O objetivo desta tese foi analisar as representações e as políticas de controle para as mortes violentas na Tríplice Fronteira Brasil-Paraguai-Argentina. A teoria de base foi a da Criminologia Cultural e a abordagem foi comparativa. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de pesquisa documental e de entrevistas realizadas mediante um questionário semi-estruturado. A análise desses dados resultou na conclusão de que as forças culturais dominantes do lado brasileiro representam as letalidades relacionadas aos mercados ilícitos transnacionais. No lado paraguaio verificou-se uma divisão entre os motivadores relacionados ao narcotráfico e aos motivadores não relacionados ao narcotráfico. Por fim, no lado argentino predomina a representação sobre motivadores interpessoais. No Brasil, como consequência dessas representações para a formulação de políticas ocorreu a implementação de políticas de controle com perfis distintos: duas fases são políticas de urbanização e uma de operações policiais. A primeira política foi o Projeto “Beira Rio”, que promoveu a remoção das favelas que estavam na barranca do rio Paraná. Uma das consequências dessa política foi o aumento das taxas de letalidades em Foz do Iguaçu, entre os anos 1993 a 2006. A segunda política adotada no lado brasileiro foi a intensificação das forças de segurança para coibir o “circuito sacoleiro”. O resultado imediato dessa política foi o desencadeamento de uma série de mudanças nas práticas ilícitas, que se difundiram para toda a região. Como consequência, as taxas de letalidades de Foz do Iguaçu caíram a partir do ano de 2006, mas difundiram-se para os municípios vizinhos A terceira política de controle está em desenvolvimento e trata-se do Projeto “Beira Foz”, que ganhou apoio da Itaipu Binacional e dos governos estadual e federal. No lado argentino, a construção da “Avenida Costaneira” com caráter urbanístico não influenciou no comportamento das letalidades em Puerto Iguazú. No lado paraguaio, a reestruturação da Praça San Blas e das “Etapas I, II, III e IV” também não influenciaram no comportamento das taxas das mortes violentas. A política implantada para conter o “circuito sacoleiro” pelo Brasil não foi arquitetada pelas forças culturais do local, mas implementadas pelo governo federal, juntamente com o governo do estado do Paraná, por pressões do governo americano, em um plano maior de seguridade para a Tríplice Fronteira: a “guerra ao terror”, com o propósito de atingir o comércio dos árabes de Ciudad del Este. Essa intervenção revela que a Tríplice Fronteira e suas questões de segurança não foram pensadas somente em nível local, mas também em nível nacional e global. O setor subcultural brasileiro contraria a ideia de que a fronteira e esses mercados transnacionais seriam os causadores das mortes violentas. Esses espaços periféricos, inflados pelos mercados ilícitos, fazem valer os códigos de conduta e os códigos de honra. / The objective of this thesis was to analyze the representations and control policies for violent deaths in the Triple Border Brazil-Paraguay-Argentina. The basic theory was the Cultural Criminology and the approach was comparative. Data were obtained from desk research and interviews conducted by a semi-structured questionnaire. Analysis of these data resulted in the conclusion that the dominant cultural forces of the Brazilian side represent the lethality related to transnational illicit markets. On the Paraguayan side there was a division among the motivators related to drug trafficking and motivators unrelated to drug trafficking. Finally, on the Argentine side dominates the representation of interpersonal motivators. In Brazil, the consequences of these representations for the formulation of control policies were the implementation of control policies with different profiles: two phases are development policies and police operations. The first policy was the “Beira Rio” Project, which promoted the removal of slums that were in the Paraná river gorge. One consequence of this policy was the increase in mortality rates in Foz do Iguaçu, between the years 1993-2006. The second policy adopted on the Brazilian side was the intensification of security forces to curb the “sacoleiro circuit”. The immediate result of this policy was the development of a series of changes in the illicit practices that have spread to the entire region. As a result, the Foz do Iguaçu mortality rates fell from 2006, but spread to neighboring municipalities The third control policy is under development and it is the “Beira Foz” Project, which won support from Itaipu Binacional and the state and federal governments. On the Argentine side, the construction of the “Costanera Avenue” with urban character did not influence the behavior of lethality in Puerto Iguazú. On the Paraguayan side, the restructuring of the San Blas Square and the “Stages I, II, III and IV” did not influence the behavior of rates of violent deaths. The policy implemented to contain the “sacoleiro circuit” in Brazil, was not architected for cultural local forces, but implemented by the federal government, along with the government of the state of Paraná, by the American government pressures in a larger plan of security for Triple Frontier: the “war on terror”, in order to achieve trade of the Arabs of Ciudad del Este. This intervention