidrag till Sveriges ekonomi och förväntade tillväxt inom turismnäringen samt matturismens ökade betydelse inom turism gör kombinationen mat och turism intressant. I synnerhet intressant i relation till den tyska marknaden och dess stora betydelse för den svenska turismnäringen.</p><p>Majoriteten av de tyskar som väljer att resa till Sverige har en uppfattning om Sverige som ett perifert land i positiv mening. De lockas av röda stugor och orörd natur med sjöar. Frågan är vilken roll mat och matupplevelser spelar för en tysk turist i Sverige, om det är en medveten turistaktivitet eller en nödvändig vardagsaktivitet.</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att göra en beskrivning av tyska turisters efterfrågan på svensk mat och matupplevelser. Genom data-triangulering av fyra empiriska undersökningar (sekundärdata, ostrukturerade intervjuer, semi-strukturerade intervjuer och strukturerade intervjuer) utförda på fyra olika målgrupper (tyska mat- och turistskribenter, tyska reseoperatörer, tyskar med svensk turisterfarenhet och slumpmässigt utvalda tyskar) identifieras tyska turisters efterfrågan på svensk mat och matupplevelser. Utfallet av intervjuerna ger en entydig bild av den tyska efterfrågan. Sverige är för många tyska turister ett okänt land och svensk mat än mer okänd. Svensk mat som turistprodukt har inte nått Tyskland. Mat betraktas av de flesta inte som en huvudanledning att resa utan som ett basalt behov som måste tillfredsställas. Därmed uppfattas inte svensk mat som en reseanledning eller som en upplevelse i sig utan som en biprodukt. Den kunskap som finns om svensk mat är begränsad till några få återkommande karaktäristiska fenomen som ger en stereotyp uppfattning, till exempel älg och annan vilt, sill, lax, lingon, svamp, sött bröd och köttbullar. Vidare menar de intervjuade att svensk mat är jämförelsevis dyr och lik den tyska maten. Tyska turister ser ofta mat som ett medel för att mätta hunger. Mat fyller ett funktionellt behov, är en praktisk funktion och en problemlösare. Det blir en basal behovstillfredsställare snarare än en upplevelsegenerator eller tillfredställare av högre behov såsom status, kognitiva eller estetiska. Det som trots okändheten tycks efterfrågas är traditionell mat med koppling till historia och seder.</p><p>Genom sammanställning av informationen från de empiriska undersökningarna kan konstateras att tyska turisters efterfrågan på mat som turism i allmänhet verkar vara liten. Ännu tydligare är att tyska turisters efterfrågan på svenska matupplevelser i synnerhet verkar vara bristande. Svaret på forskningsfrågan – Hur ser tyska turisters efterfrågan på mat och matupplevelser? blir således att den är bristande. Genom tillämpning av SERVQUAL, en teknik för att identifiera gap mellan tjänstekvalitetsresultat och kundens kvalitetsbehov, analyserades var efterfrågan brister. Fyra tydliga gap kunde identifieras, att svensk mat för tyska turister uppleves som okänd, inte intressant (inte efterfrågad), otillgänglig och dåligt marknadsförd. Samtliga faktorer är beroende av varandra, är varandras förutsättningar och motarbetar varandra. Att svensk mat i princip är okänd för tyska turister gör det svårt för dem att explicit efterfråga den. Utan efterfrågan skapas inget utbud och maten blir otillgänglig. Finns inget utbud finns inget som kan marknadsföras och maten förblir okänd. Det går i en cirkel där gapen utgör hinder och något av dem måste slås hål på och börja bearbetas för att bryta cirkeln.</p><p>Med återkoppling till motivering av ämnesval – att göra Sverige till det nya matlandet i Europa – och till syftet – att göra en beskrivning av tyska turisters efterfrågan på svensk mat och matupplevelser – finns det i nuläget mycket kvar att göra innan regeringens mål kan förverkligas.</p> / <p><!--StartFragment--></p><p>International travel in Sweden has increased by almost 100 percent since 1991. Close to 35 percent of all tourism in Sweden is foreign tourism. Germany is next to Norway the most important foreign tourist market for Sweden. One out of four foreign tourists in Sweden is German, and the foreign tourism market is considered to have more potential to develop than the domestic market. In July 2008 the report ”Sweden the new food country” was published by the Swedish government, where they launched a vision of Sweden to be the new food country in Europe. The government defines food as one of the future niche markets within tourism and eating out accounts for approximately 15 percent of the total tourism turnover. Foreign tourists consume a larger part of their travel budget on food and eating out – approximately one fourth.   Almost a fourth of this consumption should accordingly originate from German tourists and their demand becomes of importance for tourism development in Sweden. The basis for this thesis is the fact that there is tourism, more specifically German tourism in Sweden, and the fact that those tourists consume food. In other words: it is hard to avoid being a food tourist in one way or another. Everyone has to eat and every individual as part of the accumulated tourism has food-needs to satisfy. The foreign tourist market’s contribution to the Swedish economy and perceived growth in the tourism industry and food tourism’s increased significant position in tourism make the combination of food and tourism interesting – not least in relation to the German market as it is of great significance to the Swedish tourism industry.