Bakgrund - Hemofili A och B är X-kromosombundna blödarsjukdomar, som beror på genetiska avvikelser i de gener som kodar för koagulationsfaktor VIII respektive IX. I dagsläget förlitar sig hemofilipatienter på kontinuerliga intravenösa injektioner med faktorkoncentrat, för att förhindra att potentiellt livshotande blödningar uppstår. Genterapi med rekombinanta adeno-associerade virus (AAV) skulle kunna erbjuda ett kurativt behandlingsalternativ, genom införandet av friska arvsanlag i hepatocyter. Syfte - Syftet med den här litteraturstudien var att undersöka huruvida genterapi medierad av AAV-vektorer är en effektiv och säker behandling mot hemofili A och B ur ett långsiktigt perspektiv. Metod - Studien är genomförd som en systematisk litteraturstudie och är baserad på sex originalartiklar framsökta via databasen PubMed, med sökorden "hemophilia AND gene therapy". Specificerade sökkriterier användes för att underlätta relevansbedömning och valet av artiklar. Resultat - En ökad endogen koagulationsfaktorproduktion kunde påvisas hos majoriteten av studiedeltagarna efter genterapibehandlingarna. Sammantaget observerades också en väsentlig blödningsreducering och en minskad faktorkoncentratanvändning. Störst förbättring noterades i de kohorter som erhållit högre genterapidoser eller den muterade faktor IX Padua-genen. Ingen immunrespons mot transgenprodukten detekterades i någon studie. Däremot sågs ett humoralt immunsvar mot AAV-kapsiden hos samtliga studiedeltagare. En mycket stor variation i T-cellssvar mot AAV-kapsiden kunde noteras. Förhöjda nivåer av alaninaminotransferas (ALAT) var den vanligast förekommande incidenten, men samtliga fall kunde framgångsrikt behandlas med glukokortikoidpreparat. Slutsats - Genterapibehandling med rekombinanta AAV-vektorer mot hemofili A och B förefaller effektiv och säker. Förhöjda ALAT-nivåer återstår dock som en behandlingsproblematik. Längre uppföljningar av fler genterapibehandlade hemofilipatienter krävs, för att kunna dra några definitiva slutsatser, väga risker mot nytta, samt optimera och individanpassa doser. / Background - Hemophilia A and B are X-linked bleeding disorders, resulting from defects in the genes encoding coagulation factors VIII and IX respectively. The current treatment for hemophiliacs entails frequent intravenous injections of coagulation factor concentrates, to prevent potentially life-threatening hemorrhages. Gene therapy utilizing recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAV) could offer a potentially curative treatment option through the introduction of healthy genes into hepatocytes. Aim - The aim of this literature study was to investigate the long-term efficacy and safety of AAV vector-mediated gene therapy for the treatment of hemophilia A and B. Methods - The study is conducted as a systematic literature study and is based on six original articles retrieved from the search engine PubMed, using the key words "hemophilia AND gene therapy". Specific search criteria were used to facilitate the relevance assessment and selection of articles. Results - An increased endogenous coagulation factor synthesis was noted in the majority of the study participants after the gene therapy. Overall, a significant reduction in bleeding episodes and the use of factor concentrates were observed. The greatest improvements were noted in the cohorts that received the higher gene therapy doses or the mutated factor IX Padua gene. None of the study participants had an immunologic response to the transgene product. A humoral immune response against the AAV capsid was seen in all participants though. Large differences in AAV capsid-specific T-cell activation were observed. The most common adverse event was an elevation in the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level. However, these events could be controlled with glucocorticoids. Conclusions - AAV vector-mediated gene therapy for the treatment of hemophilia A and B had a positive efficacy and safety profile. Although increased ALT levels remain a concern. Monitoring of larger numbers of study participants for longer follow-up periods is necessary for any definite conclusions to be drawn, to weigh risks against benefits and to optimize individual dosing.