shows that the Triple Border and its security issues have not been thought only locally, but also nationally and globally. The Brazilian subcultural sector contradicts the idea that the border and these transnational markets would be the cause of violent deaths. These peripheral areas, inflamed by illicit markets, do enforce codes of conduct and codes of honor. / El objetivo de esta tesis es analizar las representaciones y las políticas de control de las muertes violentas en la triple frontera Brasil-Paraguay-Argentina. La teoría básica fue la criminología cultural y el enfoque fue comparado. Los datos se obtuvieron a partir de la investigación documental y entrevistas realizadas por un cuestionario semi-estructurado. El análisis de estos datos dio lugar a la conclusión de que las fuerzas culturales dominantes del lado brasileño representan las letalidades relacionadas con los mercados ilícitos transnacionales. En el lado paraguayo había una división entre los motivadores relacionados con el tráfico de drogas y motivadores no relacionadas con el tráfico de drogas. Por último, en el lado argentino domina la representación de los motivadores interpersonales. En Brasil, como resultado de estas representaciones para la formulación de políticas se puso en práctica políticas de control con diferentes perfiles: dos fases son las políticas de desarrollo y una de operación policial. La primera política fue el Proyecto “Beira Rio”, que promueve la eliminación de los barrios pobres que estaban en la garganta del río Paraná. Una consecuencia de esta política fue el aumento de las tasas de mortalidad en Foz de Iguazú, entre los años 1993-2006. La segunda política adoptada en el lado brasileño fue la intensificación de las fuerzas de seguridad para frenar el “circuito sacoleiro”. El resultado inmediato de esta política fue el desarrollo de una serie de cambios en las prácticas ilícitas que se han extendido a toda la región Como resultado, la tasas de la mortalidad de Foz de Iguazú disminuyeron a partir de 2006, sino que se extienden a los municipios vecinos. La tercera política de control está en desarrollo y que es el Proyecto “Beira Foz”, que obtuvo el apoyo de la Itaipú Binacional y los gobiernos estatales y federales. En el lado argentino, la construcción de la “Avenida Costanera” con carácter urbano no influyó en el comportamiento de letalidad en Puerto Iguazú. En el lado paraguayo, la reestructuración de la plaza de San Blas y las “Etapas I, II, III y IV” no influyó en el comportamiento de las tasas de muertes violentas. La política implementada para contener el “circuito sacoleiro” por el Brasil no fue arquitectura para las fuerzas locales culturales, pero aplicadas por el gobierno federal, junto con el gobierno del estado de Paraná, por las presiones del gobierno estadounidense en un plan más amplio de seguridad para Triple Frontera: la “guerra contra el terror”, con el fin de lograr un comercio de los árabes de Ciudad del Este. Esta intervención se comprobara que la Triple Frontera y sus problemas de seguridad no se han pensado sólo a nivel local, sino también a nivel nacional como a nivel mundial. El sector subcultural brasileña contradice la idea de que la frontera y estos mercados transnacionales serían la causa de las muertes violentas. Estas áreas periféricas, inflamados por los mercados ilícitos, hacer cumplir los códigos de conducta y códigos de honor.

Evangelical Lutheran Church in America / Este estudio nace de una experiencia particular de violencia y de la observación de la misma en la vida cotidiana y práctica pastoral de un barrio pobre de Lima. Aplicaré el método fenomenológico existencial para recuperar mi historia a través del recuerdo de cómo fue la relación en el espacio doméstico. Este método trata de construir pensamiento valorando la historia de las mujeres y recuperando la misma en una dinámica más amplia que se extiende a su relación con el otro y con la otra. A partir de allí, intentar hacer un análisis epistemológico sobre la violencia con mediación de género, para entender los procesos sociales construidos de los sujetos involucrados en este sistema de violencia. Los sujetos denominados víctima y agresor inter-actúan en esta trama social compleja en primer momento y se focaliza al agresor en segundo momento. Para procurar entender cómo la mediación de género devela esquemas regidos por la lógica patriarcal que atraviesa todo el tejido social, donde el agresor -resultado de una construcción social- merece también especial atención. Esta aproximación a la construcción de la identidad masculina señala algunas pistas para entender los mecanismos que tienden a perpetuar la supremacía masculina, que impiden establecer relaciones justas entre hombres y mujeres. Lo paradoxal y desafiante de este estudio es ver al agresor como una víctima más de la ideología patriarcal y buscar la manera de reconciliarlo a través de la demanda bíblica del perdón porque la justicia que lo sanciona con leyes no detuvo la violación. No se pretende justificar al agresor por el delito cometido sino brindar elementos que sirvan de análisis para la prevención del abuso. El tercer y último capítulo aborda lo masculino en la iglesia y partir de allí elaborar una propuesta de trabajo pastoral considerando un análisis teológico en la perspectiva de brindar elementos que sirvan en