</p><p>The majority of Germans traveling to Sweden consider Sweden to be a peripheral country in a positive sence and are appealed by red cottages and unspoiled nature with lakes. The question is which meaning food and food experiences constitutes for German tourists in Sweden, if it is considered to be an appealing tourist attraction or just a necessity.</p><p>The aim of this thesis is to make a discription of German tourists’ demand for Swedish food and food experiences. Through data-triangulation of four independently carried out empirical surveys (secondary data, unstructured interviews, semi-structured interviews and structured interviews) carried out on four different target groups (German food- and tourist journalists, German travel agents, German tourists with Swedish experiences, and randomly chosen Germans) the German demand is identified. The results of the interviews give a distinct indication of the German demand. Sweden is for many German tourists an unknown country and Swedish food is even more unknown. Swedish food as a tourism product has not yet reached Germany. Food is not understood to be a main reason for traveling, rather a basic need to satisfy. Thus Swedish food is not apprehended as neither a reason for traveling nor as an experience per se, but more as a bi-product. Knowledge about Swedish food is limited to a few reoccurring characteristics giving a stereotype picture of elk and other game, herring, salmon, lingonberries, fungus, sweet bread and meatballs. The interviewed Germans also consider Swedish food to be expensive in comparison and similar to German food. German tourists see food mainly as a mean to satisfy hunger. Food is functional, a practical must and serves as a problem solver. Food is a satisfier of basic needs rather than a generator of experiences or higher need satisfier, such as status related, cognitive or aesthetic. What seems to be demanded, in spite of the fact that Swedish food is unknown, is traditional food with connections to history and customs.</p><p>A compilation of the information from the empirical studies shows that German demand for food as a part of tourism in general is highly limited. Even more limited is the German demand for Swedish food. The answer to the research question – What does the German demand for food and food experiences look like? – is, it is deficient. An application of the SERVQUAL, a technique to identify gaps between service quality results and customer service needs, the deficiencies in the demand was analyzed. Four gaps were identified: Swedish food is unknown, not interesting (not demanded), un-accessible and not marketed. All gaps are dependant on each other, each others’ prerequisites, and counteract each other. Lack of knowledge about Swedish food makes it hard for German tourists to explicitly demand it. Without demand there is no supply and the food becomes un-accessible. With no supply there is nothing to market, and the food remains unknown. The gaps form a circle and one of the gaps must be cut and worked on in order to break the circle.</p><p>In relation to the motivation of choice of subject – to make Sweden the new food country in Europe – and the purpose of the thesis – to describe German tourists’ demand for Swedish food and food experiences – the present market situation requires a lot to be done before the aim of the Swedish government can be reached.</p> / <p><p>Internationales Reisen in Schweden hat seit 1991 um fast 100 Prozent zugenommen. Fast 35 Prozent des Tourismus Schwedens besteht aus ausländischen Touristen. Deutschland ist, nach Norwegen, der wichstigste ausländische Tourismusmarkt für Schweden. Jeder vierte ausländische Tourist der nach Schweden kommt, stammt aus Deutschland. Der ausländische Tourismusexportmarkt hat grössere Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten als der einheimische Markt. Im Juli 2008 wurde der Rapport "Schweden, das neue kulinarische Land" von der schwedische Regierung veröffentlicht, wo eine Vision von Schweden als das neue kulinarische Land Europas präsentiert wurde. Die Regierung behauptet, dass Essen die neue zukunftige Niesche im Tourismus ist und dass das Essen für ungefähr 15 Prozent des gesamtes Tourismusumsatzes Schwedens zählt. Ausländische Touristen verwenden ungefähr ein Viertel ihres Reisebudgets für Essen und kulinarische Erlebnisse. Fast ein Viertel aller Konsumption kommt folglich von deutschen Touristen und ihre Nachfrage ist von grosser Bedeutung für die Tourismusentwicklung Schwedens. Der Ausgangspunkt dieser Kandidatenarbeit besteht darin, dass es in Schweden Auslandstourismus gibt, dass viele von den Touristen Deutsche und gleichzeitig Touristen sind. Man kann daher sagen, es ist nicht zu vermeiden ein Tourist mit kulinarischem Hintergrund zu sein. Jeder muss essen und jede Person hat Essbedürfnisse zu befriedigen. Das Beitragen des ausländischen Tourismusmarktes zur Schwedischen Wirtschaft und das behauptete Wachstum der Tourismuswirtschaft und die zunehmend bedeutendere Position des Esstourismus macht die Kombination Essen und Tourismus sehr intressant – besonders in Relation zum deutschen Markt, der für die schwedische Tourismuswirtschaft von grosser Bedeutung ist.