Francis Picabia, peintre-poète qui a traversé toute la première moitié du XXe siècle, nous a laissé en héritage un riche corpus d’écrits, dont la plupart a été publié, mais il reste encore aujourd’hui de nombreux inédits et des avant-textes conservés dans les archives. Si la période Dada de la poésie de Picabia est peut-être la plus connue, l’artiste a continué d’écrire des poèmes toute sa vie (il est disparu en 1953). C’est notamment après la rencontre avec son dernier éditeur, Pierre André Benoit (PAB), en 1948, que Picabia décide de révéler encore une fois saveine poétique, et publie un grand nombre de recueils, écrits entre 1939 et 1951.Ces poèmes naissent, plus particulièrement, sous l’empreinte des lectures des oeuvres de Friedrich Nietzsche, car l’artiste reprend systématiquement des passages du Gai Savoir, qui nous obligent à repenser les limites de l’écriture poétique, en général. On découvre alors une nouvelle manière de faire de la poésie, qui reprend, d’unemanière assez libre, le langage philosophique de La Gaya Scienza. PAB a sûrement compris la portée des nouveaux poèmes de Picabia et il s’est dédié à la réalisation de solutions créatives pour la présentation de ces écrits poétiques. Au-delà de cet intense travail il y a bien sûr une amitié, qui s’est manifestée notamment à traversl’échange de lettres, car les occasions de se rencontrer ont été très rares.Cette dernière période de l’écriture de Picabia est alors digne d’être remarquée et mérite d’être comprise et mise en valeur. Nous avons essayé, par cette recherche, de trouver une solution pour classer ces écrits, que nous aimerions inscrire dans le contexte de la « récriture intertextuelle ». / Francis Picabia (1879 – 1953), well-known French painter of the beginning of the twentieth century, was also an experimentalist poet of the avant-garde milieu, who wrote throughout his entire life. Part of his writings have been edited, but many unpublished works can still be found in archives. The Dada period of his poetry is perhaps best known, more particularly for his drawing-poems, but I have discovered during my research that his late writings contain many unrevealed aspects. Particularly after he met the editor Pierre André Benoit (PAB) in 1948, a new important period began in Picabia’s poetic output, during which he published his writings from 1939 to 1951. This intense collaboration took place mainly at a distance, through the exchange of frequent letters, soon turning into a sincere friendship. These publications, most of which are one-of-a-kind books, are printed personally by PAB on his printing press, and are often illustrated by the artist or by the editor himself.Surprisingly, Picabia’s late poetry is strongly marked by Friedrich Nietzsche’s writings, in particular by The Gay Science (1882). The “borrowings” are so evident, that they call for a specific, new interpretation: thus, this peculiar creative process can be seen as a phenomenon of appropriation, or “intertextual rewriting”. This process of “copying”, was applied by the artist indistinctively to his art and poetry and can function as a possible solutionfor the classification of his controversial poems.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den wechselseitigen Beziehungen zwischen Literatur, Malerei und Fotografie in den literaturgeschichtlichen Epochen des Realismus und der Avant- Garde. Schwerpunkt bildet dabei die Kunst und Literatur im europäischen Rahmen. Ausgangspunkt ist die Annahme, dass die medialen Veränderungen und Neuerungen sich in der Gesellschaft und der Kunst wiederspiegeln. Es wird dargestellt, wie sich sowohl der Realismus wie auch die Avant-Garde aus den Auseinandersetzungen über das Bild erklären lassen. Dabei ist der Aufstieg und die Entwicklung der Fotografie und ihr Zusammenprall mit der Malerei besonders wichtig. Berücksichtigt werden in diesem Zusammenhang die künstlerische Produktion und ihre theoretische Aufarbeitung. Die Arbeit stellt im ersten Teil zunächst eine kurze Geschichte der Fotografie vor und diskutiert im Zusammenhang dieses neuen Mediums den realistischen Roman. Der zweite Teil beschäftigt sich dann mit den avantgardistischen Bewegungen Kubismus, Futurismus, Dadaismus und Surrealismus. Die Betonung liegt dabei auf den künstlerischen Manifestationen wie auch auf den poetologischen Reflektionen, die sich auf die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen visuellen und literarischen Darstellungsformen beziehen. Mit diesem Ansatz werden den visuellen Medien, insbesondere der Fotografie und Malerei, eine wichtige Rolle bei der Herausbildung und Konsolidierung des Realismus und der Avant-Garde zugesprochen. / Este trabalho propõe-se a analisar as relações de influência entre os media literatura, pintura e fotografia durante o surgimento e instituição dos movimentos artísticos realismo e vanguarda, com ênfase no âmbito europeu. Parte-se do pressuposto de que mudanças e inovações midiais refletem-se na sociedade e na arte. Busca-se discutir os movimentos realismo e vanguarda, atualmente consolidados nas diferentes abordagens da história da literatura, como emergentes das discussões sobre a imagem, em que pese o surgimento da fotografia e seu embate com a pintura. Considerando-se a produção artística e teórica da época são avaliadas as relações entre imagens e letras a partir de um breve histórico do medium fotográfico e da contextualização dos primeiros romances realistas até o surgimento e desenvolvimento dos movimentos vanguardistas cubismo, futurismo, dadaísmo e surrealismo. São enfatizadas as manifestações artísticas bem como as reflexões conceituais e poetológicas que de alguma forma utilizaram referências entre o visual e o literário, ou elementos tanto textuais quanto visuais. Esta abordagem interdisciplinar mostra-se válida ao discutir a função dos media visuais, sobretudo a pintura e a fotografia, na instauração dos movimentos literários realismo e vanguarda.

