This essay will analyse how Asperger’s syndrome and autism spectrum disorder is made in two municipal high schools. I have interviewed school personnel and analysed the schools’ policy documents and diagnostic manuals. In this essay AS and ASD are being deconstructed as political and ideological object and I analyse techniques in school, that makes these objects to subjects. The school’s mission is to foster and educate pupils to become desirable citizens and at the same time its aim is to provide an equivalent school. The diagnostics function as explanatory models for behaviors’ that are made problematic in school, in the interaction of the aims of the school. The diagnostics are used as explanatory models that enable efficiency in the disciplining of the pupil, based on political interests. The medical discourse, the school’s compensatory discourse and the discourse of "a school for everybody" is manifested by a therapeutical ideology which directs thoughts about problems, such as illness, away from structures and towards individuals. The individuals will be directed to activation so that they strive to develop a behavior that is desired by the dominating order.

Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att synliggöra diskurser kring äldre i en offentlig text samt vilka konsekvenser dessa kan medföra för äldre inom äldreomsorgen utifrån begrepp som makt, socialt ordningskapande och åldersordning. För att uppnå detta syfte har vi studerat den statliga offentliga utredningen ”Värdigt liv i äldreomsorgen” (SOU 2008:51). Metod och teori har varit en kritisk diskursanalys som betraktar att diskurser genom språk och text är en del av konstruerandet av den sociala verkligheten. Den kritiska diskursanalysen uppmärksammar även att det finns icke-diskursiva element som påverkar diskurser i dialektik. Det vill säga att utsagorna i materialet kan reproducera befintliga diskurser men även konstruera nya kunskaps- och betydelsesystem. Resultatet visar på fyra diskurser som urskilts i utredningen vilka är välfärdsdiskursen, värdighetsdiskursen, empowermentdiskursen och marknadsdiskursen. Sammanfattningsvis visar slutsatserna att regeringen och utredningen både reproducerar och konstruerar nya kunskaps- och betydelsesystem. Exempelvis påverkar dessa hur värdigt liv och välbefinnande definieras och vad det innebär, hur det offentliga ansvaret för detta ska vara samt hur mycket det får kosta. I sin tur får detta faktiska konsekvenser för äldre inom äldreomsorgen bland annat genom att det kan påverka resursfördelning på så sätt att värdigt liv och välbefinnande, förutom implementering, inte anses medföra ökade kostnader.

The aim of this study was to examine the discourse of asylum seekers in Sweden from January 2009 to December 2013 in the newspapers Helsingborgs Dagblad and Dagens Nyheter. By using discourse analysis as a theory and method, combined with the theory of orientalism, I have analysed and compared news articles from these two newspapers. The findings of the study shows that asylum seekers are often portrayed as a group rather than individuals. Included in the group identity are several subgroups, for example asylum seekers are portrayed as victims, as a cost to society and as a highly suspect group that cannot be controlled. Furthermore, asylum seekers are depicted as “the other” in contrast to the Swedish “we”, where differences in culture and tradition are frequently mentioned. The analysis also highlights the differences between what the two newspapers believe are the main difficulties in taking in asylum seekers into the community. Whereas articles in the nationwide Dagens Nyheter see the resistance in municipalities as the major problem, the local newspaper Helsingborgs Dagblad describes how municipalities are being forced to take in asylum seekers even though they do not have the resources to manage them.

This essay – Discourse and Dissonance – deals with Mary Shelley’s gothic novel Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus (1818). The focal point is the construction of “Them and Us”, as defined by scholars such as Stuart Hall, viewed in terms of the following categories: race, gender and family, class, and sexuality. Rather than applying an outside perspective, e.g. a feminist or Marxist one, to the text, I use Cultural Criticism as described by Arthur Asa Berger in order to deconstruct and reconstruct the discourse, as explained by Michel Foucault, within Shelley’s work. In doing so, I view the hermeneutics of suspicion as the starting point due to its recognition of every text’s hidden truth. Stephen Greenblatt’s term dissonance is useful for the study’s aim of finding the differences and similarities in the voices of the novel’s characters. Intersectionality functions as the tool with which I intertwine the above categories in my analysis.     In conclusion Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus does not convey a message of conformity. Its class-, race- and gender-bound discourse is reproduced in the text, but simultaneously challenged. The dissonant voices of the novel show the discourse from different perspectives and make it obvious that there are cracks on the surface of the discourse, which Shelley deepens by putting it into writing – whether she was aware of it or not.