</p><p>Die Mehrzahl der Deutschen die nach Schweden reisen fassen Schweden als ein periferes Land positiver Art auf, wo die roten Hütten und die unberührte Natur mit Seen extra attraktiv sind. Die Frage ist, welche Bedeutung Essen und Esserfahrungen für deutsche Touristen in Schweden hat, ob Essen als eine Reisezweck worüber sich die Deutschen bewusst sind zählt oder ob das Essen ein alltägliches Muss ist.</p><p>Der Zweck dieser Kandidatenarbeit ist es, die Nachfrage von deutschen Touristen nach schwedischem Essen und Esserlebnissen zu beschreiben. Durch Daten-triangulierung von vier von einander unabhängig durchgeführten Untersuchungen (Sekundardaten, Unstrukturierte Interviews, Semi-strukturierte Interviews und strukturierte Interviews) mit vier verschiedenen Zielgruppen (deutschen Ess- und Touristjournalisten, deutschen Reisebürobeamten und –beamtinnen, Deutschen mit Schwedenerfarung und zufällig ausgewählten Deutschen) wurde der Nachfrage deutscher Touristen identifiziert.</p><p>Das Ergebnis der Interviews gibt einen eindeutigen Bild der deutschen Nachfrage. Schweden ist für deutsche Touristen ein weitestgehend unbekanntes Land und schwedisches Essen ist Ihnen noch unbekannter. Die Kenntnis über Schwedisches Essen als Tourismusprodukt hat Deutschland noch nicht erreicht. Essen wird meistens nicht als ein Tourismusprodukt betrachtet, sondern als ein grundlegendes Bedürfnis das es zu befriedigen gilt. Dadurch ist schwedisches Essen weder als ein Reisezweck noch als ein Erlebnis anerkannt, sondern als ein Komplementärprodukt. Die Kentnisse über schwedisches Essen sind begrenzt, zum Beispiel zu Begriffen die ein typisches Bild von Elch, Hering, Lachs, Preiselbeeren, Pilzen, süsses Brot und Fleichbällchen hervorrufen. Die Interviewpersonen betrachten weiter schwedisches Essen als teuer im vergleich zu Deutschem und auch ähnlich zu deutschem Essen. Deutsche Touristen betrachten Essen als ein Mittel mit dem man Hunger besättigen kann. Essen erfüllt eine praktische Funktion und funktioniert als ein Problemlöser. Essen befriedigt Grundbedürfnisse eher als es Erlebnisse generiert oder höhere Bedürfnisse sowie Statuserfüllung, Kognitive und Ästetische befriedigt. Was, trotz die geringe Kenntnisse, nachgefragt sind, sind Essen assoziiert zu Geschichte, Gewohnheiten und Bräuchen.</p><p>Eine Zusammenstellung der empirische Untersuchungen zeigt dass es gibt im Allgemeinen, nicht nur in Relation, aber besonderes in Relation zu schwedischem Essen, ein begrenztes Interesse bei den Deutschen an Essen und Esserlebnissen im Urlaub. Das Antwort der Forschungsfrage – Wie sieht die deutsche Nachfrage nach Essen und Esserlebnisse aus? – ist, sie ist mangelnd. Mit Anwendung der SERVQUAL, eine Technik um den Klüfte zwischen Servicequalitätergebnisse und Qualitätsbedürfnisse der Kunden herauszufinden, wurde die Nachfrage analyziert um die Klüfte zu finden. Vier deutliche Klüften wurden identifiziert, schwedisches Essen ist nicht bekannt, nicht intressant (nicht nachgefragt), nich zugänglich und nicht vermarkt. Die Klüfte sind einander abhängig, die Voraussetzungen einander und entgegenarbeiten einander. Die Tatsache schwedisches Essen ist unbekannt, macht es schwierig es nachzufragen. Ohne Nachfrage kein Angebot und das Essen wird schwierig zugänglig. Ohne Angebot keine Verbung und das Essen bleibt unbekannt. Die Klüfte schufen ein Kreis und eine der Klüften muss abgekürzt und bearbeitet werden um dem Kreis abzubrechen.</p><p>In Relation zum Hintergrund der Wahl der Kandidatenarbeit – Schweden das neue kulinarische Land Europas zu machen – und der Zweck der Arbeit – die Nachfrage deutscher Touristen nach schwedischem Essen und Esserlebnissen zu beschreiben – gibt es in der gegenwärtigen Marktsituation noch viel zu erforschen bevor diese Vision die schwedische Regierung erreichen kann.</p><!--EndFragment--></p>

My dissertation on Cuban tourism links political, economic, social, and cultural history to show how the development of tourism on the island between 1945 and 2007 has been crucial in helping to cultivate identities for Cuba and the Cuban people on multiple levels. I focus on three distinct periods - 1945 to 1958, 1959 to 1979, and 1980 to 2007. While significant shifts occurred within each of these three phases, this periodization best illuminates the relationship between tourism development and identity. The fall of the Soviet Union, for example, certainly altered the pace of the industry's growth. Arrivals soared beginning in the 1990s, yet much of the institutional framework for conditioning the relationships between touristic actors had been established years earlier. Cuban planners had begun to target a range of specific markets by 1980, over a decade before the economic strife of the 'Special Period' in the early 1990s virtually forced them to move in this direction. For the entire period between 1945 and 2007, tourism and Cuban identity were linked in two very important ways. Tourism provided a lens for foreign visitors to view the island, its people, and its culture; to know what it meant to be Cuban. As well, the industry offered a framework for powerful interests to control the behaviors of Cuban citizens; to instruct them on how to be Cuban.

