Bakgrund: Med snabb start av hjärt- lungräddning (HLR) och tidig defibrillering ökar chansen för överlevnad då en patient drabbats av hjärtstopp. Intensivvårds- och anestesisjuksköterskan, som ingår i hjärtstoppsteamet, har en viktig roll när de lämnar sin ordinarie avdelning för att hjälpa till och stötta andra kollegor i den akuta situationen på en vårdavdelning. En situation som kan vara till grund för både positiva och negativa upplevelser. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva intensivvårds- och anestesisjuksköterskors upplevelser före, under och efter hjärtstoppslarm hos vuxna patienter på vårdavdelning. Metod: Kvalitativ ansats med deskriptiv design användes för att genomföra studien. Data samlades in via semistrukturerade intervjuer som transkriberades ordagrant. Sedan analyserades data med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Sju intensivvårdssjuksköterskor och fyra anestesisjuksköterskor som medverkat vid minst två hjärtstopp på vårdavdelning intervjuades. Huvudresultat: Resultatet sammanställdes i tre huvudkategorier: Känslomässiga upplevelser, Kommunikation och samarbetets betydelse i teamet samt Praktiska möjligheter och hinder. Huvudfynden var att specialistsjuksköterskorna upplevde olika typer av känslor före, under och efter ett hjärtstoppslarm på vårdavdelning. För mycket personal inne på salen försämrade upplevelsen av situationen. HLR-utbildning, en tydlig ledare i teamet samt tillgången till material var viktiga faktorer. Slutsats: Att arbeta som ett team vid ett hjärtstoppslarm på vårdavdelning var, enligt intensivvårds- och anestesisjuksköterskorna, ett meningsfullt och spännande uppdrag. Specialistsjuksköterskorna som ingick i hjärtstoppsteamet ställdes ofta inför nya utmaningar och påfrestande situationer där vikten av samarbete, kommunikation och utbildning var avgörande för de upplevelser som kunde uppstå. / Background: When a patient suffers a cardiac arrest at the general ward, the chance of survival increases with early initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation. The intensive care nurse and nurse anesthetists, who is a part of the cardiac arrest team, has an important role when they leave their own ward to go and help and support other colleagues at the emergent situation at the general ward. A situation that can be perceived as both positive and negative. Aim: The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of the intensive care nurses and nurse anesthetists before, during and after cardiac arrest alarms in adult patients at general wards. Method: A qualitative approach with a descriptive design was used to conduct the study. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews which were transcribed verbatim. Then the data were analyzed using a qualitative content analysis. Seven intensive care nurses and four nurse anesthetists who had participated in at least two cardiac arrests at the general ward were interviewed. Findings: Three significant main categories were identified: Emotional experiences, Communication and the importance of teamwork and Practical opportunities and obstacles. The main findings were that the nurse specialists experienced different kinds of emotions before, during and after a cardiac arrest alarm at the general ward. Too much staff in the room worsened the experience of the situation. CPR-training, a clear leader in the team and the availability of material were important factors. Conclusion: To work as a team on a cardiac arrest alarm at the general ward were, according to the intensive care nurse and nurse anesthetists, a meaningful and exciting assignment. The nurse specialists who were a part of the cardiac arrest team were often faced with new challenges and stressful situations where teamwork, communication and education were crucial for the experiences that could occur.

