本篇論文研究股票市場流動性以及權證到期後在不同的投資人情緒程度時之間的關係。我們使用臺灣期貨交易所的VIX指數作為投資人情緒的指標，研究在深度價內的權證到期後對股票市場造成的交易集中效果。整體而言，當投資人情緒相對較低時，權證到期後對股票市場流動性的增強效果較為明顯。另一方面，當投資人情緒相對較高時，交易集中對股票市場流動性的改善效果較不明顯。在價格方面，股票流動性的增加對價格帶來的正面影響，其效果在投資人情緒較低時較為明顯。當投資人情緒愈來愈高時，其效果愈不顯著。此現象可歸因於投資人在套利與避險等操作上的行為有所改變所致。 / This paper examines the relation between the stock liquidity and warrants expiration in different extent of investor sentiment which is represented by VIX in Taiwan. We study the effect of trading consolidation by examining the response of liquidity and stock prices to the exercise of deep in-the-money call warrants. In general, the results indicate that the stock liquidity is improved apparently by market consolidation since warrants expired when investor sentiment is relatively low. On the other hand, the effect is insignificant when VIX is relatively high. Further, the price increase is positively related to post-exercise improvement in the stock liquidity when VIX is relatively low. While VIX rises, the relation gets feeble gradually. This phenomenon might be due to investors’ buying behavior such as arbitrage or hedge trading varying with different kinds of market situation.

It is widely believed that we have immediate, introspective access to the content of our own thoughts. This access is assumed to be privileged in a way that our access to the thought content of others is not. It is also widely believed that, in many cases, thought content is individuated according to properties that are external to the thinker's head. I will refer to these theses as privileged access and content externalism, respectively. Though both are widely held to be true, various arguments have been put forth to the effect that they are incompatible. This charge of incompatibilism has been met with a variety of compatibilist responses, each of which has received its own share of criticism. In this thesis, I will argue that a contrastive account of self-knowledge is a novel compatibilist response that shows significant promise.

Det har skett en nästintill explosionsartad utveckling på den svenska marknaden för hävstångsinstrument under de senaste åren och en mängd nya produktinnovationer och emittenter har dykt upp. Handeln med Mini Futures är väl utbredd i Europa där det funnits under en längre tid, och produkten lanserades för några år sedan på den svenska marknaden. Syftet med denna uppsats är att kartlägga både emittenter och konsumenters syn på Mini Futures och analysera om dessa hävstångsinstrument är lämpliga för vanliga småsparare. Likaså vill vi undersöka produktens potential och hur framtidsutsikterna kan se ut på den svenska marknaden. Vi har genomfört en kvalitativ studie där vi intervjuat personer som arbetar med eller i nära anknytning till handeln med hävstångsinstrument. Studien har även kompletterats med en kvantitativ enkätundersökning för att lyfta in investerarnas perspektiv. Respondenterna bestod av medlemmar i Unga Aktiesparare som vi anser de intresse som krävs för att kunna ge trovärdiga svar. Då Mini Futures är en relativt ny produkt är forskningen inom området högst begränsad. Vi har därför byggt upp vår teoretiska referensram med teorier som påverkar börshandeln i allmänhet, bland annat börspsykologi, risker och portföljteori. För att kunna förstå moderna investerarbeteenden har vi också tagit med en del forskning om generation Y. I vår analys har vi vävt ihop våra informanters röster med resultaten från vår enkätundersökning samt sökt stöd i den teoretiska referensramen. Detta har sedan analyserats utifrån valda områden: Risk och möjlighet, Hävstång i portföljen, Kunskap och marknadsföring, Förutsättningar för emittenternas val samt Framtid och utveckling. I de slutsatser som presenteras i uppsatsen berör vi bland annat hur sparandet i Mini Futures bör förhålla sig till traditionellt sparande, för vilka personer som det inte är lämpligt att handla med Mini Futures, i vilket syfte produkten kan användas samt hur utvecklingen kommer se ut på den svenska marknaden. Avslutningsvis ger vi rekommendationer på framtida forskning inom området. / There has been a boom on the Swedish market for leveraged products and a whole new set of product innovations and issuers have emerged. Trading in Mini Futures is widely spread in Europe and the product was launched on the Swedish market a few years ago. The purpose of this paper is to identify both issuers and consumers' views on Mini Futures and analyze if these leveraged products are suitable for small time investors. Also, we want to explore the potential of the product and what future prospects look like on the Swedish market. We conducted a qualitative study where we interviewed people who work in close association with, and have a vast knowledge of, leveraged instruments. In order to raise the investor’s perspective we have also supplemented this study with a quantitative survey. The respondents consisted of members from the Young Shareholders Association which we consider have a good awareness of the market. Mini Futures is a relatively new product and research in this field is very limited. Therefore we had to build our theoretical framework with theories that affect the stock market in general. For example stock market psychology, risk and portfolio theory. In order to understand modern investor behavior, we also included some research on Generation Y. In the analysis, we combine the empirical research results with the results of the survey and sought support from the theoretical framework. This was then analyzed from selected areas Risk and opportunity, Leverage in the portfolio, Knowledge and marketing, Conditions for the issuers´s choice, Future options and development. The conclusions presented in this paper concerns how the savings in Mini Futures should relate to traditional savings, which individuals are not appropriate to trade with Mini Futures, for which purposes the product can be used and how the future development will look like on the Swedish market. Finally, we give recommendations for future research in the area.