primera instancia a la propia iglesia para acompañar un trabajo con hombres violentos. / This research is born out of my personal experience of violence and also out of my personal observation of daily life and pastoral work in a poor neighborhood in Lima. I will employ the phenomenological method in order to retrieve my history from memories about my relationship at home. This method attempts to value women history and also to retrieve it out of a wider dynamic that englobes the relationship between women and men and between women and other women. I will, then, try to make an epistemological analysis of violence, in order to understand the social process of violence. The focus of the analysis will be the concept of gender. In the first moment I will analize the relationship between agressor and victim, then the focus is on the aggressor. I will try to undestand the role of gender to uncovering the patriarcal axis that rules the social fabric. In order to do that, will be necessary to focus also on the agressor as a product of the social system. This approach to the male identify construction offers some clues to understand the mechanism that leads into the perpetuation of male supremacy , which, on other hand, prevents just and equal reationships between men and women from taking place. The paradoxal and the challenging elements in this work are the view of the agressor as a victim of the patriarchal ideology and the search for a way of reconciliation between agressor and victim based on biblical claim of forgiveness, once the justice has not solved the problem through the sanctions enforcement. I do not intend to justify the agressor way, but to offer elements that help to build a proposal for violence preventing. The third chapter focus on the role of men in church, in order to design a pastoral plan theologically informed that plan as its major goal to help the church to develop pastoral work for violent men.

O objetivo desta tese foi analisar as representações e as políticas de controle para as mortes violentas na Tríplice Fronteira Brasil-Paraguai-Argentina. A teoria de base foi a da Criminologia Cultural e a abordagem foi comparativa. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de pesquisa documental e de entrevistas realizadas mediante um questionário semi-estruturado. A análise desses dados resultou na conclusão de que as forças culturais dominantes do lado brasileiro representam as letalidades relacionadas aos mercados ilícitos transnacionais. No lado paraguaio verificou-se uma divisão entre os motivadores relacionados ao narcotráfico e aos motivadores não relacionados ao narcotráfico. Por fim, no lado argentino predomina a representação sobre motivadores interpessoais. No Brasil, como consequência dessas representações para a formulação de políticas ocorreu a implementação de políticas de controle com perfis distintos: duas fases são políticas de urbanização e uma de operações policiais. A primeira política foi o Projeto “Beira Rio”, que promoveu a remoção das favelas que estavam na barranca do rio Paraná. Uma das consequências dessa política foi o aumento das taxas de letalidades em Foz do Iguaçu, entre os anos 1993 a 2006. A segunda política adotada no lado brasileiro foi a intensificação das forças de segurança para coibir o “circuito sacoleiro”. O resultado imediato dessa política foi o desencadeamento de uma série de mudanças nas práticas ilícitas, que se difundiram para toda a região. Como consequência, as taxas de letalidades de Foz do Iguaçu caíram a partir do ano de 2006, mas difundiram-se para os municípios vizinhos A terceira política de controle está em desenvolvimento e trata-se do Projeto “Beira Foz”, que ganhou apoio da Itaipu Binacional e dos governos estadual e federal. No lado argentino, a construção da “Avenida Costaneira” com caráter urbanístico não influenciou no comportamento das letalidades em Puerto Iguazú. No lado paraguaio, a reestruturação da Praça San Blas e das “Etapas I, II, III e IV” também não influenciaram no comportamento das taxas das mortes violentas. A política implantada para conter o “circuito sacoleiro” pelo Brasil não foi arquitetada pelas forças culturais do local, mas implementadas pelo governo federal, juntamente com o governo do estado do Paraná, por pressões do governo americano, em um plano maior de seguridade para a Tríplice Fronteira: a “guerra ao terror”, com o propósito de atingir o comércio dos árabes de Ciudad del Este. Essa intervenção revela que a Tríplice Fronteira e suas questões de segurança não foram pensadas somente em nível local, mas também em nível nacional e global. O setor subcultural brasileiro contraria a ideia de que a fronteira e esses mercados transnacionais seriam os causadores das mortes violentas. Esses espaços periféricos, inflados pelos mercados ilícitos, fazem valer os códigos de conduta e os códigos de honra. / The objective of this thesis was to analyze the representations and control policies for violent deaths in the Triple Border Brazil-Paraguay-Argentina. The basic theory was the Cultural Criminology and the approach was comparative. Data were obtained from desk research and interviews conducted by a semi-structured questionnaire. Analysis of these data resulted in the conclusion that the dominant cultural forces of the Brazilian side represent the lethality related