[pt] Resumo: O desenvolvimento da imagem se confunde com a história da arte e da humanidade, por ser considerada o meio de representação que possibilitou o surgimento da linguagem escrita. A cada momento da história, a imagem se comunica com o meio exterior de forma cada vez mais rápida e eficiente, contribuindo direta e decisivamente com o progresso material. É inegável que a massificação da mídia, tanto impressa quanto televisiva, desenvolveu a propaganda a níveis globais. Isso teve grande relevância para alçar o direito à própria imagem ao que ele é hoje: um atributo da personalidade humana. O direito à imagem permite aos indivíduos o direito de controlar o uso de sua imagem, voz, nome, semelhança, e a forma como é percebido pela sociedade. Isso significa que os indivíduos têm o direito de autorizar ou proibir o uso de sua imagem em qualquer meio, incluindo fotografia, filme, televisão e mais recentemente, também no ambiente virtual. Esta dissertação tem por objetivo traçar um panorama da evolução do direito à imagem no Brasil, partindo da análise histórica do instituto, sua evolução na doutrina brasileira e na jurisprudência do Superior Tribunal de Justiça. Tendo como referencial teórico o artigo Como os Tribunais Superiores vêm honrando a Constituição Cidadã, de Eugenio Facchini Neto, nossa metodologia de pesquisa parte da análise de 42 acórdãos julgados pelas duas turmas de direito privado do STJ, expostos em ordem cronológica, desvendando os fundamentos que levaram à edição do Verbete 403, de 2009, bem como, em seguida, de sua aplicação até os nossos dias. O trabalho pretende oferecer uma sistematização panorâmica do direito à imagem, abordando seu conceito, seus contornos e suas características principais, além de revelar por meio de pesquisa empírica, como ele vem sendo tutelado no STJ ao longo dos últimos trinta anos. / [en] Abstract: Image s development is confused with history of art and humanity because it is considered the means of representation that enabled the emergence of written language. At every moment of history, image communicate with the external environment more and more quickly and efficiently, contributing directly and decisively to material progress. It is undeniable that the massification of the media, both print and television, has developed propaganda at global levels. This had great relevance to raise the right to one s own image to what it is today: an attribute of the human personality. The right of one s image allows individuals the right to control the use of their image, voice, name, likeness, and the way it is perceived by society. This means that individuals have the right to authorize or prohibit the use of their image in any medium, including photography, film, television and more recently, also in the virtual environment. This dissertation aims to outline an overview of the evolution of the right of one s image in Brazil, starting from the historical analysis of the institute, its evolution in Brazilian doctrine and in the jurisprudence of the Superior Court of Justice. Having as theoretical reference the article How the Superior Courts have been honouring the Citizen Constitution, by Eugenio Facchini Neto, our research methodology starts from the analysis of 42 judgments judged by the two classes of private law of the STJ, exposed in chronological order, unveiling the fundamentals that led to the edition of Entry 403, of 2009, as well as, then from its application to the present day. The work intends to offer a panoramic systematization of the right to one s image, addressing its concept, its contours, and its main characteristics, in addition to revealing through empirical research, how it has been protected by Brazilian Court of Justice over the last thirty years.

<p>This dissertation identifies four American novels published between 2016 and 2018—Colson Whitehead’s <em>The Underground Railroad</em> (2016), Jesmyn Ward’s <em>Sing, Unburied, Sing</em> (2017), Celeste Ng’s <em>Little Fires Everywhere</em> (2017), and Tommy Orange’s <em>There There</em> (2018)—that deploy a multifocal narrative structure to facilitate readers’ ethical engagement with their content. Specifically, these novels’ narrative structures guide readers through spatial reading, or reading across numerous characters’ perspectives of a shared space instead of with the grain of chronological time. Contextualizing these novels within the nation’s shifting racial beliefs initiated by the election of Barack Obama in 2008 and the election of Donald Trump in 2016, I argue that, in these novels, multifocalization and the spatial reading it activates dismantle the cognitive schemas and cultural discourses that sustain unjust racial ideologies. Spatial reading engages readers in acts of rereading and contextualization that diverge from the practices of generalization and erasure affiliated with myths of racial progress and the rhetoric of colorblindness, and it accordingly builds readers’ capacity to acknowledge racism as systemic, structural, and multifaceted. By emphasizing how each novel facilitates readers’ racial literacy, this project diverges from and complicates the widespread belief that the humanities contribute to antiracism by building readerly empathy, instead championing how the humanities impart upon readers the tools to analyze and critique systemic racism. </p>