Warrants are modern investment gear product. They are emitted by famous financial institution and dedicated for small investors. The main object of this diploma thesis is to analyse warrants. In first part of the thesis is theoretical background of warrants, pricing models, etc. Second part is mainly focused on investment strategies and stockjobbing. In the last part is comparsion to other financial products and also practical investment introduction are included.

The purpose of this project is to evaluate the safety and operational differences between three left-turn treatments: permitted, protected, and protected-permitted left-turn phasing. Permitted phasing allows vehicles to turn left after yielding to any opposing vehicles; protected phasing provides an exclusive phase for vehicles to turn left that does not allow opposing vehicles; and protected-permitted phasing combines the previous phasing alternatives, allowing vehicles to turn after yielding while also providing some green time for protected left-turns.As part of evaluating the differences between these left-turn treatments, crashes before and after the change at intersections that had experienced a permanent change from one phase alternative to another were compared. The crashes that took place at these intersections were compared with the number of crashes experienced at a baseline set of intersections. A general increase in total crashes was observed for most intersections, and an increase in left-turn crashes per million entering vehicles was also observed in intersections that had experienced a change from protected to protected-permitted phasing; no other clear trends were observed.The research team also gathered simulated data using VISSIM traffic modeling software and safety data were extracted from these simulations using the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM) created by the Federal Highway Administration to identify decision boundaries between each left-turn treatment. The simulations modeled intersections with 1-, 2-, and 3-opposing-lane configurations with permitted and protected-permitted models (split into green times of 10-, 15-, and 20-seconds) for a total of 12 different simulation models. Each model was divided into 100-225 different volume scenarios, with incremental increases in left-turn vs. opposing volumes. By exporting trajectory files from VISSIM and importing these files into SSAM, crossing conflicts for each volume combination in each model were identified and extracted. These were then entered into MATLAB to create contour maps; the contours of these maps represent the number of crossing conflicts per hour associated with different combinations of left-turn and opposing volume. Basic decision boundaries were observed in the contour maps for each model. To extract an equation to estimate each boundary, JMP Pro statistical analysis software was used to perform a linear regression analysis and develop natural log-based equations estimating the decision boundaries for each configuration and phase alternative. These equations were then charted using Excel and final decision boundaries were developed for the 1-, 2-, and 3-lane configurations between permitted and protected-permitted phasing as well as between protected-permitted and protected phasing.

雖然許多研究已針對認股權證評價進行調整，但是其價格低估的問題仍無法解決。因此，本文將探討認股權證發行對股價報酬動態過程的影響。本文將證實是否認股權證發行將影響其標的股價之動態過程，倘若股價報酬的動態過程已反應了認股權證發行的潛在稀釋效果，則進行充分調整的股權稀釋模型將低估認股權證的價格。為了確認在評價認購權證時充分調整稀釋效果的必要性，本文將檢測權證發行對股票報酬過程的影響。本文利用延伸Garch-M模型，導出四個檢驗稀釋效果的模型。實證結果顯示，在發行認股權證之後，股價報酬的變異數顯著降低，該結果在釐清股權稀釋效果與不對稱效果之後，該稀釋效果依然顯著。 / As the underestimation of warrants remains unsolved after many adjustments presented by previous researchers, we further investigate the impact of the warrant introduction on the underlying stock return processes. This research attempts to determine whether the introduction of warrants influences the return processes of underlying stocks. If the introduction creates a potential dilution effect in stock return processes, full dilution adjustment pricing models would lead to underestimation. To exam whether full dilution adjustments are required for warrant pricing, the GARCH-M model has been extended to derive four models for testing the dilution effect on stock return processes. Empirical results show that the volatilities of underlying stock return processes are significantly reduced following warrant introduction even after clarification and distinguishing dilution from asymmetric effect.