Föreliggande avhandling har som syfte att belysa, analysera och diskutera hur unga människor berättar om sina erfarenheter av att tvingas bryta upp från sitt hemland och börja om i ett nytt land under sin skolgång. Åtta unga vuxna, fyra kvinnor och fyra män, deltog i livsberättelseintervjuer kring detta tema. Den teoretiska referensramen innefattar begreppen identitet i det senmoderna samhället, identitet som berättelse samt globaliseringens olika villkor i form av kategorierna turister och vagabonder, där de förstnämnda har tillgång till världen och de sistnämnda stängs ute. Vidare tas upp begreppet livschanser, vilket berör relationen mellan människors mål och ambitioner och deras möjligheter att realisera desamma. Resultatet presenteras dels i en tematiserad del, dels i en del där tre av deltagarnas berättelser presenteras som profiler. Den tematiserade delen presenterar hur deltagarna berättar om att komma till Sverige, om att börja skolan, och om att skapa ett liv här. Huvudresultaten i denna del rör upplevelser av den första tiden i Sverige, språket som en nyckel, skolans roll, familj, vänskap och identitet samt deltagarnas förhållningssätt till dessa aspekter i berättelserna. Ur några av deltagarnas berättelser uttolkas också mer tydliga strategier, och dessa fokuseras tillsammans med identitet ytterligare i den andra resultatdelen genom tre profiler, vilka har benämnts utanförskap som identitet, en kluven identitet och aktivitet som identitet. I avhandlingens diskussion behandlas metodologiska överväganden, därefter vidtar en resultatdiskussion vilken fokuserar på aspekter av uppbrottets konsekvenser i relation till de teoretiska begreppen livschanser, vagabonder, risk/tillit och identitet. Här behandlas också olika verktyg för identitetsskapande i berättelserna samt hur identiteter berättas i materialet.   Den övergripande slutsatsen är att det inte är fruktbart att betrakta invandrare eller flyktingar som en homogen grupp. Deltagarna i föreliggande studie liknar varandra i stor utsträckning, och det finns likheter mellan deras berättelser, men de berättar också om skilda erfarenheter, förhållningssätt och identiteter. Detta ger liv åt, och empiriskt grundat stöd för, det slitna uttrycket ”vi måste se till individen”, också när det gäller barn och ungdomar med erfarenheter av att kommit till Sverige som flyktingar. / The purpose of this doctoral thesis is to illuminate, analyze and discuss life stories told by young Swedes about their experiences of being up-rooted and forced to leave their home countries and make a new start in a new country during their school years. Eight young adults participated in life story-interviews around this theme. The theoretical framework entails the terms identity in late modernity, identity as story, and the conditions of globalization here represented by the categories tourists and vagabonds, where the first have access to the world and the latter are left out. Furthermore the concept of life chances is used, which is concerns the relation between people’s goals and ambitions and their possibilities to realize these goals. The findings of the study are presented in two chapters. The first is a thematic analysis and the main findings here are experiences of the first meetings with Swedish society, language as a key, the role that school plays, family, friendship and identity and how the participants relate to these aspects in their stories. Some of the stories are interpreted as having more clear strategies, and these are focused along with identity in the second findings chapter.  Here, three profiles are presented as being an outsider as identity, a torn identity and activity as identity. The discussion of the thesis addresses certain methodological considerations and then turns to discuss the findings. This discussion focuses on aspects of the consequences of being up-rooted in relation to the theoretical concepts life chances, vagabonds, risk/trust and identity. Different tools for the construction of identities in the stories are also discussed, as well as how identity can be seen as synonym to telling a story.   The overall conclusion is that it is not fruitful to talk about immigrants or refugees as a homogeneous group. The participants in this study are alike in many ways, and while their stories have mutual traits, they also tell the tale of differing experiences, approaches and identities. This gives life, and empirically grounded support, to the worn out phrase “every child is an individual”, also when it concerns children and young people who have experienced arriving in Sweden as refugees.