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In dieser Arbeit wird eine systematische Methode gegeben um die Amplituden in (skalarer) Quantenelektrodynamik und nicht-Abelsche Eichtheorien in Schwinger-parametrische Form zu schreiben. Dies wird erreicht in dem der Zähler der Feynmanregeln im Impulsraum in einem Differentialoperator umgewandelt wird. Dieser Differentialoperator wirkt dann auf den parametrichen Integranden der skalaren Theorie. Für die QED ist das am einfachsten, weil die Leibnizregel hier nicht nötig ist. Im Fall der sQED und den nicht-Abelsche Eichtheorien stehen die Beiträge der Leibnizregel in Verbindung mit 4-valente Vertices. Eine andere Eigenschaft dieser Methode ist, dass mit dem hier benutzten Renormierungsschema die Subtraktionen für 1-scale Graphen signifikante Vereinfachungen verursachen. Weiterhin wurden die Ward-Identitäte für die genannten drei Theorien studiert. / In this thesis a systematic method is given for writing the amplitudes in (scalar) quantum electrodynamics and non-Abelian gauge theories in Schwinger parametric form. This is done by turning the numerator of the Feynman rules in momentum space into a differential operator. It acts then on the parametric integrand of the scalar theory. For QED it is the most straightforward, because the Leibniz rule is not involved here. In the case of sQED and non-Abelian gauge theories, the contributions from the Leibniz rule are satisfyingly related to 4-valent vertices. Another feature of this method is that in the used renormalization scheme, the subtractions for 1-scale graphs cause significant simplifications. Furthermore, the Ward identities for mentioned three theories are studied.

Le Haut-Arctique est caractérisé par de nombreux phénomènes climatiques et géomorphologiques extrêmes. Les températures très froides, les faibles précipitations et la couverture végétale disparate permettent une pénétration en profondeur du froid dans le sol. Ceci, combiné à un grand nombre de cycles de gel et de dégel, donne naissance à différentes formes de surface qui affectent les dynamiques d’évolution du pergélisol et induisent une variabilité verticale et latérale de la distribution des teneurs en glace dans le sol. Ce mémoire porte sur l’influence d’un lobe de solifluxion de type rocheux sur les dynamiques d’évolution du pergélisol sur l’île Ward Hunt, Nunavut (Canada). En utilisant une approche cryostratigraphique, les objectifs sont de caractériser la cryostratigraphie d’un lobe de solifluxion, ce qui permettra de proposer un modèle d’évolution du pergélisol en lien avec le déplacement de matériel par solifluxion. L’analyse cryostratigraphique a révélé que la formation du lobe de solifluxion a mené au développement syngénétique d’une couche de pergélisol avec une teneur en glace variant en fonction de la morphologie du lobe, et à l’enfouissement et la préservation d’un corps de glace massive préexistant en bas de pente. La succession verticale et latérale des cryofaciès fait état du déplacement du lobe et de l’impact que ce dernier a sur la variabilité spatiale et temporelle du pergélisol, et ce, tant sur les aspects d’aggradation liés à l’accumulation de matériel en surface que sur les aspects de dégradation associés aux réchauffements climatiques actuels. / The high Arctic is characterized by many extreme climatic and geomorphologic phenomena. Very cold temperatures, low precipitation and sparse vegetation cover, permit a deep penetration of cold in the soil. The latter, combined with a great number of freeze-thaw cycles, give rise to different surface features which in turn affect permafrost evolution dynamics and induce a vertical and lateral variability of the ice content distributions in the soil. This thesis focusses on the influence of a stone-banked solifluction lobe on permafrost evolution dynamics on Ward Hunt Island, Nunvut (Canada). By using a cryostratigraphic approach, the objectives are first, to characterize the cryostratigraphy of a solifluction lobe and second, to propose an evolution model of permafrost in reaction to the downslope displacement of material by solifluction. The cryostratigraphic analysis revealed that the solifluction lobes formation lead to the development of a syngenetic layer of permafrost with an ice content that varied according to the morphology of the lobe, and to the burial and preservation of a pre-existing body of massive ice at the base of the slope. The vertical and lateral sequence of the cryofacies presents the displacement of the lobe and its impact on spatial and temporal variability of the permafrost, that being, the aspects of aggradation related to the accumulation of material at the surface as well as degradation due to the actual climatic warming.