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The aim of this study is to enlighten how todays working environment affects young individuals descriptions of how to reach success in work life, now often titled as ”career”. Our purpose has been to analyse how the term career is constituted discursively among young people in jobs characterized by flexibility. The study is based on six qualitative interviews with young adults in the media industry, all between 20-30 years old. By utilising a Foucaultdian discourse analysis we want to expose how the competing and dominating discourses, that our interviewees’ statements are based on, can be associated with a wider social context.    The study reveals that our interviewees describe career in two separate ways, both positively and negatively. A more traditional definition of career, where the term is described as promotion, is explained to have a negative tone. This traditional definition has in the majority of our interviews been replaced with explanations of career as personal. We can also distinguish that even though not all of our informants describe career as desirable, everyone talks about success in work life as self-fulfilment. The demands from today’s individual work environment appears discursively regardless negatively or positively interpretation of the term career.   Our analysis demonstrates further that all interviewed talks about an increased illness and problems with the balance between work and personal life. It is described to be a problematisation caused by the pursuit of career success, in a work life characterized by flexibility and insecurity.   The results from our study can be derived to recent research regarding a change in work environment. A more flexible and insecure labour market is forcing the individual to take more responsibility and makes success to a personal project. It gives hope of self-fulfilment but also threats of physical and mental illness. / Syftet med vår uppsats har varit att belysa hur en omvandling av arbetslivet kommit att påverka unga individers beskrivning av framgång inom yrkeslivet, vad som numera ofta benämns "karriär". Vår avsikt har varit att analysera hur begreppet karriär konstrueras på diskursiv nivå bland unga vuxna inom yrken som karakteriseras av flexibla arbetsvillkor. Studien grundar sig på sex kvalitativa intervjuer med unga vuxna mellan 20-30 år inom mediabranschen. Intervjuerna har analyserats utifrån ett Foucauldianskt diskursanalytiskt perspektiv, ett verktyg för att belysa vilka konkurrerande och dominerande diskurser som våra informanters utsagor bygger på, kopplade till en större social kontext.   Vår studie påvisar att informanterna beskriver karriär på skilda sätt, både ut positiv och negativ bemärkelse. En mer traditionell syn på karriär, d v s i betydelsen avancemang inom organisationen, beskrivs ”klinga negativt” och i majoriteten av våra intervjufall har denna syn på karriär bytts ut mot beskrivningar av karriären som personlig. Trots att inte alla intervjupersoner beskriver karriären som eftersträvansvärd, kan vi urskilja hur samtliga utsagor om framgång inom yrkeslivet innebär någon form av individuellt självförverkligande. Det individualiserade arbetslivets förväntningar framträder diskursivt oavsett negativ eller positiv tolkning av begreppet karriär. I vår analys framkommer även utsagor från samtliga sex intervjupersoner om ökad ohälsa och obalans mellan arbete och fritid. Det är en problematik som beskrivs uppstå i samband med strävan efter karriär eller framgång, inom det flexibla och osäkra yrkeslivets ramar.   Sammantaget kan våra resultat, utifrån våra teoretiska utgångspunkter, härledas till tidigare forskning som påvisar en omvandling av arbetslivet. Ökad osäkerhet och flexibilitet på arbetsmarknaden lägger ett större ansvar på den enskilda individen och gör framgång till ett personligt projekt med såväl hopp om självförverkligande som hot om ohälsa.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka den diskurs som följde i svensk media efter migrationsverkets beslut att ge syriska flyktingar permanent uppehållstillstånd. Metoden som vi har utgått ifrån är kritisk diskursanalys och innehållsanalys. Som data har vi valt ut tolv artiklar och två TV-program. Resultatet visar att media äger den makt som gör att de får avgöra hur ett sådant beslut ska presenteras och diskuteras. Resultatet visar även att media använder idag en annorlunda diskurs jämfört med 1980 och 1990 talet. Media kan med sin makt avgöra vem som ska/inte ska uttrycka sig. En ”Vi” och ”De” skapas av media som skiljer mellan den etablerade och den oetablerade i samhället. Samtidigt kan media med sin diskurs bestämma om vilka kulturella krav som ska sättas på en nykomling. Vidare har vi lagt märke till hur siffror och kvantifiering upptar en stor del av debatten och att det inte sker med en motivering till varför detta sker. Den sociala kontext som journalisterna verkar inom är styrd av riktlinjer som säger att de i nyhetsförmedling måste vara objektiva och endast får låta andra aktörer uttala sig målande och subjektivt om migration. Däremot får deras personliga tankar och yttringar visas i debatt- och ledarsidor. / The purpose of this thesis is to study the discourse Swedish media use to discuss the government decision to give permanent residency to all Syrian refugees who arrive in Sweden. The method we use in our study is the critical analysis of discourse and content analysis. As data we have chosen articles and programs from Swedish public service television and newspapers. The result of our thesis show that media has the power to form the discourse about the Syrian refugees. The result as well shows that the discourse has changed over the past twenty to thirty years. A “us and them” is created in the language media use which divides the established citizens from the unestablished refugees. At the same time media can decide which cultural demands can be put down to a newly arrived person. During the research we also found that the discourse uses many digits and that a quantification takes place without any real explanation to why it takes place. The social context in which the journalists has to work within is regulated by rules about objectivity in newsfeed and they can only let others which they interview talk in a subjective manner about migration. On the other hand the journalists are allowed to say what they think in debate programs and editorial pages.