<!--StartFragment--> Det internationella resandet till Sverige har sedan 1991 ökat med nästan 100 procent. Nästan 35 procent av all turism är utländsk konsumtion, där Tyskland näst Norge är Sveriges viktigaste utlandsmarknad. Var fjärde utländsk turist är tysk och exportdelen inom turismen i Sverige anses vara mer utvecklingsbar än den inhemska delen. I juli 2008 offentliggjorde regeringen en vision formulerad i rapporten ”Sverige det nya matlandet”, där Sverige lyfts fram som det nya matlandet i Europa. Regeringen menar att matturism är värd att satsa på, då den står för cirka 15 procent av den totala turismomsättningen. Internationella turister lägger en större del av sin konsumtion på mat och restaurangbesök – drygt en fjärdedel. En knapp fjärdedel av denna konsumtion borde således komma från tyska turister och deras efterfrågan blir väsentlig för turismutvecklingen i Sverige. Uppsatsens utgångspunkt ligger i att det finns turism, mer specifikt tysk turism i Sverige och att de turisterna konsumerar mat. Alla måste äta och varje individ som utgör en del av den ackumulerade turismen har matbehov att tillfredställa. Utlandsmarknadens bidrag till Sveriges ekonomi och förväntade tillväxt inom turismnäringen samt matturismens ökade betydelse inom turism gör kombinationen mat och turism intressant. I synnerhet intressant i relation till den tyska marknaden och dess stora betydelse för den svenska turismnäringen. Majoriteten av de tyskar som väljer att resa till Sverige har en uppfattning om Sverige som ett perifert land i positiv mening. De lockas av röda stugor och orörd natur med sjöar. Frågan är vilken roll mat och matupplevelser spelar för en tysk turist i Sverige, om det är en medveten turistaktivitet eller en nödvändig vardagsaktivitet. Syftet med uppsatsen är att göra en beskrivning av tyska turisters efterfrågan på svensk mat och matupplevelser. Genom data-triangulering av fyra empiriska undersökningar (sekundärdata, ostrukturerade intervjuer, semi-strukturerade intervjuer och strukturerade intervjuer) utförda på fyra olika målgrupper (tyska mat- och turistskribenter, tyska reseoperatörer, tyskar med svensk turisterfarenhet och slumpmässigt utvalda tyskar) identifieras tyska turisters efterfrågan på svensk mat och matupplevelser. Utfallet av intervjuerna ger en entydig bild av den tyska efterfrågan. Sverige är för många tyska turister ett okänt land och svensk mat än mer okänd. Svensk mat som turistprodukt har inte nått Tyskland. Mat betraktas av de flesta inte som en huvudanledning att resa utan som ett basalt behov som måste tillfredsställas. Därmed uppfattas inte svensk mat som en reseanledning eller som en upplevelse i sig utan som en biprodukt. Den kunskap som finns om svensk mat är begränsad till några få återkommande karaktäristiska fenomen som ger en stereotyp uppfattning, till exempel älg och annan vilt, sill, lax, lingon, svamp, sött bröd och köttbullar. Vidare menar de intervjuade att svensk mat är jämförelsevis dyr och lik den tyska maten. Tyska turister ser ofta mat som ett medel för att mätta hunger. Mat fyller ett funktionellt behov, är en praktisk funktion och en problemlösare. Det blir en basal behovstillfredsställare snarare än en upplevelsegenerator eller tillfredställare av högre behov såsom status, kognitiva eller estetiska. Det som trots okändheten tycks efterfrågas är traditionell mat med koppling till historia och seder. Genom sammanställning av informationen från de empiriska undersökningarna kan konstateras att tyska turisters efterfrågan på mat som turism i allmänhet verkar vara liten. Ännu tydligare är att tyska turisters efterfrågan på svenska matupplevelser i synnerhet verkar vara bristande. Svaret på forskningsfrågan – Hur ser tyska turisters efterfrågan på mat och matupplevelser? blir således att den är bristande. Genom tillämpning av SERVQUAL, en teknik för att identifiera gap mellan tjänstekvalitetsresultat och kundens kvalitetsbehov, analyserades var efterfrågan brister. Fyra tydliga gap kunde identifieras, att svensk mat för tyska turister uppleves som okänd, inte intressant (inte efterfrågad), otillgänglig och dåligt marknadsförd. Samtliga faktorer är beroende av varandra, är varandras förutsättningar och motarbetar varandra. Att svensk mat i princip är okänd för tyska turister gör det svårt för dem att explicit efterfråga den. Utan efterfrågan skapas inget utbud och maten blir otillgänglig. Finns inget utbud finns inget som kan marknadsföras och maten förblir okänd. Det går i en cirkel där gapen utgör hinder och något av dem måste slås hål på och börja bearbetas för att bryta cirkeln. Med återkoppling till motivering av ämnesval – att göra Sverige till det nya matlandet i Europa – och till syftet – att göra en beskrivning av tyska turisters efterfrågan på svensk mat och matupplevelser – finns det i nuläget mycket kvar att göra innan regeringens mål kan förverkligas. / <!--StartFragment--> International travel in Sweden has increased by almost 100 percent since 1991. Close to 35 percent of all tourism in Sweden is foreign tourism. Germany is next to Norway the most important foreign tourist market for Sweden. One out of four foreign tourists in Sweden is German, and the foreign tourism market is considered to have more potential to develop than the domestic market. In July 2008 the report ”Sweden the new food country” was published by the Swedish government, where they launched a vision of Sweden to be the new food country in Europe. The government defines food as one of the future niche markets within tourism and eating out accounts for approximately 15 percent of the total tourism turnover. Foreign tourists consume a larger part of their travel budget on food and eating out – approximately one fourth.   