to transnational illicit markets. On the Paraguayan side there was a division among the motivators related to drug trafficking and motivators unrelated to drug trafficking. Finally, on the Argentine side dominates the representation of interpersonal motivators. In Brazil, the consequences of these representations for the formulation of control policies were the implementation of control policies with different profiles: two phases are development policies and police operations. The first policy was the “Beira Rio” Project, which promoted the removal of slums that were in the Paraná river gorge. One consequence of this policy was the increase in mortality rates in Foz do Iguaçu, between the years 1993-2006. The second policy adopted on the Brazilian side was the intensification of security forces to curb the “sacoleiro circuit”. The immediate result of this policy was the development of a series of changes in the illicit practices that have spread to the entire region. As a result, the Foz do Iguaçu mortality rates fell from 2006, but spread to neighboring municipalities The third control policy is under development and it is the “Beira Foz” Project, which won support from Itaipu Binacional and the state and federal governments. On the Argentine side, the construction of the “Costanera Avenue” with urban character did not influence the behavior of lethality in Puerto Iguazú. On the Paraguayan side, the restructuring of the San Blas Square and the “Stages I, II, III and IV” did not influence the behavior of rates of violent deaths. The policy implemented to contain the “sacoleiro circuit” in Brazil, was not architected for cultural local forces, but implemented by the federal government, along with the government of the state of Paraná, by the American government pressures in a larger plan of security for Triple Frontier: the “war on terror”, in order to achieve trade of the Arabs of Ciudad del Este. This intervention shows that the Triple Border and its security issues have not been thought only locally, but also nationally and globally. The Brazilian subcultural sector contradicts the idea that the border and these transnational markets would be the cause of violent deaths. These peripheral areas, inflamed by illicit markets, do enforce codes of conduct and codes of honor. / El objetivo de esta tesis es analizar las representaciones y las políticas de control de las muertes violentas en la triple frontera Brasil-Paraguay-Argentina. La teoría básica fue la criminología cultural y el enfoque fue comparado. Los datos se obtuvieron a partir de la investigación documental y entrevistas realizadas por un cuestionario semi-estructurado. El análisis de estos datos dio lugar a la conclusión de que las fuerzas culturales dominantes del lado brasileño representan las letalidades relacionadas con los mercados ilícitos transnacionales. En el lado paraguayo había una división entre los motivadores relacionados con el tráfico de drogas y motivadores no relacionadas con el tráfico de drogas. Por último, en el lado argentino domina la representación de los motivadores interpersonales. En Brasil, como resultado de estas representaciones para la formulación de políticas se puso en práctica políticas de control con diferentes perfiles: dos fases son las políticas de desarrollo y una de operación policial. La primera política fue el Proyecto “Beira Rio”, que promueve la eliminación de los barrios pobres que estaban en la garganta del río Paraná. Una consecuencia de esta política fue el aumento de las tasas de mortalidad en Foz de Iguazú, entre los años 1993-2006. La segunda política adoptada en el lado brasileño fue la intensificación de las fuerzas de seguridad para frenar el “circuito sacoleiro”. El resultado inmediato de esta política fue el desarrollo de una serie de cambios en las prácticas ilícitas que se han extendido a toda la región Como resultado, la tasas de la mortalidad de Foz de Iguazú disminuyeron a partir de 2006, sino que se extienden a los municipios vecinos. La tercera política de control está en desarrollo y que es el Proyecto “Beira Foz”, que obtuvo el apoyo de la Itaipú Binacional y los gobiernos estatales y federales. En el lado argentino, la construcción de la “Avenida Costanera” con carácter urbano no influyó en el comportamiento de letalidad en Puerto Iguazú. En el lado paraguayo, la reestructuración de la plaza de San Blas y las “Etapas I, II, III y IV” no influyó en el comportamiento de las tasas de muertes violentas. La política implementada para contener el “circuito sacoleiro” por el Brasil no fue arquitectura para las fuerzas locales culturales, pero aplicadas por el gobierno federal, junto con el gobierno del estado de Paraná, por las presiones del gobierno estadounidense en un plan más amplio de seguridad para Triple Frontera: la “guerra contra el terror”, con el fin de lograr un comercio de los árabes de Ciudad del Este. Esta intervención se comprobara que la Triple Frontera y sus problemas de seguridad no se han pensado sólo a nivel local, sino también a nivel nacional como a nivel mundial. El sector subcultural brasileña contradice la idea de que la frontera y estos mercados transnacionales serían la causa de las muertes violentas. Estas áreas periféricas, inflamados por los mercados ilícitos, hacer cumplir los códigos de conducta y códigos de honor.

