The meaning of this study is to get a perception on young athletes’ opinions about selection and their experience with selection. The study finds its starting point in when the researcher read through articles from evening papers and former studies about the effect’s selection might have on children and young adults. The study was completed by a quantitative method theory and the researcher created an inquiry that had questions who had connections with Children’s convention. Sports clubs were contacted by either email and telephone, sports clubs who accepted a participation later contacted young adults who were between ages fifteen and seventeen. The survey was sent to sports club in Värmland and the number of participants in this survey was 96. Previous research about selection clearly shows violations against the Children’s convention and results are far more important than children well-being, sports clubs explains that it is easier to explain children’s obligations than children’s rights. The result in this study shows that many young adults thinks that selection is positive but not every young adult is experiencing the same thing. Furthermore, the young athletes but not every young adult are accepting that selection is something that should be done in sports clubs in a daily basis, only in youth sports (age 15-16). Few of the young athletes have been experiencing events that is a violation against Children’s convention during a selection process. It must be done more research in this subject to get more results and show more clearly what it is happening in Swedish children and young athletes’ sports and if the Children’s convention can be used as a tool during selection. Finally, I discuss that there perhaps is not a right way for everyone to follow, because some of the young athletes’ think that early specialization works well while other young athletes’ think that you can be active in several sports. / Tidigare forskning om selektering visar tydligt att det har förekommit brott mot barnkonventionen och att resultat är viktigare än barnets utveckling samt mående. Idrottsföreningar har enligt tidigare studier visat sig lättare påpeka barns skyldigheter än barns rättigheter. Studiens syfte är att undersöka unga idrottares åsikter om selektering och deras egna erfarenheter av selektering. Arbetet grundar sig i artiklar från kvällstidningar och tidigare forskning som handlar om selektering och vilka effekter en selekteringsprocess kan ha på barn och ungdomar. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av en kvantitativ metodteori i form av en enkät som hade frågor kopplade till barnkonventionen. Idrottsföreningar blev kontaktade genom mail och telefon. Idrottsföreningar som valde att medverka i studien ombads sprida den till ungdomar som var femton till sjutton år gamla. Enkäten skickades ut till flertalet idrottsföreningar i Värmland, där antalet respondenter som besvarade enkäten var 96. Resultatet i denna studie visade att en del av ungdomarna upplever att selektering är positivt, men inte alla. Trots detta ansåg unga idrottarna som deltog i studien att selektering är något som ska finnas med i idrottsliga verksamheter, men enbart i ungdomsidrott (mellan 15–16 år). Ett fåtal av unga idrottare har varit med om händelser som anses vara brott mot barnkonventionen under en selekteringsprocess. Det behövs mer forskning inom detta ämne för att tydliggöra vad som händer i svensk idrott och ifall barnkonventionen kan användas som verktyg under en selekteringsprocess. Avslutningsvis diskuteras att det inte finns någon exakt väg för alla idrottare att följa, då vissa aktiva upplever att det fungerar bra med tidig elitsatsning inom en idrott medan andra idrottare tycker att man kan vara aktiva inom flera idrotter.

No description available.