Révolution dans l’ordre juridique international pénal, le mandat d’arrêt européen a été la traduction, concrète, d’un espace judiciaire européen en matière pénale. La création du mandat d’arrêt européen est né du constat d’un décalage, dont tirait profit la criminalité : alors que la liberté de circulation des biens, des services et des personnes était devenue une réalité au sein de l’Union européenne, l’effet des décisions de justice, expression de la souveraineté étatique, restait confiné aux limites frontalières nationales de chaque Etat membre. Visant à remplacer le système classique d’extradition au sein de l’Union européenne, en imposant à chaque autorité judiciaire nationale de reconnaître, moyennant un contrôle minimum, une demande de remise émanant de l’autorité judiciaire d’un autre Etat membre, le mandat d’arrêt européen est la conséquence d’une volonté de coopération efficace, visant à apporter une réponse pénale, forte, à la criminalité. L’ « euromandat » a été la première application concrète du principe de reconnaissance mutuelle des décisions de justice. Pierre angulaire de la coopération pénale européenne, ce principe repose sur le préalable nécessaire et fondamental de confiance mutuelle que doivent s’accorder, entre eux, les Etats membres, quant au fonctionnement de leur système juridique pénal interne et à la qualité des décisions rendues par leurs juridictions respectives. Théoriquement, le principe de reconnaissance mutuelle des décisions de justice implique l’existence de véritables standards communs des droits fondamentaux dans l’Union européenne, en ce sens que tous les Etats membres doivent assurer, de manière équivalente, le respect des libertés individuelles, des droits de l’homme et des garanties procédurales. Pourtant, en pratique, le mandat d’arrêt européen fait courir le risque, pour un Etat membre, de remettre une personne (y compris un national), aux autorités judiciaires d’un autre Etat membre, qui ne garantirait pas, effectivement, les droits fondamentaux, en général, et les droits de la défense, en particulier. / A Revolution in the international criminal legal order, the European arrest warrant was the concrete translation of a European judicial area for criminal issues. The European arrest warrant was created to close a loophole which benefitted criminals: while the free circulation of goods, services and people had become a reality within the European Union, the effect of legal decisions, the expression of a State’s sovereignty, remained confined to the national borders of each Member State. Aimed at replacing the classic extradition system within the European Union, by forcing each national judicial authority to recognise a request to surrender a suspect, from the judicial authority of another Member State, the European arrest warrant is the result of a desire for efficient cooperation, and is intended to send a strong message to criminals. The “Euro-warrant” was the first concrete application of the principal of mutual recognition of judicial decisions. The Cornerstone of the European criminal cooperation, this principal relies on the fundamental requirement of mutual trust between the Member States, with respect to the functioning of their internal criminal justice systems and the quality of the rulings made by their respective jurisdictions. Theoretically, the principal of mutual recognition of judicial decisions implies the existence of true common standards of fundamental rights in the European Union, in the sense that all the Member States must respect individual freedoms, human rights and procedural guarantees. However, in practice the European arrest warrant runs the risk of surrendering a person (including a national) to the judicial authorities of another Member State who do not effectively guarantee the fundamental rights in general and more specifically the right to defend oneself.