Le nouveau conservatisme noir voit le jour dans les années 1975-1980 et s’impose comme une idéologie singulière, représentée par une élite intellectuelle (Thomas Sowell, Shelby Steele, Glenn Loury, Stephen L. Carter) graduellement institutionnalisée dans l’establishment conservateur. L’initiative personnelle, le self-help et le rejet des programmes politiques libéraux constituent les axes majeurs de cette doctrine. Les néoconservateurs afro-américains manifestent une grande confiance dans les principes économiques du libre-échange et rejettent l’interventionnisme d’État en faveur de la communauté raciale. L’attaque contre l’affirmative action s’accompagne du plaidoyer pour l’instauration de la norme de color blindness. Les actions entreprises dans le but de mettre un terme aux traitements préférentiels accordés aux minorités et aux femmes sont attentivement organisées par les acteurs de la droite américaine. Un réseau bien coordonné d’individus, des fondations conservatrices, organisations et groupes de réflexion se consacre à la promotion des stratégies color blind. Ward Connerly, homme d’affaires noir de Californie, est à la tête du mouvement pour l’abolition des traitements préférentiels accordés aux minorités et aux femmes. Bénéficiant d’un soutien fort de la part des institutions conservatrices, ses campagnes contre la politique préférentielle se concrétisent dans les États de Californie, du Washington, du Michigan et du Nebraska. / The new Black Conservatism emerges between 1975-1980 and is considered as a unique ideology. Its major representatives are intellectuals (Thomas Sowell, Shelby Steele, Glenn Loury, Stephen L. Carter) who are gradually “institutionalized” and integrated into the conservative establishment. Personal initiative, self-help and the contestation of liberal political programs represent the major axes of this ideology. Black neoconservatives greatly rely on the principles of free market economics and reject state interventionism in favor of the African-American community. Their attack on affirmative action is accompanied by attempts at instituting color blind politics. Actions undertaken in order to outlaw preferential treatment granted to minorities and women constitute a carefully organized operation. A well coordinated network of individuals, conservative foundations, organizations and think tanks are connected in this process and dedicate their efforts to advancing a color blind agenda. Ward Connerly, a black businessman from California, leads the movement for the abolition of preferential treatments granted to women and minorities. With the help of conservative institutions, his campaigns against preferential treatment put a ban of affirmative action in the States of California, Washington, Michigan and Nebraska.

The aim of this study is to gain insight into professional`s experiences of interdisciplinary collaboration between the municipality and the forensic ward. The study was intended to contribute to an increased understanding of the professional`s experiences of what is considered to work and what is considered to lack in the interdisciplinary collaboration between the municipality and the forensic ward. The study`s empirical data was obtained through eight semi-structured interviews with five social workers from the social services and three counselors`s at the forensic ward. National and international previous research in interdisciplinary collaboration that was relevant for my study has been obtained. For the analyze I combined previous research, the result from my interviews and my theoretical framework. Conclusions show that the professionals believe that communication between social services and forensic psychiatry is good and that both parties focus on the individual patient. Conclusions also show that insufficient knowledge regarding the organizations, work areas, responsibility, and resources and that the legislation is different. All the interviewees have a wish to improve and develop the collaboration between them.