The aim of this study is to monitor short-term seasonal development of young Olympic weightlifters’ anthropometry, body composition, physical fitness, and sport-specific performance. Fifteen male weightlifters aged 13.2 1.3 years participated in this study. Tests for the assessment of anthropometry (e.g., body-height, body-mass), body-composition (e.g., lean-body-mass, relative fat-mass), muscle strength (grip-strength), jump performance (drop-jump (DJ) height, countermovement-jump (CMJ) height, DJ contact time, DJ reactive-strength-index (RSI)), dynamic balance (Y-balance-test), and sport-specific performance (i.e., snatch and clean-and-jerk) were conducted at different time-points (i.e., T1 (baseline), T2 (9 weeks), T3 (20 weeks)). Strength tests (i.e., grip strength, clean-and-jerk and snatch) and training volume were normalized to body mass. Results showed small-to-large increases in body-height, body-mass, lean-body-mass, and lower-limbs lean-mass from T1-to-T2 and T2-to-T3 (D0.7–6.7%; 0.1 d 1.2). For fat-mass, a significant small-sized decrease was found from T1-to-T2 (D13.1%; d = 0.4) and a significant increase from T2-to-T3 (D9.1%; d = 0.3). A significant main effect of time was observed for DJ contact time (d = 1.3) with a trend toward a significant decrease from T1-to-T2 (D–15.3%; d = 0.66; p = 0.06). For RSI, significant small increases from T1-to-T2 (D9.9%, d = 0.5) were noted. Additionally, a significant main effect of time was found for snatch (d = 2.7) and clean-and-jerk (d = 3.1) with significant small-to-moderate increases for both tests from T1-to-T2 and T2-to-T3 (D4.6–11.3%, d = 0.33 to 0.64). The other tests did not change significantly over time (0.1 d 0.8). Results showed significantly higher training volume for sport-specific training during the second period compared with the first period (d = 2.2). Five months of Olympic weightlifting contributed to significant changes in anthropometry, body-composition, and sport-specific performance. However, hardly any significant gains were observed for measures of physical fitness. Coaches are advised to design training programs that target a variety of fitness components to lay an appropriate foundation for later performance as an elite athlete.

Le but de cette étude a été de vérifier comment l'entrainement de jeunes joueurs de tennis brésiliens est actuellement effectué. Un questionnaire qui mesure spécifiquement l'entrainement technique a été élaboré et validé (Questionnaire d'Évaluation de I'Entrainement du Perfectionnement Technique du Joueur de Tennis- QATATT) , aprés differentes versions ont été testées. La derniére version du questionnaire comprend 12 questions, en rapport avec les coups techniques utilisés pendant le jeu de tennis. Les sujets ont répondu les questions selon une échelle Lickert en 5 points, allant de « três peu de fréquence » d'entrainement (1) à « beaucoup de fréquence» (5) d'entrainement de chaque coup. Le QATATT a été appliqué en 432 jeunes joueurs de tennis, des deux sexes, d'âge variant entre 13 et 16 ans, qui participent au circuit brésilien officiel de tennis. L'échantillon comporte des joueurs entre les 1 O meilleurs du rang brésilien selon chaque categorie d'âge, et des joueurs qui n'intégrent pas ce rang mais qui jouent le même circuit national. On a vérifié que les jeunes joueurs brésiliens entrainent les coups essentiels de façon pas équilibrée ; quelques coups sont entrainés de façon plus fréquente que d"autres. Ce résultat a été observé entre toutes les âges en étude, et il n'y a pas de différence de forme d'entrainement entre ces differents âges, ou entre les 1O meilleurs joueurs du rang et les autres joueurs qui n'intégrent pas ce rang. Les résultats de cette étude sugérent que les jeunes joueurs de tennis au Brésil sont soumis à une spécialisation technique précoce, ce qui previlegie le perfectionnement des quelques coups au détriment d'autres, et que l'entrainement éffectué ne respécte pas les différences cronologiques, et par conséquence, ne repécte les différences maturationnelles de jeunes joueurs non plus. Les résultats competitifs futurs de ces jeunes joueurs de tennis peuvent être négativement influencés par cet abordage d'entrainement. / O principal objetivo deste estudo foi investigar como o treino técnico de jovens tenistas brasileiros é realizado atualmente. Um questionário específico para avaliação do treino técnico dos tenistas foi construído e