This study explores Franco-Papal relations, and their effect on the French Church and State, from Henri IV's conversion to Roman Catholicism in 1593 until his death in 1610. Because Henri IV's primary concern, even in matters involving the Papacy or the Gallican Church, was to protect his kingdom from Habsburg encroachment, he was willing either to abandon his Protestant allies abroad, or to adopt reform measures, such as the decrees of the Council of Trent, that might weaken his own authority or disturb the peace of his kingdom. This caused repeated conflicts with the Counter-Reformation Popes Clement VIII and Paul V, to whom the primary enemy was always the infidel and the heretic. Nevertheless both sides realized that they needed each other to maintain their independence of Spain.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:34:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Figueira Boim.pdf: 8426848 bytes, checksum: 92e3053dc6252ea8153b7a5c54a49865 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In order to systematize what should be taught and how to be taught, the Sao Paulo government set up its own education system. By resolution number 92 of the Department of Education, on 19 December 2007, set up guidelines for the curriculum Elementary and Middle schools in São Paulo State. The Proposal curriculum of the State of Sao Paulo based on a uniform curriculum with materials themselves - the student's notebook and notebook professor - developed for all levels of education. The aim is to proposed curriculum, achieve the goals of quality education launched 2010, the current management of the government of São Paulo. The Proposal curriculum of the State of Sao Paulo based on a uniform curriculum with materials themselves - the student's notebook and notebook professor - developed for all levels of education. The aim is to proposed curriculum, achieve the goals of quality education launched 2010, the current management of the government of Sao Paulo. That order was received by teachers teaching materials? What place occupies the textbook in the classroom? Is only one teacher performer? At this rate, the survey gives evidence in short-term results of the first project "Sao Paulo faz Escola", as well as the placement of teachers on the new changes / Com o objetivo de sistematizar o que deve ser ensinado e como ser ensinado, o governo paulista criou o seu próprio sistema de ensino. Pela resolução número 92 da Secretaria da Educação, em 19 de Dezembro de 2007, estabeleceram-se diretrizes para a organização curricular do Ensino Fundamental e Médio nas escolas Estaduais paulistas. A Proposta curricular do Estado de São Paulo baseia-se em um currículo uniforme com materiais didáticos próprios caderno do aluno e caderno do professor elaborados para todos os níveis de ensino. Visa-se, com a proposta curricular, atingir as metas de qualidade de ensino lançadas, até 2010, pela atual gestão do governo paulista. Em meio a mudanças significativas no seio da escola pública, a pesquisa centrou-se no projeto pedagógico São Paulo faz escola, responsável pela viabilidade da proposta curricular. Com base na voz e prática do professor(a) de história traçou-se o impacto das mudanças trazidas pelo novo currículo na sala de aula. Por meio de entrevista realizada com professores de História da rede público foram analisados os materiais didáticos assinados pelo governo paulista, e o seu uso em sala de aula. De que modo foi recebido pelo professorado os materiais didáticos? Qual lugar ocupa o livro didático na sala de aula? Será o professor apenas um executor? Com esses indicativos, a pesquisa permite evidenciar em curto prazo os primeiros resultados do projeto São Paulo faz escola, assim como, o posicionamento dos professores diante das novas mudanças

L’histoire des sites légionnaires de l’Empire romain connaît aujourd’hui un important renouveau grâce aux nombreuses recherches réalisées en Europe. C’est dans ce cadre que s’insère ce travail qui explore la présence militaire romaine à Strasbourg-Argentorate, en examinant tout particulièrement le camp de la VIIIe légion selon une perspective à la fois archéologique et historique. Cette étude se fonde sur l’analyse des sources littéraires et épigraphiques, l’interprétation de la documentation publiée et sur les résultats issus de deux récentes fouilles préventives (« Grenier d’Abondance » et « 4 rue Brûlée »). Elle révèle que l’occupation romaine débutant vers 15 ap. J.-C. coïncide en fait avec l’arrivée de la legio II Augusta dont la présence est attestée par plusieurs monuments funéraires. Entre 43 ap. J.-C. et l’arrivée de la legio VIII Augusta dans les années 90 ap. J.