In dieser Dissertation werden Aspekte von superkonformen Quantenfeldtheorien untersucht, die für die sogenannte AdS/CFT Korrespondenz relevant sind. Die AdS/CFT Korrespondenz beschreibt eine Dualität zwischen Stringtheorien im Anti-de Sitter Raum und superkonformen Quantenfeldtheorien im Minkowskiraum. In diesem Kontext wurde die sog. Wilsonschleifen / Amplituden Dualität entdeckt, die die Übereinstimmung von n-Gluon MHV Amplituden und n-seitigen polygonalen Wilsonschleifen in der N=4 supersymmetrischen Yang-Mills (SYM) Theorie beschreibt. Im ersten Teil dieser Dissertation wird die Wilsonschleifenseite einer solchen möglichen Dualität in der N=6 superkonformen Chern-Simons (ABJM) Theorie untersucht. Das Hauptergebnis dieser Untersuchungen ist, dass der Erwartungswert der n-seitigen polygonalen Wilsonschleifen auf Einschleifenebene verschwindet, während er auf Zweischleifenebene in seiner funktionalen Form identisch zu der analogen Wilsonschleife in N=4 SYM auf Einschleifenniveau ist. Außerdem wird eine anomale konforme Wardidentität für Wilsonschleifen in Chern-Simons Theorie berechnet. Zudem werden die damit im Zusammenhang stehenden Entwicklungen für Amplituden und Korrelatoren in der ABJM Theorie diskutiert. Im zweiten Teil dieser Dissertation werden Dreipunktfunktionen von zwei geschützten Operatoren und einem Twist-Zwei Operator mit beleibigem Spin j in der N=4 SYM Theorie berechnet. Dafür werden die Indizes des Spin j Operators auf den Lichtkegel projiziert und der Korrelator wird in einem Grenzfall untersucht in dem der Impuls der bei dem Spin j Operator einfließt verschwindet. Dieser Grenzfall vereinfacht die perturbative Berechnung erheblich, da alle Dreipunktdiagramme effektiv auf Zweipunktdiagramme reduziert werden und die Abhängigkeit der Mischungsmatrix auf Einschleifenebene herausfällt. Das Ergebnis stimmt mit der Analyse der Operatorproduktentwicklung von Vierpunktfunktionen geschützter Operatoren von Dolan und Osborn aus dem Jahre 2004 überein. / In this thesis aspects of superconformal field theories that are of interest in the so-called AdS/CFT correspondence are investivated. The AdS/CFT correspondence states a duality between string theories living on Anti-de Sitter space and superconformal quantum field theories in Minkowski space. In the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence the so-called Wilson loop / amplitude duality was discovered, stating the equality of the finite parts of n-gluon MHV amplitudes and n-sided lightlike polygonal Wilson loops in N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills (SYM) theory. It is the subject of the first part of this thesis to investigate the Wilson loop side of a possible similar duality in N=6 superconformal Chern-Simons matter (ABJM) theory. The main result is, that the expectation value of n-sided lightlike polygonal Wilson loops vanishes at one-loop order and at two-loop order is identical in its functional form to the Wilson loop in N=4 SYM theory at one-loop order. Furthermore, an anomalous conformal Ward identity for Wilson loops in Chern-Simons theory is derived. Related developments and symmetries of amplitudes and correlators in ABJM theory are discussed as well. In the second part of this thesis we calculate three-point functions of two protected operators and one twist-two operator with arbitrary even spin j in N =4 SYM theory. In order to carry out the calculations, the indices of the spin j operator are projected to the light-cone and the correlator is evaluated in a soft-limit where the momentum coming in at the spin j operator becomes zero. This limit largely simplifies the perturbative calculation, since all three-point diagrams effectively reduce to two-point diagrams and the dependence on the one-loop mixing matrix drops out completely. The result is in agreement with the analysis of the operator product expansion of four-point functions of half-BPS operators by Dolan and Osborn in 2004.

The study reports on the perceptions of the midwives and pregnant women of the PMTCT of HIV programme at the antenatal care and maternity ward at the Johan Heyns Community Health Centre. A qualitative approach was adopted to conduct the study. Purposive sampling was used to select participants and was informed by social behavioural theories. Data was collected using interviews and analysed using thematic categorisation. The findings show that at the first PMTCT encounter participants had little to no knowledge of the PMTCT programme, generally displayed a lack of interest, experienced emotional distress, and fear at the thought of having to disclosing their HIV-positive status to their partners/family and had certain trepidations about participating in the PMTCT programme. The participants’ perception on their roles was that their roles were interlinked, midwife needs the recipients (pregnant woman) and pregnant woman needs the provider (midwife) therefore one cannot do PMTCT without the other. The study recommends that the capacity building of pregnant women be optimised, that PMTCT awareness campaigns for women of childbearing age should be a priority and PMTCT skills to be prerequisite for midwives deployed to ANC clinics and maternity ward units. / Health Studies / M. A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV/AIDS)