validado (Questionário de Avaliação do Treino do Aperfeiçoamento Técnico do Tenista - QATATT), após testagem de diferentes versões. Em sua última versão, o QATATT constou de 12 questões, relacionadas às jogadas essenciais que combinam golpes técnicos utilizados durante o jogo de tênis. Os tenistas responderam as questões utilizando escala do tipo Lickert em 5 pontos, variando de "pouquíssima freqüência" (1) à "muitíssima freqüência" (5) de treino para cada jogada. O QATATT foi aplicado em 432 jovens tenistas de ambos os sexos, de 13 a 16 anos de idade, que participam do circuito de tênis brasileiro. A amostra contou com jogadores ranqueados entre os dez melhores tenistas do país em sua idade, e tenistas não-ranqueados integrantes do circuito nacional. Constatou-se que os jovens tenistas brasileiros treinam as jogadas essenciais do tênis de forma não equilibrada; algumas jogadas são treinadas com maior freqüência que outras. Este resultado foi observado em todas as idades investigadas, e não há diferença na forma de treino nas diferentes idades, ou entre jogadores ranqueados entre os dez melhores tenistas do país e os jogadores não-ranqueados. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que os jovens tenistas brasileiros são submetidos ao treino técnico especializado precocemente, que privilegia o aperfeiçoamento de algumas jogadas em detrimento de outras, e que o treino realizado não respeita as diferenças cronológicas e, conseqüentemente, maturacionais dos jovens tenistas. Resultados competitivos futuros destes tenistas podem ser comprometidos com esta abordagem de treino. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the technical training of young tennis players from Brazil. A specific questionnaire aimed at evaluating the technical training of tennis players was developed and validated (QATATT), after different versions of the questionnaire were tested. In the last version, the QATATT had 12 questions, with the essential combinations of technical skills used during a tennis match. The tennis players answered questions using a Liker-type scale with 5 points, ranging from "very little frequency" (1) to "very high frequency" (5) in each combination of technical skill. The QATATT was applied to 432 tennis players (males and females, 13 to 16 years old) that were participating actively in tennis tournaments in Brazil when the study was conducted. Among the subjects, there were players ranked among the top 10 players in Brazil, and players not ranked among the top 1 O players in Brazil. lt was observed that young tennis players do not practice the essential combinations of technical skills in a balanced way; some skills are practiced more frequently than others. This result was observed in ali ages investigated, and there were no differences between ages, or between players ranked among the top 1 O players in Brazil and players not ranked among the top 1 O players in Brazil. The results of this study suggest that young tennis players from Brazil are subjected to a specialized training that emphasizes the perfection of only a few combinations of technical skills. Further, the technical training does not take into consideration the differences in age and maturation of the young tennis players. This method of training may bring negative results in competitions in the near future.

Le but de cette étude a été de vérifier comment l'entrainement de jeunes joueurs de tennis brésiliens est actuellement effectué. Un questionnaire qui mesure spécifiquement l'entrainement technique a été élaboré et validé (Questionnaire d'Évaluation de I'Entrainement du Perfectionnement Technique du Joueur de Tennis- QATATT) , aprés differentes versions ont été testées. La derniére version du questionnaire comprend 12 questions, en rapport avec les coups techniques utilisés pendant le jeu de tennis. Les sujets ont répondu les questions selon une échelle Lickert en 5 points, allant de « três peu de fréquence » d'entrainement (1) à « beaucoup de fréquence» (5) d'entrainement de chaque coup. Le QATATT a été appliqué en 432 jeunes joueurs de tennis, des deux sexes, d'âge variant entre 13 et 16 ans, qui participent au circuit brésilien officiel de tennis. L'échantillon comporte des joueurs entre les 1 O meilleurs du rang brésilien selon chaque categorie d'âge, et des joueurs qui n'intégrent pas ce rang mais qui jouent le même circuit national. On a vérifié que les jeunes joueurs brésiliens