A violência e a agressividade fazem são parte integral do comportamento humano. Crianças criadas em ambientes violentos apresentam maior chance de desenvolver psicopatologias como ansiedade e depressão, apresentam menor desempenho escolar e regulação alterada do eixo de resposta ao estresse. Os mecanismos que levam a tais desfechos são complexos e difíceis de estudar em humanos. Até o presente momento, não existem modelos animais especificamente desenvolvidos para estudo do ambiente violento precoce e suas consequências. O presente trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento e caracterização de um modelo animal para estudo do impacto do ambiente violento precoce sobre o desenvolvimento, com validade de construto, validade de face (aparente) e validade preditiva. Para tal, utilizamos o estresse social durante a lactação pela inserção de um macho intruso na caixa moradia da fêmea e sua prole por 5 minutos durante o ciclo claro nos dias 3, 5, 7 e 9 de vida pós-natal. Os desfechos avaliados para validade de face foram ansiedade juvenil e adulta, resposta ao estresse e capacidade cognitiva. Os desfechos avaliados para validade preditiva foram os efeitos da variação do comportamento maternal sobre os desfechos que conferem validade de face ao modelo. A intervenção com macho intruso teve forte impacto sobre a prole e a genitora. Houve redução do comportamento de amamentação nos 30 minutos após cada intervenção em comparação com ninhadas controles em horário semelhante. As genitoras do grupo violência apresentaram aumento da fração de corticosterona plasmática ligada a proteínas. Filhotes machos do grupo violência apresentaram redução da concentração basal de corticosterona 30-40 minutos após a segunda intervenção, perdurando na idade juvenil e adulta. A intervenção levou ao aumento do comportamento semelhante a ansiedade na idade juvenil em machos e fêmeas. Filhotes machos apresentaram aumento do comportamento semelhante à ansiedade e redução no desempenho cognitivo na idade adulta, além de redução da massa corporal ao longo de toda a vida e resposta exacerbada ao estresse psicológico repetido na idade adulta. Comportamentos maternais tidos como de qualidade (amamentação com dorso arqueado e lambida) foram frequentemente relacionados com proteção contra os efeitos do ambiente violento. Ansiedade da genitora teve correlação direta com os desfechos deletérios sobre os filhotes. Os desfechos de validação esperados foram confirmados. A Intervenção se mostrou um modelo consistente de ambiente violento precoce, com validade de construto, de face e preditiva. / Violence and aggressive behavior are part of human society from the begining. Although there are several public policies for violence control, it is still common and its consequences are present in modern society. Children raised in a violent environment have increased odds of developing psychopathology, like anxiety and depressive behavior, show decreased school performance and poor regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Mechanisms underlying those outcomes are complex and difficult to study in humans. Until present time, there are no animal models developed specifically for the study of early violent environment and its consequences. The aim of the present study was to develop and describe an animal model of early violent environment, with construct validity, face validity and predictive validity. We choose social stress during lactancy by the insertion of a male intruder in the dams home cage in the presence of its offspring as an intervention. A adult male rat was inserted for 5 minutes in dams home cage on post-natal days 3, 5, 7 and 9, during lights-on period. The outcomes assessed for face validity were Anxiety, stress response and cognitive performance. The outcomes assessed for predictive validity were maternal care variation and its impact on anxiety, cognitive performance and stress response regulation. The selected intervention had strong effects on the dams and offspring. Nursing behavior was decreased on the 30 minutes after each intervention. Violent environment dams displayed a shift in plasma corticosterone from the free to the bound fraction. Male pups showed decreased plasma corticosterone 30-40 minutes after the second intruder session, lasting throughout life. Male and female pups had increased juvenile anxiety. Male pups had increased anxiety, decreased cognitive performance and increased response to repeated psychological stress in adulthood. Maternal care quality was frequently associated with reduction better outcomes in the offspring. Maternal anxiety was found to be correlated to deleterious outcomes in the offspring. The intervention proved to be a consistent model of early violent environment, showing strong construct validity, face validity and predictive validity.