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcela Albuquerque Zan.pdf: 1534547 bytes, checksum: 3f461970382dc4ce5f24db44a9bbc82f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work, without pretending to exhaust the subject, aims to offer a systematic examination pertaining to bidding crimes to the Theory of Criminal Law well. Separately examining the historical evolution of the legal asset, its concept and functions, we consecrate its importance in the social and democratic rule of law. It is essential institute to give empirical basis to the Criminal Law and linking this with the reality of social values. Extending the study to the Federal Constitution, as the highest expression of the guiding principles of the legal system, the legal right to have her endorsement own dignity. In this context, the principle of minimum intervention determines that only the most expensive legal interests of individual life and society on a constitutional reading, can be part of the fragment will be safeguarded by criminal law and only the conduct that most violate these value will be criminalized . Still, it should be done considering the need of the criminal front protects the failure of other branches of law. On the study of the principle of proportionality, especially in its aspect of sealing the poor protection, criminal law and the institute is duty of the State with a view to effective action. It s essential to analyze the criminalization warrants, the universal legal values and legitimacy of abstract danger crime for the formation of a Criminal Law concatenated with the fundamentals and objectives of the Federative Republic of Brazil. Application of the Theory of Criminal Legal Values is a safe basis for critical analysis of public bidding crimes. Public bidding process is not a mere administrative procedure to choose the best contract, but is instrument for achieving social rights. So we try to show that the legal interest of specific offenses for your protection is not only the public purse, but the administrative probity and public interest of good administration. Under this test, if the criminal value has dignity and necessity of penal treatment, must be effectively guarded. The criminal policy should be optimized so that the constitutional mandate is fulfilled properly. It is from this understanding that will be assessing the public bidding crimes / O presente trabalho, sem a pretensão de esgotar o assunto, pretende oferecer um exame sistemático atinente aos crimes licitatórios à luz da Teoria do Bem Jurídico Penal. Examinando separadamente a evolução histórica do bem jurídico, seu conceito e funções, consagramos sua importância no Estado Social e Democrático de Direito. É instituto essencial a conferir base empírica ao Direito Penal e vinculação deste com a realidade dos valores sociais. Estendendo o estudo à Constituição Federal, como expressão máxima dos princípios inspiradores do ordenamento jurídico, o bem jurídico deve ter nela respaldo para possuir dignidade. Nesse contexto, o princípio da intervenção mínima determina que somente os bens jurídicos mais caros à vida individual e em sociedade, diante uma leitura constitucional, podem fazer parte do fragmento que será salvaguardado pelo Direito Penal e apenas as condutas que mais violarem esses bens serão criminalizadas. Ainda assim, deverá ser feita a análise da necessidade da tutela penal frente a insuficiência dos outros ramos do Direito. Diante do estudo do princípio da proporcionalidade, principalmente em sua vertente da vedação da proteção deficiente, o instituto do bem jurídico penal representa dever do Estado com vistas a uma atuação eficaz. Imprescindível a análise dos mandados de criminalização, dos bens