entrainent les coups essentiels de façon pas équilibrée ; quelques coups sont entrainés de façon plus fréquente que d"autres. Ce résultat a été observé entre toutes les âges en étude, et il n'y a pas de différence de forme d'entrainement entre ces differents âges, ou entre les 1O meilleurs joueurs du rang et les autres joueurs qui n'intégrent pas ce rang. Les résultats de cette étude sugérent que les jeunes joueurs de tennis au Brésil sont soumis à une spécialisation technique précoce, ce qui previlegie le perfectionnement des quelques coups au détriment d'autres, et que l'entrainement éffectué ne respécte pas les différences cronologiques, et par conséquence, ne repécte les différences maturationnelles de jeunes joueurs non plus. Les résultats competitifs futurs de ces jeunes joueurs de tennis peuvent être négativement influencés par cet abordage d'entrainement. / O principal objetivo deste estudo foi investigar como o treino técnico de jovens tenistas brasileiros é realizado atualmente. Um questionário específico para avaliação do treino técnico dos tenistas foi construído e validado (Questionário de Avaliação do Treino do Aperfeiçoamento Técnico do Tenista - QATATT), após testagem de diferentes versões. Em sua última versão, o QATATT constou de 12 questões, relacionadas às jogadas essenciais que combinam golpes técnicos utilizados durante o jogo de tênis. Os tenistas responderam as questões utilizando escala do tipo Lickert em 5 pontos, variando de "pouquíssima freqüência" (1) à "muitíssima freqüência" (5) de treino para cada jogada. O QATATT foi aplicado em 432 jovens tenistas de ambos os sexos, de 13 a 16 anos de idade, que participam do circuito de tênis brasileiro. A amostra contou com jogadores ranqueados entre os dez melhores tenistas do país em sua idade, e tenistas não-ranqueados integrantes do circuito nacional. Constatou-se que os jovens tenistas brasileiros treinam as jogadas essenciais do tênis de forma não equilibrada; algumas jogadas são treinadas com maior freqüência que outras. Este resultado foi observado em todas as idades investigadas, e não há diferença na forma de treino nas diferentes idades, ou entre jogadores ranqueados entre os dez melhores tenistas do país e os jogadores não-ranqueados. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que os jovens tenistas brasileiros são submetidos ao treino técnico especializado precocemente, que privilegia o aperfeiçoamento de algumas jogadas em detrimento de outras, e que o treino realizado não respeita as diferenças cronológicas e, conseqüentemente, maturacionais dos jovens tenistas. Resultados competitivos futuros destes tenistas podem ser comprometidos com esta abordagem de treino. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the technical training of young tennis players from Brazil. A specific questionnaire aimed at evaluating the technical training of tennis players was developed and validated (QATATT), after different versions of the questionnaire were tested. In the last version, the QATATT had 12 questions, with the essential combinations of technical skills used during a tennis match. The tennis players answered questions using a Liker-type scale with 5 points, ranging from "very little frequency" (1) to "very high frequency" (5) in each combination of technical skill. The QATATT was applied to 432 tennis players (males and females, 13 to 16 years old) that were participating actively in tennis tournaments in Brazil when the study was conducted. Among the subjects, there were players ranked among the top 10 players in Brazil, and players not ranked among the top 1 O players in Brazil. lt was observed that young tennis players do not practice the essential combinations of technical skills in a balanced way; some skills are practiced more frequently than others. This result was observed in ali ages investigated, and there were no differences between ages, or between players ranked among the top 1 O players in Brazil and players not ranked among the top 1 O players in Brazil. The results of this study suggest that young tennis players from Brazil are subjected to a specialized training that emphasizes the perfection of only a few combinations of technical skills. Further, the technical training does not take into consideration the differences in age and maturation of the young tennis players. This method of training may bring negative results in competitions in the near future.