Abstract: This thesis argues that taking a strategic sustainable development (SSD) approach to conflict resolution in areas of the world in long-term intractable conflict with intermittent violence could support an effective process and lasting outcome. SSD proposes a holistic systems perspective and decision-making framework to address challenges and opportunities at the largest scale, including identifying root causes and drivers of the conflict as well as finding common ground internally and externally. The currently unbalanced dynamics between the two fundaments of sustainability, a robust ecosystem and social fabric, are the basis of deeply unsustainable patterns of behaviour which are often also at the heart of conflicts. Socio-ecological unsustainability can be both a threat, and an opportunity for resolution and social change. The framework offers a proven way of organizing, evaluating and using tools that can aid in dealing with sustainability issues constructively, and evidence is presented to suggest its usage can be extended to conflict issues. This thesis analyzes the links between sustainability, strategic sustainable development and conflict resolution work in the areas of conflict described, and proposes a set of guidelines for approaching conflict resolution with SSD.

Cette thèse a pour visée principale de faire avancer les connaissances de la littérature concernant les différences hommes-femmes dans le trouble de stress aigu (TSA) et le trouble de stress post-traumatique (TSPT), chez une population de victimes d’actes criminels graves (VAC). L’étude comprend deux objectifs principaux. Tout d’abord, l’évaluation de la présence et de l’intensité de réactions péri-traumatiques, soit la dissociation et la détresse. Ensuite, nous avons étudié si ces facteurs étaient associés à la survenue d’un TSA, chez les VAC et s’ils prédisaient différemment le TSA en fonction du genre. Dans le cadre d’un deuxième article et comme objectif secondaire de la thèse, l’impact des réactions péri-traumatiques a aussi été vérifié, mais cette fois sur le développement subséquent d’un TSPT. Également pour cet objectif, nous nous sommes concentrés sur le rôle du genre dans la prédiction de la relation. Des entrevues d’évaluation clinique ont été effectuées auprès de 214 victimes (125 femmes). Plus précisément, le TSA a été évalué, dans le cadre de l’article 1 à l’aide de l’Acute Stress Disorder Interview (ASDI), puis le TSPT à l’aide de l’entrevue semi-structurée du SCID pour une mesure diagnostique catégorielle et avec l’échelle modifiée des symptômes traumatiques (ÉMST), dans l’article 2. Cette échelle produit un score en continu de sévérité et de fréquence des symptômes. Les variables péri-traumatiques ont été évaluées à l’aide de questionnaires auto-rapportés, soit le Questionnaire des expériences dissociatives péri-traumatiques et l’Inventaire de détresse péri-traumatique. Les résultats du premier article démontrent que les femmes vivraient globalement plus de détresse péri-traumatique que les hommes, alors qu’il n’y aurait pas de différence de genre pour les expériences dissociatives. Ces réactions péri-traumatiques seraient toutes deux des prédicteurs d’un TSA tant chez les hommes que les femmes. Des différences de genre seraient présentes dans l’association de la détresse et du TSA lorsque des évènements potentiellement traumatiques passés étaient considérés. Pour les hommes, une présence élevée de détresse péri-traumatique et plusieurs antécédents de potentiels évènements traumatiques les rendraient plus vulnérables au développement d’un TSA. Chez les femmes, de potentiels traumas antérieurs augmenteraient le risque de présenter des symptômes du TSA seulement lorsqu’un niveau élevé de détresse péri-traumatique était présent lors du crime. Le deuxième article de la thèse démontre à nouveau que les réactions péri-traumatiques sont des facteurs de risque, mais cette fois pour le développement d’un TSPT. Cependant, aucune différence de genre n’a été observée concernant la capacité prédictive de ces variables. En effet, quelques mois après l’événement, la dissociation et la détresse péri-traumatiques demeurent des variables d’intérêt à considérer pour prévenir la survenue d’un TSPT, mais ce tant pour les victimes hommes que femmes. Cette deuxième étude a également confirmé l’importance du trouble de stress aigu comme facteur de risque au développement d’un TSPT chez une population de victimes d’actes criminels violents. Ces résultats, les limites de l’étude, des pistes de recherche futures, ainsi que les implications cliniques pour le traitement du TSA et du TSPT seront discutés de manière détaillée dans cette thèse doctorale. / This thesis aimed to contribute to the acute stress disorder (ASD) and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) literature in terms of gender differences among crime victims. Precisely, we were interested in the intensity and presence of peritraumatic reactions namely, dissociation and distress, among men and women victims of violent crimes. Two objectives were pursued. First, we evaluated whether peritraumatic dissociation and distress were significant risk factors for ASD development and if these acute stress reactions’ predictive capacity, differed according to gender. A second objective was to investigate if peritraumatic dissociation and distress significantly predicted PTSD development according to gender. Globally, in this research project, we were interested in determining the impact of gender in the prediction of the above-mentioned relationship . Semi-structured interviews; the Acute Stress Disorder Interview (ASDI) in the first article and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) in the second article were conducted with 214 victims (125 women, Mage=39.6yrs) to assess ASD and PTSD respectively. Data on peritraumatic variables were collected through self-report questionnaires, the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experience Questionnaire and the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory. Peritraumatic dissociation and distress were both significant risk factors for ASD in men and women. Women presented higher peritraumatic distress levels compared to men victims. Gender differences were revealed through past potential traumatic experiences, where they have a cumulative impact on ASD risk development for men, but having few past potential traumas could be a protective factor for women. In the second article, findings reveal that acute stress variables were both significantly related to more PTSD symptoms, although no gender differences were identified. An acute stress disorder diagnosis was also confirmed as an important predictor of PTSD in victims of violent crimes. These results, study limitations, directions for future research as well as clinical implications for ASD and PTSD treatment will be discussed.