-C., Strasbourg n’est pas un lieu de garnison légionnaire, mais pourrait plutôt être celui de troupe(s) d’auxiliaires. Le camp de la VIIIe légion est d’abord protégé par un rempart en terre et en bois, avant d’être doté d’une enceinte en pierre (IIe s. ap. J.-C.) qui sera renforcée vers 300 ap. J.-C. Les baraquements dans le latus praetorii dextrum sont occupés jusqu’à la fin du premier quart du IVe s. ap. J.-C. Avec l’installation de civils à partir du deuxième tiers du IVe s. ap. J.-C., le camp légionnaire se transforme progressivement en site urbain fortifié qui inclut une présence militaire réduite jusqu’au début du Ve s. ap. J.-C. au moins. Ce travail permet de mieux connaître l’aspect du camp de la VIIIe légion et de réviser la chronologie de la présence militaire romaine de ce site rhénan majeur. / The history of legionary sites in the Roman Empire is undergoing a significant revival today thanks to numerous research projects being conducted in Europe. Within this context, the present study explores the Roman military presence in Strasbourg - Argentorate, and more particularly the 8th Legion’s camp, from an archaeological and historical viewpoint. This study is based on the analysis of literary and epigraphic sources, on the interpretation of published documentation and on the results of two recent rescue excavations (“Grenier d’Abondance” and “4 rue Brûlée”). It shows that the Roman occupation, beginning around 15 AD, coincides with the arrival of the legio II Augusta whose presence is attested by several funerary monuments. Between 43 AD and the settlement of the legio VIII Augusta around 90 AD, Strasbourg was not a legionary garrison, but mostly one of auxiliary troops. In its early form, the camp of the 8th Legion was protected by an earth rampart with layers of timber before being superimposed with the first stone defensive circuit around the mid-2nd century AD; that wall was reinforced around 300 AD. The barracks in the latus praetorii dextrum remained occupied until the end of the first quarter of 4th century AD. With the settlement of civilians from the second third of 4th century AD, the legionary camp gradually turned into an urban fortified site with a limited military presence, at least until the beginning of 5th century AD. This study provides detailed insight into aspects of the 8th Legion’s camp and reviews the chronology of the Roman military presence of this major Rhineland site.

In sheep, large ovarian antral follicles grow in waves with a periodicity of every 4 to 5 days; each wave is initiated by a peak in serum concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). In the present thesis, follicular data and hormone estimations acquired from daily ultrasonography and blood samples, respectively, were used to study mechanisms regulating the number of follicular waves per estrous cycle. Using additional approaches such as implants releasing estradiol-17â and or progesterone, immunization against gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), and injections of GnRH, the role of pulsed luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and FSH peaks in follicular wave emergence and growth and the dependency of FSH peaks on pulsed GnRH secretion, were studied in sheep. The viability of aged follicles was also addressed.<p> The results of the present studies showed that ewes with three or four waves per cycle had cycles of the same length. The inter-wave interval was longer for the first and the last or ovulatory wave of the cycle in three compared to four wave cycles. The length of the lifespan and regression phase of the largest follicle of a wave declined across the cycle as FSH peak concentration and amplitude decreased. The maximum follicular diameter of the largest follicle growing in the first wave and the last or ovulatory wave of the cycle was greater compared to other waves of the cycle. Treatment of anestrous ewes with estradiol releasing implants alone completely abolished pulsed LH secretion and suppressed follicular wave development; however, FSH secretion was only minimally affected and the pool of small follicles was not affected. When pulsed secretion of LH was restored by frequent injections of GnRH, follicular waves were re-established. Treatment of anestrous ewes with implants releasing estradiol and progesterone, decreased FSH peak amplitude and abolished LH pulses and follicular waves; the size of the pool of small follicles increased. Immunization against GnRH in anestrous ewes abolished pulsatile LH secretion and suppressed follicular wave emergence; however, FSH peaks continued to occur for several weeks. In cyclic ewes, creating an LH pulse frequency typical of the follicular phase, during the luteal phase of the cycle by giving GnRH, increased maximum diameter of the largest follicle in a wave and serum concentrations of estradiol and progesterone. The enhanced growth of follicles in a wave blocked the next expected FSH peak and its associated follicular wave. Decreasing LH pulse frequencies lower than the minimal frequency seen in the luteal phase, by implants releasing progesterone, did not affect the growth of follicular waves.