Le but de cette étude a été de vérifier comment l'entrainement de jeunes joueurs de tennis brésiliens est actuellement effectué. Un questionnaire qui mesure spécifiquement l'entrainement technique a été élaboré et validé (Questionnaire d'Évaluation de I'Entrainement du Perfectionnement Technique du Joueur de Tennis- QATATT) , aprés differentes versions ont été testées. La derniére version du questionnaire comprend 12 questions, en rapport avec les coups techniques utilisés pendant le jeu de tennis. Les sujets ont répondu les questions selon une échelle Lickert en 5 points, allant de « três peu de fréquence » d'entrainement (1) à « beaucoup de fréquence» (5) d'entrainement de chaque coup. Le QATATT a été appliqué en 432 jeunes joueurs de tennis, des deux sexes, d'âge variant entre 13 et 16 ans, qui participent au circuit brésilien officiel de tennis. L'échantillon comporte des joueurs entre les 1 O meilleurs du rang brésilien selon chaque categorie d'âge, et des joueurs qui n'intégrent pas ce rang mais qui jouent le même circuit national. On a vérifié que les jeunes joueurs brésiliens entrainent les coups essentiels de façon pas équilibrée ; quelques coups sont entrainés de façon plus fréquente que d"autres. Ce résultat a été observé entre toutes les âges en étude, et il n'y a pas de différence de forme d'entrainement entre ces differents âges, ou entre les 1O meilleurs joueurs du rang et les autres joueurs qui n'intégrent pas ce rang. Les résultats de cette étude sugérent que les jeunes joueurs de tennis au Brésil sont soumis à une spécialisation technique précoce, ce qui previlegie le perfectionnement des quelques coups au détriment d'autres, et que l'entrainement éffectué ne respécte pas les différences cronologiques, et par conséquence, ne repécte les différences maturationnelles de jeunes joueurs non plus. Les résultats competitifs futurs de ces jeunes joueurs de tennis peuvent être négativement influencés par cet abordage d'entrainement. / O principal objetivo deste estudo foi investigar como o treino técnico de jovens tenistas brasileiros é realizado atualmente. Um questionário específico para avaliação do treino técnico dos tenistas foi construído e validado (Questionário de Avaliação do Treino do Aperfeiçoamento Técnico do Tenista - QATATT), após testagem de diferentes versões. Em sua última versão, o QATATT constou de 12 questões, relacionadas às jogadas essenciais que combinam golpes técnicos utilizados durante o jogo de tênis. Os tenistas responderam as questões utilizando escala do tipo Lickert em 5 pontos, variando de "pouquíssima freqüência" (1) à "muitíssima freqüência" (5) de treino para cada jogada. O QATATT foi aplicado em 432 jovens tenistas de ambos os sexos, de 13 a 16 anos de idade, que participam do circuito de tênis brasileiro. A amostra contou com jogadores ranqueados entre os dez melhores tenistas do país em sua idade, e tenistas não-ranqueados integrantes do circuito nacional. Constatou-se que os jovens tenistas brasileiros treinam as jogadas essenciais do tênis de forma não equilibrada; algumas jogadas são treinadas com maior freqüência que outras. Este resultado foi observado em todas as idades investigadas, e não há diferença na forma de treino nas diferentes idades, ou entre jogadores ranqueados entre os dez melhores tenistas do país e os jogadores não-ranqueados. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que os jovens tenistas brasileiros são submetidos ao treino técnico especializado precocemente, que privilegia o aperfeiçoamento de algumas jogadas em detrimento de outras, e que o treino realizado não respeita as diferenças cronológicas e, conseqüentemente, maturacionais dos jovens tenistas. Resultados competitivos futuros destes tenistas podem ser comprometidos com esta abordagem de treino. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the technical training of young tennis players from Brazil. A specific questionnaire aimed at evaluating the technical training of tennis players was developed and validated (QATATT), after different versions of the questionnaire were tested. In the last version, the QATATT had 12 questions, with the essential combinations of technical skills used during a tennis match. The tennis players answered questions using a Liker-type scale with 5 points, ranging from "very little frequency" (1) to "very high frequency" (5) in each combination of technical skill. The QATATT was applied to 432 tennis players (males and females, 13 to 16 years old) that were participating actively in tennis tournaments in Brazil when the study was conducted. Among the subjects, there were players ranked among the top 10 players in Brazil, and players not ranked among the top 1 O players in Brazil. lt was observed that young tennis players do not practice the essential combinations of technical skills in a balanced way; some skills are practiced more frequently than others. This result was observed in ali ages investigated, and there were no differences between ages, or between players ranked among the top 1 O players in Brazil and players not ranked among the top 1 O players in Brazil. The results of this study suggest that young tennis players from Brazil are subjected to a specialized training that emphasizes the perfection of only a few combinations of technical skills. Further, the technical training does not take into consideration the differences in age and maturation of the young tennis players. This method of training may bring negative results in competitions in the near future.