The thesis, entitled "The Avant-Postman: James Joyce, the Avant-Garde and Postmodernism," attempts to construct a post-Joycean literary genealogy centred around the notions of a Joycean avant-garde and literary experimentation written in its wake. It considers the last two works by Joyce, Ulysses and Finnegans Wake, as points of departure for the post-war literary avant-gardes in Great Britain, the USA, and France, in a period generally called "postmodern." The introduction bases the notion of a Joycean avant-garde upon Joyce's sustained exploration of the materiality of language and upon the appropriation of his last work, his "Work in Progress," for the cause of the "Revolution of the word" conducted by Eugene Jolas in his transition magazine. The Joycean exploration of the materiality of language is considered as comprising three stimuli: the conception of writing as concrete trace, susceptible to distortion or effacement; the understanding of literary language as a forgery of the words of others; and the project of creating a personal idiom as an "autonomous" language for a truly modern literature. The material is divided into eight chapters, two for Great Britain (from Johnson via Brooke-Rose to Sinclair), two for the U.S. (from Burroughs and Gass to Acker and Sorrentino) and three for France...

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den wechselseitigen Beziehungen zwischen Literatur, Malerei und Fotografie in den literaturgeschichtlichen Epochen des Realismus und der Avant- Garde. Schwerpunkt bildet dabei die Kunst und Literatur im europäischen Rahmen. Ausgangspunkt ist die Annahme, dass die medialen Veränderungen und Neuerungen sich in der Gesellschaft und der Kunst wiederspiegeln. Es wird dargestellt, wie sich sowohl der Realismus wie auch die Avant-Garde aus den Auseinandersetzungen über das Bild erklären lassen. Dabei ist der Aufstieg und die Entwicklung der Fotografie und ihr Zusammenprall mit der Malerei besonders wichtig. Berücksichtigt werden in diesem Zusammenhang die künstlerische Produktion und ihre theoretische Aufarbeitung. Die Arbeit stellt im ersten Teil zunächst eine kurze Geschichte der Fotografie vor und diskutiert im Zusammenhang dieses neuen Mediums den realistischen Roman. Der zweite Teil beschäftigt sich dann mit den avantgardistischen Bewegungen Kubismus, Futurismus, Dadaismus und Surrealismus. Die Betonung liegt dabei auf den künstlerischen Manifestationen wie auch auf den poetologischen Reflektionen, die sich auf die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen visuellen und literarischen Darstellungsformen beziehen. Mit diesem Ansatz werden den visuellen Medien, insbesondere der Fotografie und Malerei, eine wichtige Rolle bei der Herausbildung und Konsolidierung des Realismus und der Avant-Garde zugesprochen. / Este trabalho propõe-se a analisar as relações de influência entre os media literatura, pintura e fotografia durante o surgimento e instituição dos movimentos artísticos realismo e vanguarda, com ênfase no âmbito europeu. Parte-se do pressuposto de que mudanças e inovações midiais refletem-se na sociedade e na arte. Busca-se discutir os movimentos realismo e vanguarda, atualmente consolidados nas diferentes abordagens da história da literatura, como emergentes das discussões sobre a imagem, em que pese o surgimento da fotografia e seu embate com a pintura. Considerando-se a produção artística e teórica da época são avaliadas as relações entre imagens e letras a partir de um breve histórico do medium fotográfico e da contextualização dos primeiros romances realistas até o surgimento e desenvolvimento dos movimentos vanguardistas cubismo, futurismo, dadaísmo e surrealismo. São enfatizadas as manifestações artísticas bem como as reflexões conceituais e poetológicas que de alguma forma utilizaram referências entre o visual e o literário, ou elementos tanto textuais quanto visuais. Esta abordagem interdisciplinar mostra-se válida ao discutir a função dos media visuais, sobretudo a pintura e a fotografia, na instauração dos movimentos literários realismo e vanguarda.