<p> It was previously demonstrated that treatment of non-prolific WWF ewes with Prostaglandin F2á (PGF2á) and medroxy progesterone acetate (MPA) increased the ovulation rate by adding ovulations from the penultimate wave in addition to the final wave of the cycle; however, fertility was not improved. In the last study of my thesis, we collected follicles, with an extended lifespan, from the penultimate wave of the cycle in ewes given the PGF2á and MPA treatment. We compared their quality with follicles from the final wave of the cycle by looking at the expression of markers of follicular development. The results showed that theca cells of follicles from the final wave had significantly higher mRNA expression for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) compared to follicles from the penultimate wave. Granulosa cells of follicles from the final wave had significantly higher mRNA expression for connexion 43 (Cx43) compared to follicles from the penultimate wave. Protein expression for Cx43, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Factor VIII was greater in follicles from the final compared to the penultimate wave.<p> We concluded from the present studies that: 1) the mechanism that makes a three wave or four wave cycle is unclear; 2) some level of pulsatile LH secretion is required for an FSH peak to trigger emergence of follicular waves in anestrous ewes; 3) progesterone enhances the inhibitory effects of estradiol on FSH secretion in anestrous ewes, suppressing specifically FSH peak amplitude; 4) an endogenous rhythm may exist that drives the peaks in FSH secretion independent of secretory products from the follicles growing in a wave and pulsed GnRH secretion; 5) follicular waves in ewes, when exposed to an LH pulse frequency similar to the follicular phase, during the luteal phase of the cycle, when serum progesterone concentrations are high, can grow and function like ovulatory follicles growing in the follicular phase of the cycle; 6) expression of some markers of vascularization/ angiogenesis, gap-junctional communication and cell proliferation, appeared to be decreased in follicles from the penultimate compared to the final wave of an estrous cycle, when the lifespan of follicles from the penultimate wave was extended such that they were present in the ovary with follicles from the final wave of the cycle.

In sheep, large ovarian antral follicles grow in waves with a periodicity of every 4 to 5 days; each wave is initiated by a peak in serum concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). In the present thesis, follicular data and hormone estimations acquired from daily ultrasonography and blood samples, respectively, were used to study mechanisms regulating the number of follicular waves per estrous cycle. Using additional approaches such as implants releasing estradiol-17â and or progesterone, immunization against gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), and injections of GnRH, the role of pulsed luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and FSH peaks in follicular wave emergence and growth and the dependency of FSH peaks on pulsed GnRH secretion, were studied in sheep. The viability of aged follicles was also addressed.<p> The results of the present studies showed that ewes with three or four waves per cycle had cycles of the same length. The inter-wave interval was longer for the first and the last or ovulatory wave of the cycle in three compared to four wave cycles. The length of the lifespan and regression phase of the largest follicle of a wave declined across the cycle as FSH peak concentration and amplitude decreased. The maximum follicular diameter of the largest follicle growing in the first wave and the last or ovulatory wave of the cycle was greater compared to other waves of the cycle. Treatment of anestrous ewes with estradiol releasing implants alone completely abolished pulsed LH secretion and suppressed follicular wave development; however, FSH secretion was only minimally affected and the pool of small follicles was not affected. When pulsed secretion of LH was restored by frequent injections of GnRH, follicular waves were re-established. Treatment of anestrous ewes with implants releasing estradiol and progesterone, decreased FSH peak amplitude and abolished LH pulses and follicular waves; the size of the pool of small follicles increased. Immunization against GnRH in anestrous ewes abolished pulsatile LH secretion and suppressed follicular wave emergence; however, FSH peaks continued to occur for several weeks. In cyclic ewes, creating an LH pulse frequency typical of the follicular phase, during the luteal phase of the cycle by giving GnRH, increased maximum diameter of the largest follicle in a wave and serum concentrations of estradiol and progesterone. The enhanced growth of follicles in a wave blocked the next expected FSH peak and its associated follicular wave. Decreasing LH pulse frequencies lower than the minimal frequency seen in the luteal phase, by implants releasing progesterone, did not affect the growth of follicular waves.