Almost a fourth of this consumption should accordingly originate from German tourists and their demand becomes of importance for tourism development in Sweden. The basis for this thesis is the fact that there is tourism, more specifically German tourism in Sweden, and the fact that those tourists consume food. In other words: it is hard to avoid being a food tourist in one way or another. Everyone has to eat and every individual as part of the accumulated tourism has food-needs to satisfy. The foreign tourist market’s contribution to the Swedish economy and perceived growth in the tourism industry and food tourism’s increased significant position in tourism make the combination of food and tourism interesting – not least in relation to the German market as it is of great significance to the Swedish tourism industry. The majority of Germans traveling to Sweden consider Sweden to be a peripheral country in a positive sence and are appealed by red cottages and unspoiled nature with lakes. The question is which meaning food and food experiences constitutes for German tourists in Sweden, if it is considered to be an appealing tourist attraction or just a necessity. The aim of this thesis is to make a discription of German tourists’ demand for Swedish food and food experiences. Through data-triangulation of four independently carried out empirical surveys (secondary data, unstructured interviews, semi-structured interviews and structured interviews) carried out on four different target groups (German food- and tourist journalists, German travel agents, German tourists with Swedish experiences, and randomly chosen Germans) the German demand is identified. The results of the interviews give a distinct indication of the German demand. Sweden is for many German tourists an unknown country and Swedish food is even more unknown. Swedish food as a tourism product has not yet reached Germany. Food is not understood to be a main reason for traveling, rather a basic need to satisfy. Thus Swedish food is not apprehended as neither a reason for traveling nor as an experience per se, but more as a bi-product. Knowledge about Swedish food is limited to a few reoccurring characteristics giving a stereotype picture of elk and other game, herring, salmon, lingonberries, fungus, sweet bread and meatballs. The interviewed Germans also consider Swedish food to be expensive in comparison and similar to German food. German tourists see food mainly as a mean to satisfy hunger. Food is functional, a practical must and serves as a problem solver. Food is a satisfier of basic needs rather than a generator of experiences or higher need satisfier, such as status related, cognitive or aesthetic. What seems to be demanded, in spite of the fact that Swedish food is unknown, is traditional food with connections to history and customs. A compilation of the information from the empirical studies shows that German demand for food as a part of tourism in general is highly limited. Even more limited is the German demand for Swedish food. The answer to the research question – What does the German demand for food and food experiences look like? – is, it is deficient. An application of the SERVQUAL, a technique to identify gaps between service quality results and customer service needs, the deficiencies in the demand was analyzed. Four gaps were identified: Swedish food is unknown, not interesting (not demanded), un-accessible and not marketed. All gaps are dependant on each other, each others’ prerequisites, and counteract each other. Lack of knowledge about Swedish food makes it hard for German tourists to explicitly demand it. Without demand there is no supply and the food becomes un-accessible. With no supply there is nothing to market, and the food remains unknown. The gaps form a circle and one of the gaps must be cut and worked on in order to break the circle. In relation to the motivation of choice of subject – to make Sweden the new food country in Europe – and the purpose of the thesis – to describe German tourists’ demand for Swedish food and food experiences – the present market situation requires a lot to be done before the aim of the Swedish government can be reached. / Internationales Reisen in Schweden hat seit 1991 um fast 100 Prozent zugenommen. Fast 35 Prozent des Tourismus Schwedens besteht aus ausländischen Touristen. Deutschland ist, nach Norwegen, der wichstigste ausländische Tourismusmarkt für Schweden. Jeder vierte ausländische Tourist der nach Schweden kommt, stammt aus Deutschland. Der ausländische Tourismusexportmarkt hat grössere Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten als der einheimische Markt. Im Juli 2008 wurde der Rapport "Schweden, das neue kulinarische Land" von der schwedische Regierung veröffentlicht, wo eine Vision von Schweden als das neue kulinarische Land Europas präsentiert wurde. Die Regierung behauptet, dass Essen die neue zukunftige Niesche im Tourismus ist und dass das Essen für ungefähr 15 Prozent des gesamtes Tourismusumsatzes Schwedens zählt. Ausländische Touristen verwenden ungefähr ein Viertel ihres Reisebudgets für Essen und kulinarische Erlebnisse. Fast ein Viertel aller Konsumption kommt folglich von deutschen Touristen und ihre Nachfrage ist von grosser Bedeutung für die Tourismusentwicklung Schwedens. Der Ausgangspunkt dieser Kandidatenarbeit besteht darin, dass es in Schweden Auslandstourismus gibt, dass viele von den Touristen Deutsche und gleichzeitig Touristen sind. Man kann daher sagen, es ist nicht zu vermeiden ein