jurídicos universais e da legitimação dos crimes de perigo abstrato para a formação de um Direito Penal concatenado com os fundamentos e objetivos da República Federativa do Brasil. A aplicação da Teoria do Bem Jurídico Penal é embasamento seguro para análise crítica dos crimes licitatórios. A licitação não é mero procedimento administrativo para escolha do melhor contrato, mas é intrumento de consecução de direitos sociais. Portanto, procuraremos demonstrar que o bem jurídico dos crimes tipificados para sua proteção não é somente o erário público, mas a probidade administrativa e o interesse público da boa administração. Sob este exame, se o bem jurídico penal apresenta dignidade e necessidade de tratamento penal, deve ser eficazmente resguardado. A política criminal deve ser otimizada para que o mandado constitucional seja cumprido adequadamente. É a partir desse entendimento que será feita apreciação dos crimes licitatórios

在傳統的Black-Scholes(B-S)選擇權評價公式中，並未將標的資產的漲跌幅限制(price limits)考慮進來。但是在某些國家如日本、韓國、台灣等其股票市場是有漲跌幅限制的。因此如果還是用傳統的B-S公式來評價，將會產生嚴重的誤差。而且在考慮漲跌幅限制下對於波動度(volatility)的估計，亦不同於傳統的計量方法，因為在漲跌幅限制下，價格會受到嚴重的扭曲，導致傳統的計量方法不再適用。本文的目的在推導出漲跌幅限制下選擇權之評價公式來取代B-S公式，並提供兩種估計波動度的方法，進而得出在考慮漲跌幅限制下正確的選擇權價值。我們發現距到期日越近、漲跌幅限制越小、波動度越大、越價外，標準B-S公式的評價誤差越嚴重。而本模型所推導的公式的誤差，相較B-S公式來的小。且實證結果也發現對較常碰觸漲跌停板的樣本而言利用GMM法來估計波動度較歷史波動度來的準確，其評價誤差也相對較小。

本篇論文採用了固定時段避險法，固定避險帶避險法，不足量避險法，Leland（1985）避險法以及Whalley & Wilmott（1993）效用極大避險法，用Monte-Carlo模擬，探討了當券商發行權證時，所面臨的避險組合調整問題。結果發現，在所有的避險策略當中，以Whalley & Wilmott（1993）效用極大避險法的避險績效最好。但是其他的方法，都一致支持保守的避險策略，即多調整避險組合，可以有效提高避險的績效。但是若我們改變交易成本，就會發現隨著交易成本的增加，調整避險組合的次數就要減少，否則過高的交易成本就會抵銷掉避險時的報酬。若我們改變股價的波動度設定，就會發現隨著波動度的增加，調整避險組合的次數也要增加，以免產生過高的避險誤差。此外，在存在漲跌幅限制的假設之下，避險績效都較無漲跌幅限制為佳，因為漲跌幅限制的存在，使得股價波動受到壓縮之故。而在實證資料方面，由於單一條股價不具代表性，因此無法作為有效的解釋。 第一章 緒論………………..…………...………………………....…1 第一節 研究動機與目的………………………..…………………..1 第二節 研究架構……………………………………………………2 第二章 文獻回顧………………….……..………….………………4 第三章 認購權證避險策略之績效模擬…………………...….18 第一節 五種避險策略之介紹……………………………………….18 第二節 避險策略的模擬 Monte-Carlo Simulation…………………27 第三節 模擬結果分析………………………………………………36 第四節 不同交易成本對避險績效之影響………………………….50 第五節 不同股價波動度對避險績效之影響……………………….58 第六節 每小時產生股價之影響…………………………………...67 第四章 台灣認購權證市場之避險實證分析…………..….…71 第一節 台灣上市認購權證之介紹…………………………………71 第二節 實證研究設計………………………………….………….78 第三節 避險策略績效分析…………………………….………….79 第五章 結論與建議…………………………………………….…87 參考文獻………………….…………………………………………….94 表3.1 固定時段避險法之避險績效衡量…………………………..36 表3.2 固定避險帶避險法之避險績效衡量………………………..38 表3.3 固定delta避險帶避險法之避險績效衡量…………………....40 表3.4 不足量避險法之避險績效衡量……………………………..42 表3.5 Leland法之避險績效衡量…………………………………..44 表3.6 Whalley & Wilmott法之避險績效衡量…………………….47 表3.7 交易成本為0.6％時之固定避險帶避險績效衡量…………51 表3.8 交易成本為0.9％時之固定避險帶避險績效衡量…………52 表3.9 交易成本為0.6％時之固定時段避險績效衡量…………...…54 表3.10 交易成本為0.9％時之固定時段避險績效衡量………...……56 表3.11 在波動度＝30％時之固定避險帶避險績效衡量…………..59 表3.12 在波動度＝50％時之固定避險帶避險績效衡量…………..60 表3.13 在波動度＝70％時之固定避險帶避險績效衡量…………..61 表3.14 在波動度＝30％時之固定時段避險績效衡量……………..63 表3.15 在波動度＝50％時之固定時段避險績效衡量……………..64 表3.16 在波動度＝70％時之固定時段避險績效衡量……………..66 表3.17 每小時產生股價資料之固定時段避險績效衡量…………...68 表3.18 每小時產生股價資料之固定避險帶避險績效衡量………...69 表4.1 台灣現行已發行之認購權證………………………………..77 表4.2 固定避險時段法實證避險報酬率………………………...79 表4.3 固定避險帶法實證避險報酬率…………………………...80 表4.4 不足量避險法實證避險報酬率…………………………...82 表4.5 Leland避險法實證避險報酬率…………………………...84 表4.6 Whalley & Wilmott避險法實證避險報酬率……………..…85 圖3.1 避險間隔與避險誤差、交易成本關係圖……….……………..19 圖3.2 固定時段避險法之避險績效………………………...………..37 圖3.3 固定避險帶避險法之避險績效…………………………….....39 圖3.4 固定delta避險帶避險法之避險績效…………………..….....40 圖3.5 不足量避險法之避險績效………………………………….....42 圖3.6 Leland避險法之避險績效………………………………….....45 圖3.7 Whaley & Wilmott避險法之避險績效…………………….....47 圖3.8 交易成本為0.6％時之固定避險帶避險績效…..…………….52 圖3.9 交易成本為0.9％時之固定避險帶避險績效..……………….53 圖3.10 交易成本為0.6％時之固定時段避險績效…………..…..….55 圖3.11 交易成本為0.9％時之固定時段避險績效…………..……...57 圖3.12 波動度30％之固定避險帶避險績效………..………………59 圖3.13 波動度50％之固定避險帶避險績效……………………..... 60 圖3.14 波動度70％之固定避險帶避險績效……………..…………62 圖3.15 波動度30％之固定時段避險績效…………………………..63 圖3.16 波動度50％之固定時段避險績效………..…………………65 圖3.17 波動度70％之固定時段避險績效…………………………..66