<p> It was previously demonstrated that treatment of non-prolific WWF ewes with Prostaglandin F2á (PGF2á) and medroxy progesterone acetate (MPA) increased the ovulation rate by adding ovulations from the penultimate wave in addition to the final wave of the cycle; however, fertility was not improved. In the last study of my thesis, we collected follicles, with an extended lifespan, from the penultimate wave of the cycle in ewes given the PGF2á and MPA treatment. We compared their quality with follicles from the final wave of the cycle by looking at the expression of markers of follicular development. The results showed that theca cells of follicles from the final wave had significantly higher mRNA expression for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) compared to follicles from the penultimate wave. Granulosa cells of follicles from the final wave had significantly higher mRNA expression for connexion 43 (Cx43) compared to follicles from the penultimate wave. Protein expression for Cx43, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Factor VIII was greater in follicles from the final compared to the penultimate wave.<p> We concluded from the present studies that: 1) the mechanism that makes a three wave or four wave cycle is unclear; 2) some level of pulsatile LH secretion is required for an FSH peak to trigger emergence of follicular waves in anestrous ewes; 3) progesterone enhances the inhibitory effects of estradiol on FSH secretion in anestrous ewes, suppressing specifically FSH peak amplitude; 4) an endogenous rhythm may exist that drives the peaks in FSH secretion independent of secretory products from the follicles growing in a wave and pulsed GnRH secretion; 5) follicular waves in ewes, when exposed to an LH pulse frequency similar to the follicular phase, during the luteal phase of the cycle, when serum progesterone concentrations are high, can grow and function like ovulatory follicles growing in the follicular phase of the cycle; 6) expression of some markers of vascularization/ angiogenesis, gap-junctional communication and cell proliferation, appeared to be decreased in follicles from the penultimate compared to the final wave of an estrous cycle, when the lifespan of follicles from the penultimate wave was extended such that they were present in the ovary with follicles from the final wave of the cycle.

Isaiah 7 and 8 are set against the Syro-Ephraimite war and the looming threat of an Assyrian invasion. The historical and social circumstances are laced with tension of despair and hope in the pending crisis. These two chapters are also the starting point of Isaiah prophetic utterances directed at King Ahaz and the people of Judah. From the outset of chapter 7, notions of tension between Isaiah and King Ahaz can be detected. In chapter 8, these notions of tension become further more evident in the oracles of Isaiah. Chapter 7 and 8 also contains oracles that give prominence to the three children with the symbolic names of Shear-jashub, Immanuel and Maher-shalal-hash-baz. The messages of the children’s oracles are the same that is to trust Yahweh and not to despair in their faith. This study investigates the tension between despair and hope in Isaiah 7 and 8 from a perspective of trauma and posttraumatic growth. To understand trauma within a theological discourse, more precisely, with regards to chapters 7 and 8, this study will provide an overview on trauma and trauma tendencies. This research endeavour also addresses biblical trauma and trauma in prophesy to gain an understanding how to read Isaiah 7 and 8 through a trauma lens. The expositional study of chapters 7 and 8 forms the foundation of the study to identify the notions of despair and hope within the text. A notable theme in Isaiah 7 and 8 is the tension triangle between Ahaz, Isaiah and Yahweh, and the research explores the significance thereof in the pending crisis. Isaiah 7 and 8 reports the metaphorical action behind the names of Isaiah’s children and this study attempts to address the trauma and posttraumatic growth implications of these names. These names construe a prophetic message of despair and judgment but similarly also a message of hope and future expectations. / Old Testament and Ancient Near Eastern Studies / D. Th. (Old Testament)