The indirect victim's experience of suicide and the victimisation resulting from the incident was studied. The Indirect Victim's Experience Model of a Suicide Incident (see Figure 2.1) was designed as a theoretical framework to direct the research findings and for the interpretation of data. A qualitative exploratory approach was used and a group of 20 respondents was selected by means of purposive and snowball sampling methods. All the respondents were interviewed personally. The interpretation and analysis of the data showed that the assumptions based on Janoff-Bulman and Frieze's theory and certain societal myths regarding suicide still exist. These assumptions and myths could subconsciously have an influence on the nature and extent of the victimisation experienced by the next of kin. The respondents themselves accepted these assumptions and myths. Research findings further showed that these assumptions are affected upon receiving the news of the suicide, while myths are destroyed. This could have an influence on the victim's experience of suicide. Every indirect victim functions before, during and after the suicide incident within a specific family and social system. The way in which the indirect victim experiences the support and integration from within the family and social system, determines the acceptance or non-acceptance of the death by suicide of a significant other. This will also have an influence on the indirect victim's reintegration into society in the short and long term. The need of the indirect victim to be involved within a family and society was clearly identified during the study. These findings made it possible to make practical recommendations with regard to the indirect victim's experience of suicide. Society should be informed about the realities and results of suicide. In addition, these findings highlighted further areas for research. / Thesis (MA (Criminology))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

Våldsbrottsutvecklingen har varit en central fråga i den offentliga debatten desenaste åren och LPO Storgöteborg Nordost har skildrats som ett av Sveriges mestbrottsutsatta områden. Polisen i nordöstra Göteborg har på senare år intensifieratdet proaktiva arbetet med bland annat utökad hot spot-patrullering ochimplementering av kameraövervakning. Samtidigt påträffas brister i polisensanalys- och uppföljningsarbete vilket förorsakar bristande kunskap ombrottsutvecklingen och tillämpade åtgärders brottsförebyggande effekter. Genomatt studera brottsutvecklingen över tid går det att identifiera mönster ochförändringar i brottslighetens omfattning och struktur, vilket kan användas somunderlag för mer problemorienterade analyser. Syftet med föreliggande uppsats ärföljaktligen att redogöra för hur det anmälda gatuvåldet har utvecklat sig ilokalpolisområdet mellan åren 2014-2018. Uppsatsen ämnar även att bidra medkunskap till hur utvecklingen kan förstås i termer av brottsförebyggande åtgärderspotentiella effekter. Det samlade resultatet av analyserna indikerar på naturligafluktuationer av gatuvåldet i nordöstra Göteborg de senaste åren, med undantagför år 2016 då anmälda brott ökade signifikant. Våldet tenderar att vara klustrattill särskilda platser och genom s.k. near repeat analyser kan bland annatkonstateras att risken för upprepade personrån bedöms vara hög. Samtidigtpåträffas en tydlig minskning på några av de särskilt brottsutsatta platser som varitföremål för en rad polisiära insatser de senaste åren, vilket skulle kunna indikerapå att polisens kraftansträngningar har gett resultat. Enligt poliserna själva finnsdet emellertid en antydan om att brottsligheten, istället för att minska, förflyttastill närliggande områden. Sammanfattningsvis konstateras att bidragande faktorertill utvecklingen kan vara många och att fler studier behövs som undersökerbrottsligheten i relation till åtgärdernas preventiva förmåga, för att få en mernyanserad bild av brottsutvecklingen. / The development of violent crime has been a central topic in the public debate ofrecent years and Local Police District of Northeast Gothenburg has beendescribed as one of Sweden’s most exposed areas. Northeast Gothenburg policehave in recent years intensified the proactive work with, among other things,increased hot spot policing and implementation of CCTV cameras. At the sametime, deficiencies are found in the police's analysis and follow-up work, whichcauses a lack of knowledge about crime development and the crime preventioneffects of applied measures. By studying crime development over time it ispossible to identify patterns and changes in the extent and structure of crime,which can be used as a basis for more problem-oriented analyses. The purpose ofthis thesis is to describe how reported street violence has developed in the localpolice area between 2014-2018. This paper also aims to contribute knowledge onhow this development can be understood in terms of the potential effects of crimeprevention measures. The overall result of the analyses indicates naturalfluctuation of street violence in Northeast Gothenburg in recent years, with theexception of 2016 when reported offenses increased significantly. Violence tendsto be clustered in specific places and near-repeat analysis demonstrates a greatrisk of repeated muggings. At the same time, a clear reduction is found in some ofthe particularly crime-exposed locations that have been the subject of a series ofpolice efforts in recent years. This could indicate that police efforts have yieldedresults. However, according to the police themselves, there is a suggestion thatcrime, rather than reducing, is spreading to neighboring areas. In conclusion,contributing factors to the development can be many and more studies are neededto investigate crime in relation to the preventive ability of those measures, in orderto get a more nuanced picture of crime development.