Introduktion: Pandemin slog hårt mot samhället och idrottsrörelsen då restriktionerna hindrade idrottare från att träna som tidigare. Studier har visat att pandemin har påverkat många idrottare emotionellt och psykiskt. Enligt självbestämmandeteorin är det viktigt att möta de tre psykologiska behoven av kompetens, autonomi och samhörighet för att öka motivation. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur ledare upplevt restriktionernas påverkan på lagets motivation samt vilka strategier tränarna har använt för att stödja motivation. Metod: Detta är en kvalitativ studie med både induktiv och deduktiv ansats. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med fem ledare med olika utbildning och erfarenhet. Analysen av intervjuerna utfördes genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys.  Resultat: Utifrån intervjuerna identifierades temat Pandemin har utmanat ledarnas arbete och vidgat deras användande av motiverande strategier samt kategorierna Idrottarna har påverkats negativt av pandemin, Viktigt att stärka idrottarnas kompetens, Uppmuntra självbestämmande för att behålla motivation, Samhörigheten påverkar motivation och Utbildade ledare främjar motivation.  Slutsats:  Strategier som ledarna använde för att stödja motivation var bland annat att sätta individuella mål, låta idrottarna få påverka sin träning, teambuilding och utveckla baskunskap. Det finns behov av vidareutbildning i motivationsstrategier för ledare där fysioterapeuter skulle kunna ha en viktig roll. Vi ser ett behov av vidare forskning för att öka kunskapen kring hur motivation påverkas av en pandemi och hur ledare kan hantera liknande situationer i framtiden.

Orientador: Pedro José Winterstein / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T13:33:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mattos_BrunoJosede_M.pdf: 836831 bytes, checksum: 49bd482fd9b15fb65cbd8d96642b9c69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram compreender e refletir sobre o serviço de atenção psicológica prestado por um psicólogo, que se orientou pelos pressupostos da Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa, numa equipe de futebol durante os períodos de preparação e disputa da Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior. O referencial teórico utilizado foi o da Psicologia Humanista de Carl Ransom Rogers, a Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa. O presente estudo aplicou-se num Clube de Futebol do Estado de São Paulo, que disputou uma das edições da Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior. Participaram da pesquisa os jogadores e a comissão técnica da equipe. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa e o seu caminhar metodológico se deu pela abordagem fenomenológica. Utilizou-se a técnica da Narrativa para relatar as vivências psicológicas dos participantes. O proponente inseriu-se na condição de Observador Participante, uma vez que foi o psicólogo do time de futebol e também pesquisador. Justifica-se a importância deste estudo pela possibilidade que os leitores terão de conhecer o que é vivenciado dentro de um ambiente esportivo de alto rendimento, tão fechado e peculiar; dessa forma poderão discutir com mais propriedade sobre o papel da atenção psicológica no Esporte. Nos resultados foram apresentados os relatos dos atendimentos psicológicos prestados, a compreensão e reflexão do pesquisador por cada um deles, as suas percepções e os seus sentimentos diante dos fenômenos que surgiam. Foi salutar refletir na discussão dos resultados que o encontro da Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa e o Esporte exigem um novo paradigma ao olhar o atleta. A pessoa atleta não é um ser acabado; determinado pelo meio; ou passível de rótulo, fruto de perfis psicológicos. A melhor forma de ajudar a pessoa atleta é promover o seu desenvolvimento global. A pessoa atleta é autodeterminada, tem potencial para se autocompreender, é consciente e livre. Sua opinião deve ser valorizada na periodização da equipe / Abstract: The objectives of this research were to understand and reflect on the psychological care service provided by a psychologist, who was guided by the assumptions of the Person Centered Approach, a soccer team during the periods of preparation and the Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior. This theoretical framework was the humanistic psychology of Carl Ransom Rogers, the Person Centered Approach. This study applied a Football Club of São Paulo, who played one of the editions of the Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior. Study participants included the players and technical team. The research is a qualitative methodology and its walk was because of the phenomenological approach. We used the technique of narrative to relate the psychological experiences of the participants. The bidder was part of the status of observer participant, since the psychologist was on the football team and also a researcher. Justifies the importance of studying the possibility that readers need to know what is experienced within a sports environment for high yield, so close