O tema de minha tese de doutorado é o estudo de representações da personagem histórica feminina Anna Bolena, configuradas em textos do âmbito da história e do âmbito da literatura contemporâneas. O corpus analisado na pesquisa é composto pelos romances de língua inglesa contemporâneos: The Secret Diary of Anne Boleyn (1997), da escritora estado-unidense Robin Maxwell; e Dear heart, How Like You This? (2002), da escritora australiana Wendy J. Dunn. E pelos textos do registro histórico: Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: The Most Happy (2004), de Eric Ives; e Anne Boleyn, capítulo do livro Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII (2003), de David Starkey. Ambos acreditados historiadores britânicos. Tendo em vista o corpus assinalado, busco demonstrar ao longo do estudo a tese de que tanto discursos históricos quanto discursos literários anglófonos contemporâneos constroem índices diferenciados de legitimidade e visibilidade à personagem histórica Anna Bolena; cuja importância histórica foi, até recentemente, negada e diminuída através de processos de envilecimento, deslegitimação, silenciamento e apagamento. Dentre as conclusões, destaco a confirmação da tese proposta. Ou seja, os discursos históricos e literários estudados se apropriam da figura de Anna Bolena em um movimento de resgate e reabilitação da memória apagada, fragmentada, vilanizada e demonizada da personagem histórica. Os historiadores, Ives e Starkey, reescreveram a história de Anna, com base em novas evidências surgidas no final do século XX; bem como, em uma investigação acurada e novas interpretações das informações presentes em fontes já conhecidas. O resultado é que Anne ganhou visibilidade e legitimidade históricas, na medida em que aspectos da vida dela, antes desconsiderados, como a educação e o envolvimento na Reforma Religiosa, passaram a ser representados em discursos de prestigiados historiadores britânicos. Ao se tornar o centro de discursos acreditados, Anna Bolena é legitimada e se torna visível no quadro histórico. As romancistas, Dunn e Maxwell, desconstroem mitos negativos em torno da personagem histórica ao apresentá-los sob uma nova perspectiva. Os textos literários, devido à liberdade imaginativa, que lhes é peculiar, dão ênfase, especialmente, a um aspecto não coberto pela história devido à escassez de fontes: a psicologia da personagem. Nos textos híbridos que surgem da intersecção entre literatura e história, passado e presente, ex-colônia e ex-metrópole, o passado é re-escrito com as tintas vivas de um presente marcado por movimentos e expressões de descolonização. / The theme of my PhD research is the study of representations of Anne Boleyn in texts from contemporary literature and history. The corpus analyzed in the research is composed of the novels The secret diary of Anne Boleyn, by the North American novelist Robin Maxwell; and Dear heart, how like you this?, by the Australian novelist Wendy J. Dunn. And the historical texts Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, by Eric Ives; and "Anne Boleyn", chapter of the book Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII, by David Starkey. Both are credited British Historians. Considering the corpus, I demonstrate the thesis that contemporary Anglophone historical discourses, as well as, contemporary Anglophone literary discourses, build different hints of legitimacy and visibility to the historical character Anne Boleyn, whose importance was denied and diminished, until a short time ago. And so it is. The literary and historical discourses analyzed appropriate the image of Anna Bolena in a movement towards rescuing and rehabilitating her memory, which was erased, fragmented, vilified, and demonized. The historians, Ives and Starkey, wrote new versions of her life history based on new evidence found at the end of the twentieth century, as well as, on accurate investigation and fresh interpretations of old sources. They included, in their report, aspects not considered before, such as her education and her participation in the English Religious Reformation. The result of all these procedures is that Anne achieved visibility and legitimacy in the historical scene. The novelists, Dunn and Maxwell, deconstruct negative myths about Anne Boleyn presenting them according to a new perspective. The literary texts, because of their imaginative freedom, especially emphasize an aspect that, due to lack of sources, is not covered by history: the psychology of the character. In these hybrid texts that emerge from the intersection between literature and history, past and present, former metropolis and former colony, the past is re-written with the vivid colors of the present, that are marked by movements and expressions of de-colonization.