The debate surrounding the opinion polls of the political party Sverigedemokraterna, and later their results in the Swedish election has been evident. The purpose of the study is to investigate how norms of equal treatment in social work practice might be influenced by Sverigedemokraterna's understanding of culture, ethnicity, nationality and religion. The thesis is outlined through the works of Teun van Dijk and Ruth Wodak (2000) regarding racist discourse in politics, Giorel Curran (2004) explaining lesser established parties influence on the broader discourses and Anders Hellström and Tom Nilsson (2010) attempting to ideologically position Sverigedemokraterna. With the method for analyzing policy documents designed by Carol Bacchi (2009) the latest motions from Sverigedemokraterna has been analyzed. Bacchi’s theoretical framework, together with theory concerning the expression of modern racism of John Hodge (1999), Paul Gilroy (1999) and Bennedict Anderson (1996) amongst others has been used to create an understanding of the material. The study shows the existence of understandings within the party of cultures as separate and absolute differentiated from each other, coinciding with research on the matter of racism. Hierarchies amongst cultures defined by place of birth are created through the motions. Ideas of a Swedish culture is portrayed as more developed and superior culture. People's different rights of wellfare are made sense of through arguments of birthplace and embodiment of what the party defines as Swedish culture. / Debatten om partiet Sverigedemokraternas opinionssiffror, och senare valresultat har varit påtaglig. Studiens syfte är att genom analys av Sverigedemokraternas resonemang kring kultur, nationalitet, religion och etnicitet förstå hur normer i det sociala arbetet om likabehandling kan komma att påverkas av dessa sverigedemokratiska resonemang. Med utgångspunkt i Teun van Dijk och Ruth Wodaks (2000) forskning om rasistiska diskurser i politiken, Giorel Currans (2004) studie om mindre partiers påverkan på de politiska diskurserna och Anders Hellström och Tom Nilssons (2010) ideologiska positionering av Sverigedemokraterna har uppsatsens syfte utformats. Med Carol Bacchis (2009) metod för analys av policydokument görs en diskursivt inriktad textanalys av de vid tiden för studien senast publicerade motionerna från partiet. Tillsammans med Bacchis teoretiska ramverk för metoden används forskning från John Hodge (1999), Paul Gilroy (1999) och Bennedict Anderson (1996) m.fl. kring hur nyare former av rasism tar sig uttryck genom föreställningar kring kulturer. Analysen visar på sverigedemokratiska föreställningar om kulturer som skilda från varandra och präglade av olikhet sinsemellan, i överensstämmelse med forskning kring nyrasismens utgångspunkter. Hierarkier av kulturer kopplade till födelseplats utformas i resonemangen förda i motionerna, där idéer om en svensk kultur framställs som utvecklad och överlägsen. Människors rätt till välfärd sorteras i de sverigedemokratiska resonemangen efter födelseplats, och förkroppsligande av en av partiet definierad svensk kultur.

This paper examines how remedial teachers and subject teachers in two secondary schools talk about pupils with special education needs (SEN) both in general, and more specifically about boys and girls who need special education. The study is based on 6 interviews with teachers in two secondary schools in the Stockholm area. In the analysis of the interviews, two different theories have been used. Firstly, the teachers´ speech has been analyzed based on three perspectives; a compensatory-, a critical- and a dilemma perspective (see Nilholm, 2007). Secondly, discourse analysis has been used to examine how the teachers in the study talk about boys and girls in the special education. The two categories "boys" and "girls" have been analyzed regarding which qualities and actions they are associated with. The result shows that there are two different discourses about pupils with SEN that are used by teachers today, a medical-psychological discourse which fits into the compensatory perspective, and a socio-political that goes along the critical perspective, and focuses on environmental reasons for problems that occur in school, rather than laboring the individual as the problem. Also the dilemma perspective is found explicitly in one informant´s speech. All teachers but one can immediately name differences between boys and girls with SEN. The differences that are mentioned are for example that boys mature slower, need more practical support in remembering to sit still and bringing the correct material to class, and more often than girls, boys show their difficulties by being noisy in the classroom. Girls are described as the opposite. They mature more quickly, are able to focus in school, are more motivated and able to sit still and work effectively. One teacher feels uncomfortable in speaking about gender differences in behavior, and most teachers think that these differences are cultural and social, not biological. Even so, all teachers seem to have thought about gender differences and can name many. Generally the teachers seem quite aware of the order of the discourse that is what is okay to say about gender differences and pupils with SEN and what is not.

Zugl.: Leipzig, Univ., Diss., 2007