and peculiar, so they can discuss in more property on the role of psychological attention in Sports. Results were presented in the reports of psychological care provided, the researcher's understanding and reflection by each of them, their perceptions and their feelings about the phenomena that arose. It was salutary to reflect the discussion results of the meeting of the Person Centered Approach and Sport require a new paradigm to look at the athlete. The person being an athlete is not finished; determined by using, or likely to label the result of psychological profiles. The best way to help the individual athlete is promoting its global development. The athlete is self-determined person, has the potential to they understand themselves, is conscious and free. His opinion should be valued in the strategic planning of the team / Mestrado / Educação Fisica e Sociedade / Mestre em Educação Física

Denna studie har undersökt hur barn pratar om och beskriver begreppet delaktighet inom idrottsrörelsen, i syfte att klargöra barns perspektiv inom detta kunskapsområde. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av en kvalitativ ansats och baserades på tre gruppintervjuer med tolv unga idrottare i åldrarna 10–15 år. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten för studien var delaktighetsteorier, dels utifrån ett statsvetenskapligt samt ett sociologiskt perspektiv, men också specifikt, teorier som rör barns delaktighet (children’s participation) där framförallt delaktighet utifrån Roger Harts (1992) "ladder of participation" har använts. Resultatet för studien visar att idrottande barns beskrivningar av begreppet delaktighet är omfångsrik och innefattar å ena sidan en varierad bild av beslutsprocessen, där beskrivningar av att våga och inte få välja utgör exempel på icke delaktighet medan komma överens, kompromissa, rösta, vara med och bestämma, få välja, bli tillfrågad, få förklaringar, ge feedback, ge förslag och önskemål samt säga vad man tycker utgör barns beskrivningar av delaktighet. Å andra sidan visar även resultatet att idrottande barns beskrivningar av delaktighet går utöver beskrivningar av själva beslutsprocessen och innefattar även ett socialt perspektiv, där känna sig utanför, vara utesluten, och som att man inte finns utgjorde beskrivningar av att inte vara delaktig, medans beskrivningar av att man är med i ett gäng, alla får vara med och att man upplever att man finns till samt blir sedd, lyftes fram som viktiga komponenter för att beskriva delaktighet. Resultatet ligger i linje med tidigare forskning som har indikerat att barn uppfattar begreppet delaktighet som något mer än bara vara en del av en beslutsprocess. Studiens forskningsbidrag är därmed dels en bekräftelse av tidigare antydningar av idrottande barns breda syn på delaktighet men framförallt vad denna breda syn består av, vilket till min kännedom inte har utforskats tidigare. Resultatet ska emellertid beaktas med försiktighet givet det begränsade urvalet för studien. / The aim of this study has been to investigate how children talk about and describe the concept of participation in the sports movement, thus illuminating a child’s perspective of this area, and providing a basis for future quantitative work. The study was conducted using a qualitative approach and was based on three group interviews with twelve young athletes aged 10–15 years. The theoretical starting point for the study was participatory theories, partly from a political science and a sociological perspective, but also specifically, theories concerning children's participation. The results of the study show that athletes’ descriptions of the concept of participation are comprehensive and include, on the one hand, a broad picture of the decision-making process, where descriptions of daring and not being able to choose are examples of non-participation, while agreeing, compromising, voting, participating and deciding, getting to choose, being asked, getting explanations, giving feedback, giving suggestions and wishes and saying what you think, constitute children’s descriptions of participation. On the other hand, the results also show that young athletes’ descriptions of participation go beyond the decision-making process itself and also include a social perspective, where feeling outside, excluded, or that you don’t exist, are descriptions of non-participation, whilst descriptions such as being a part of a group, everyone is included, that you feel that you exist and are seen, were highlighted as important components to describe participation. The results are in line with previous research which has indicated that children perceive the concept of participation as something more than just being part of a decision-making process. The study’s main contribution is therefore firstly a reinforcement of the indications of previous research of children’s broad view of participation and secondly, illuminating what this comprehensive view consists of, which to my knowledge hasn’t been explored before. Further research is however needed given the small sample in this study, in order to strengthen these findings.