Alors que depuis 2015, en France, la menace terroriste d’inspiration jihadiste s’avère prégnante, protéiforme et durable, sa détection s’impose dorénavant comme un enjeu fondamental pour les services de renseignement soumis à des missionsd’une sensibilité accrue. Le volume important d’ individus détectés et suivis au titre de la radicalisation violente d’inspiration jihadiste, a entraîné un redimensionnement des services de renseignement français depuis ces quatre dernières années. Leur rôle et leur implication s’inscrivent désormais au travers d’une démarche proactive mise en oeuvre par des moyens humains réévalués mais aussi soutenue par des procédés techniques toujours plus élaborés et encadrés par un droit du renseignement récent qui a su s’imbriquer au sein d' un arsenal juridique antiterroriste en plein essor. Si le droit du renseignement est un droit d'exception permettant aux services de renseignement de bénéficier de pouvoirs exorbitants, pour autant, il est strictement encadré et soumis à des contrôles institutionnels et juridictionnels prévus par la loi. La restructuration des services français de renseignement, depuis 2015, afin de s’adapter à ses nouveaux défis, semble avoir atteint le niveau d’efficacité requis pour lutter contre le processus de radicalisation violente d’inspiration jihadiste et ainsiéviter le passage à l’acte. Mise sous la pression constante d’une obligation de résultats, la communauté des services de renseignement français doit, parallèlement, agir sous une contrainte juridique permanente afin d’atteindre ses buts sans pour autant négliger le format des moyens mis en oeuvre. / Since 2015, France is facing a more acute and multifaceted jihadist-inspired terrorist threat. This crisis is intended to be a long -lasting one and early detection is becoming a priority issue for intelligence services who are subject to more and more sensitive missions.The increasing amount of detected individuals for jihadist-inspired radicalization has led to a resizing of French Intelligence apparatus over the four past years. Their role and involvement are nowadays more proactive, supported by a rescaling of the human resources and abilities to use more sophisticated intelligence techniques. The latter needed to be framed by a renewed intelligence itself properly nested into the booming counter-terrorist legal framework.The restructuring of the French Intelligence services since 2015, decided in order to face its new challenges, seems to have completed the required level of efficiency when dealing with violent jihad-inspired violence and thus the subsequent action. Intelligence law is a law of exception allowing an outrageous power to intelligence services. Though, it remains strictly monitored andsubmitted to judicial and constitutional review provided by the law. French Intelligence community has to work under a dual obligation of law abiding procedures and results obligation to reach its goals without ever neglecting the proper form about the implemented means.

The "Death penalty as a response to the growing brutality of criminal offenses" diploma thesis discusses the increasing trend of the violent and brutal criminality and the resolution possibilities of the situation. As the main goal of this thesis, the author deals with the idea whether returning the death penalty back into our justice system would be the right response to the increasing degree of brutality of violent criminals. In the theoretical part, the term "death penalty" is explained in general, as well as its history and use. Next the thesis acquaints us with the use of the death penalty on our territory in the past and its legislative question in our history. The next part of the theoretical part is a comparison of the several past years in the development of violent criminal offenses and their brutality in the Czech Republic. The empirical part of the thesis is focused on the research of the public opinion of the citizens of the Czech Republic and the USA regarding the degree of the increasing trend of brutal criminal offenses as well as their opinion on the use of the death penalty. The development of criminality in the USA is described here, as well as the use of the death penalty there. Another point is the evaluation of the situation of the use of the death penalty in the world. The...