Tourist mit kulinarischem Hintergrund zu sein. Jeder muss essen und jede Person hat Essbedürfnisse zu befriedigen. Das Beitragen des ausländischen Tourismusmarktes zur Schwedischen Wirtschaft und das behauptete Wachstum der Tourismuswirtschaft und die zunehmend bedeutendere Position des Esstourismus macht die Kombination Essen und Tourismus sehr intressant – besonders in Relation zum deutschen Markt, der für die schwedische Tourismuswirtschaft von grosser Bedeutung ist. Die Mehrzahl der Deutschen die nach Schweden reisen fassen Schweden als ein periferes Land positiver Art auf, wo die roten Hütten und die unberührte Natur mit Seen extra attraktiv sind. Die Frage ist, welche Bedeutung Essen und Esserfahrungen für deutsche Touristen in Schweden hat, ob Essen als eine Reisezweck worüber sich die Deutschen bewusst sind zählt oder ob das Essen ein alltägliches Muss ist. Der Zweck dieser Kandidatenarbeit ist es, die Nachfrage von deutschen Touristen nach schwedischem Essen und Esserlebnissen zu beschreiben. Durch Daten-triangulierung von vier von einander unabhängig durchgeführten Untersuchungen (Sekundardaten, Unstrukturierte Interviews, Semi-strukturierte Interviews und strukturierte Interviews) mit vier verschiedenen Zielgruppen (deutschen Ess- und Touristjournalisten, deutschen Reisebürobeamten und –beamtinnen, Deutschen mit Schwedenerfarung und zufällig ausgewählten Deutschen) wurde der Nachfrage deutscher Touristen identifiziert. Das Ergebnis der Interviews gibt einen eindeutigen Bild der deutschen Nachfrage. Schweden ist für deutsche Touristen ein weitestgehend unbekanntes Land und schwedisches Essen ist Ihnen noch unbekannter. Die Kenntnis über Schwedisches Essen als Tourismusprodukt hat Deutschland noch nicht erreicht. Essen wird meistens nicht als ein Tourismusprodukt betrachtet, sondern als ein grundlegendes Bedürfnis das es zu befriedigen gilt. Dadurch ist schwedisches Essen weder als ein Reisezweck noch als ein Erlebnis anerkannt, sondern als ein Komplementärprodukt. Die Kentnisse über schwedisches Essen sind begrenzt, zum Beispiel zu Begriffen die ein typisches Bild von Elch, Hering, Lachs, Preiselbeeren, Pilzen, süsses Brot und Fleichbällchen hervorrufen. Die Interviewpersonen betrachten weiter schwedisches Essen als teuer im vergleich zu Deutschem und auch ähnlich zu deutschem Essen. Deutsche Touristen betrachten Essen als ein Mittel mit dem man Hunger besättigen kann. Essen erfüllt eine praktische Funktion und funktioniert als ein Problemlöser. Essen befriedigt Grundbedürfnisse eher als es Erlebnisse generiert oder höhere Bedürfnisse sowie Statuserfüllung, Kognitive und Ästetische befriedigt. Was, trotz die geringe Kenntnisse, nachgefragt sind, sind Essen assoziiert zu Geschichte, Gewohnheiten und Bräuchen. Eine Zusammenstellung der empirische Untersuchungen zeigt dass es gibt im Allgemeinen, nicht nur in Relation, aber besonderes in Relation zu schwedischem Essen, ein begrenztes Interesse bei den Deutschen an Essen und Esserlebnissen im Urlaub. Das Antwort der Forschungsfrage – Wie sieht die deutsche Nachfrage nach Essen und Esserlebnisse aus? – ist, sie ist mangelnd. Mit Anwendung der SERVQUAL, eine Technik um den Klüfte zwischen Servicequalitätergebnisse und Qualitätsbedürfnisse der Kunden herauszufinden, wurde die Nachfrage analyziert um die Klüfte zu finden. Vier deutliche Klüften wurden identifiziert, schwedisches Essen ist nicht bekannt, nicht intressant (nicht nachgefragt), nich zugänglich und nicht vermarkt. Die Klüfte sind einander abhängig, die Voraussetzungen einander und entgegenarbeiten einander. Die Tatsache schwedisches Essen ist unbekannt, macht es schwierig es nachzufragen. Ohne Nachfrage kein Angebot und das Essen wird schwierig zugänglig. Ohne Angebot keine Verbung und das Essen bleibt unbekannt. Die Klüfte schufen ein Kreis und eine der Klüften muss abgekürzt und bearbeitet werden um dem Kreis abzubrechen. In Relation zum Hintergrund der Wahl der Kandidatenarbeit – Schweden das neue kulinarische Land Europas zu machen – und der Zweck der Arbeit – die Nachfrage deutscher Touristen nach schwedischem Essen und Esserlebnissen zu beschreiben – gibt es in der gegenwärtigen Marktsituation noch viel zu erforschen bevor diese Vision die schwedische Regierung erreichen kann. <!--EndFragment-->

Imperfect information on aspects of biodiversity conservation will constrain the extent to which tourists’ preferences for biodiversity conservation are revealed in game reserve (GR) tariffs, reducing the incentive for tourism businesses to invest in biodiversity conservation. Accreditation is an institutional approach to addressing the issue of imperfect information on biodiversity conservation. In this study, Choice Experiments (CE) and the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) are used to estimate tourist’s willingness-to-pay (WTP) to visit biodiversity conservation accredited terrestrial nature-based tourism (NBT) destinations in selected areas of South Africa (SA). A survey of 97 domestic tourists and 96 foreign tourists was conducted at 16 private and public GR camps in north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal (NEKZN) and Mpumalanga/Limpopo Provinces (MP/LP) during October and November 2004. The survey captured socio-economic data to be used in discriminating between market segments, eighteen hypothetical CE questions and a CVM question. Analyses comparing the preferences of domestic tourists from foreign tourists, tourists visiting NEKZN from tourists visiting MP/LP and tourists visiting private GRs from tourists visiting public GRs were performed. In addition, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) was used to identify groups of tourists with similar preferences. Respondents are grouped into three market segments according to their revealed preferences using HCA. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) was used to discriminate the three groups based on socio-economic characteristics. These groups were named “Conservation Vacationers”, “Incidental Sightseers” and “Big 5 Brigade” based on socioeconomic characteristics unique to each group. The region (NEKZN or MP/LP), level of education and itinerary (independent travellers or part of tour group) were the most powerful in discriminating “Big 5 Brigade” from the other two groups in the first function. The second function primarily discriminates Conservation Vacationers from Incidental Sightseers based on membership to a wildlife society, gender and education. Results of the CE and CVM studies respectively, indicate that, overall, respondents were willing to pay premiums of R114.41 and R87.67 per person per night (all premiums are presented as per person per night, unless otherwise stated) to stay at a GR accredited with having a high standard of biodiversity conservation. Foreign tourists were, on average, willing to pay the highest premium of R136.35 for biodiversity conservation accreditation, while tourists visiting private GRs were, on average, willing to pay the lowest premium of R 96.42. A further three market segments were identified using HCA. The average WTP estimates for biodiversity conservation accreditation for Groups 1(Conservation Vacationer), 2(Incidental Sightseer) and 3(Big 5 Brigade), identified by HCA were R171.41, R66.15 and R14.94, respectively. On average, respondents in all groups, game-viewing quality was most highly valued, followed by the level of congestion. Results of this study may be useful to NBT operators and managers in developing marketing strategies targeting specific market segments. Analysis of the results by market segments indicates that CE may be a more reliable technique than CVM. Further research on the costs and benefits of biodiversity conservation accreditation is necessary to predict the extent to which NBT businesses are likely to adopt biodiversity conservation accreditation. / Thesis (M.Agric.Man.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.

Syfte: Mot bakgrund kring en ökad turism i europeiska storstäder (Statista, u.å.) har syftet med studien varit att studera Barcelona som exempel för att bidra med en djupare förståelse kring hur turister och lokalbefolkning uppfattar varandra i stadsmiljöer med högt turistantal. Samt undersöka hur turismen har förändrat stadens stadskärna och miljö (Duran, 2005). Metod: I studien har ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt applicerats i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer och insamling av vetenskapliga artiklar till empirin. Tolv personer som har intervjuats som har koppling till Barcelona och det sammanfattas i empirin, tillsammans med de vetenskapliga artiklarna. Slutsatser: Den här studie har undersökt Barcelona som exempel för att belysa massturism som är ett omfattande problem som även går att finna i andra europeiska storstäder. Genom de insamlade intervjuerna och de vetenskapliga artiklar påvisades det att Barcelona har fått både positiva och negativa effekter av den massiva turism som finns i staden. Utifrån de insamlade intervjusvaren kunde slutsatsen dras att den sociala aspekten har störst negativ inverkan på lokalbefolkningen i staden. / Purpose: Against the background of increased tourism in European metropolitan areas (Statista, u.o.), the purpose of the study has been to study Barcelona as an example to contribute a deeper understanding of how tourists and locals perceive each other in urban environments with a high tourist number. As well as investigating how tourism has changed the city's city center and environment (Duran, 2005). Methodology: In this study, a qualitative approach has been applied in the form of semi-structured interviews and the gathering of scientific articles of empirical data. Twelve people interviewed who are connected to Barcelona and this is summarized in empirical section, along with the scientific articles. Conclusions: This study has explored Barcelona as an example to illustrate mass tourism, which is a major problem that can be found in other European cities. Through the collected interviews and the scientific articles, it was demonstrated that Barcelona has had both positive and negative effects of the massive tourism that exists in the city. Based on the collected interview answers, it could be concluded that the social aspect has the most negative impact on local people in the city.

This thesis examines the tourism in the rural space, which can be divided into variety of categories and forms. The main aim of the thesis is above all a detailed analysis of the situation in the municipality Purkarec as a concrete part of the region České Budějovice. Moreover this thesis specifies sights and opions of local inhabitants, businessmen and experts on local tourism. To analysing the tourism in the municipality Purkarec is used the method of the decriptive case study. Data collection and information gethering about the situation in rural space of the municipality Purkarec took a place trough combinations of methods of the qualitative and quantitavie research. On the basis of the field research was discovered attitudes and opinions of particular interviewed categories. The tourism in the area of Purkarec is at the moment rising up which nevertheless doesn?t affect negatively the environment.