O tema de minha tese de doutorado é o estudo de representações da personagem histórica feminina Anna Bolena, configuradas em textos do âmbito da história e do âmbito da literatura contemporâneas. O corpus analisado na pesquisa é composto pelos romances de língua inglesa contemporâneos: The Secret Diary of Anne Boleyn (1997), da escritora estado-unidense Robin Maxwell; e Dear heart, How Like You This? (2002), da escritora australiana Wendy J. Dunn. E pelos textos do registro histórico: Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: The Most Happy (2004), de Eric Ives; e Anne Boleyn, capítulo do livro Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII (2003), de David Starkey. Ambos acreditados historiadores britânicos. Tendo em vista o corpus assinalado, busco demonstrar ao longo do estudo a tese de que tanto discursos históricos quanto discursos literários anglófonos contemporâneos constroem índices diferenciados de legitimidade e visibilidade à personagem histórica Anna Bolena; cuja importância histórica foi, até recentemente, negada e diminuída através de processos de envilecimento, deslegitimação, silenciamento e apagamento. Dentre as conclusões, destaco a confirmação da tese proposta. Ou seja, os discursos históricos e literários estudados se apropriam da figura de Anna Bolena em um movimento de resgate e reabilitação da memória apagada, fragmentada, vilanizada e demonizada da personagem histórica. Os historiadores, Ives e Starkey, reescreveram a história de Anna, com base em novas evidências surgidas no final do século XX; bem como, em uma investigação acurada e novas interpretações das informações presentes em fontes já conhecidas. O resultado é que Anne ganhou visibilidade e legitimidade históricas, na medida em que aspectos da vida dela, antes desconsiderados, como a educação e o envolvimento na Reforma Religiosa, passaram a ser representados em discursos de prestigiados historiadores britânicos. Ao se tornar o centro de discursos acreditados, Anna Bolena é legitimada e se torna visível no quadro histórico. As romancistas, Dunn e Maxwell, desconstroem mitos negativos em torno da personagem histórica ao apresentá-los sob uma nova perspectiva. Os textos literários, devido à liberdade imaginativa, que lhes é peculiar, dão ênfase, especialmente, a um aspecto não coberto pela história devido à escassez de fontes: a psicologia da personagem. Nos textos híbridos que surgem da intersecção entre literatura e história, passado e presente, ex-colônia e ex-metrópole, o passado é re-escrito com as tintas vivas de um presente marcado por movimentos e expressões de descolonização. / The theme of my PhD research is the study of representations of Anne Boleyn in texts from contemporary literature and history. The corpus analyzed in the research is composed of the novels The secret diary of Anne Boleyn, by the North American novelist Robin Maxwell; and Dear heart, how like you this?, by the Australian novelist Wendy J. Dunn. And the historical texts Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, by Eric Ives; and "Anne Boleyn", chapter of the book Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII, by David Starkey. Both are credited British Historians. Considering the corpus, I demonstrate the thesis that contemporary Anglophone historical discourses, as well as, contemporary Anglophone literary discourses, build different hints of legitimacy and visibility to the historical character Anne Boleyn, whose importance was denied and diminished, until a short time ago. And so it is. The literary and historical discourses analyzed appropriate the image of Anna Bolena in a movement towards rescuing and rehabilitating her memory, which was erased, fragmented, vilified, and demonized. The historians, Ives and Starkey, wrote new versions of her life history based on new evidence found at the end of the twentieth century, as well as, on accurate investigation and fresh interpretations of old sources. They included, in their report, aspects not considered before, such as her education and her participation in the English Religious Reformation. The result of all these procedures is that Anne achieved visibility and legitimacy in the historical scene. The novelists, Dunn and Maxwell, deconstruct negative myths about Anne Boleyn presenting them according to a new perspective. The literary texts, because of their imaginative freedom, especially emphasize an aspect that, due to lack of sources, is not covered by history: the psychology of the character. In these hybrid texts that emerge from the intersection between literature and history, past and present, former metropolis and former colony, the past is re-written with the vivid colors of the present, that are marked by movements and expressions of de-colonization.

Korstågen har haft stor inverkan på världshistorien. De stora krigshärarna som drog ut i strid i främmande områden lämnade ett blodigt spår efter sig där de drog fram i Mellanöstern, Baltikum, Spanien såväl som i södra Frankrike. Korstågen gestaltar dessutom det kontroversiella ämnet om relationen mellan religion och politik som har genomsyrat historien och som är av lika stor vikt i modern tid. Korstågen har därför en särskild plats inom historievetenskap, fiktion såväl som modern politisk agenda. Denna studie ämnar lyfta fram användandet av Gud och religiösa uttryck i påvliga brev mellan 1145 och 1215 för att, genom en adaptering av Foucaults diskurs- samt maktanalys, påvisa hur makt användes genom religiösa uttryck och vad Foucault kallar för pastoral makt. Syftet med denna studie är att skapa en större förståelse för religiöst inflytande under medeltiden samt hur den religiösa makten manifesterades i påvliga brev.