La revue Tel Quel était une plateforme du maoïsme en France autour de Mai 68. Le maoïsme de Tel Quel est non seulement un phénomène politique, mais aussi un phénomène culturel. Il y a trois thèmes de recherche sur le maoïsme de Tel Quel : le maoïsme de Tel Quel et le marxisme; le maoïsme de Tel Quel et la critique du bureaucratisme; et enfin le maoïsme et la culture chinoise (classique). Malgré la fascination des maoïstes "telqueliens" pour la Chine dans les domaines de la politique et de la culture, surtout avec la Révolution culturelle qui intégra les révolutions politiques au nom de la culture, le maoïsme de Tel Quel est un imaginaire sur la Chine. C'était une introjection de la Chine en France avec une négation de la réalité de la Chine de Mao. De plus, le maoïsme de Tel Quel est une critique des intellectuels sur l’aliénation de la modernité. En conséquence, l’observation du maoïsme en France est une réflexion sur le rôle de l’intellectuel, et aussi une réflexion sur la société française autour de Mai 68 / Tel Quel is one of the important platforms of Maoism around the May 1968 in France. The Maoism of Tel Quel is not only a phenomenon of politics but also a phenomenon of culture. There are there parts of this thesis: Maoism and Marxism, Maoism and the critiques on bureaucratism, and Maoism and Chinese traditional culture.Although Tel Quel showed great interest to the Chinese politics and culture, especially to the Culture Revolution in China, the Maoism it carried out was the imagination of China. The fact is that the intellectuals utilized the imagined China which reflected the political needs to criticize the social realities in France, but they ignored the true China. Otherwise, the Maoism of Tel Quel is the intellectuals’ criticism to the alienation of modernism in France. Therefore, the investigation on Tel Quel is the investigation of the role that intellectuals played in May 1968 and the perspective of the whole French society around the May 1968 in France.

Cette thèse s’attache à interroger et essaie de définir l’évolution stylistique de l’écriture d’Apollinaire, en l’articulant aux manifestations syntaxiques du continu et du discontinu au sein du discours poétique. Nous y observons comment le discontinu s’inscrit dans la pensée et l’écriture apollinarienne, tant sous la forme d’un motif obsédant, celui du morcellement et de la dissolution du corps, que comme principe de construction du discours, par les figures de juxtaposition et de raccourci syntaxiques. Nous essayons d’étudier les spécificités et l’évolution diachronique de la syntaxe poétique d’Apollinaire, grâce aux apports méthodologique de la textométrie (en particulier du logiciel de statistique textuelle : TXM).Nous analysons plusieurs dispositifs textuels représentatifs de l’articulation apollinarienne du continu et du discontinu : la proposition subordonnée relative, les effets de mise en liste et d’émiettement syntaxique (énumérations, accumulations, juxtapositions), ainsi que le cas particulier que constitue les calligrammes (espace de synthèse poétique, à l’image du renouvellement des régimes de visibilité). Ce type de structures et d’organisations du discours poétique permet en effet d’interroger les enjeux de la plasticité de l’écriture apollinarienne. / This thesis aims to examine and define the stylistic evolution of Apollinaire's writing in light of the syntactic continuity and discontinuity in poetic discourse. It studies the place of discontinuity in his work, both as a haunting motif of the fragmentation and the dissolution of the poet's body through space, as well as a principle of discursive construction, by instances of juxtaposition and shortened syntax. It attempts to study the specificities and the diachronic evolution of Apollinaire by using textometry as a methodological tool (specifically the software for textual statistics: TXM). This thesis analyses several textual structures that represent Apollinaire's articulation of continuity and discontinuity: the relative subordinate clause, the effects of listing and syntactical splitting (enumerations, accumulations, juxtapositions), as well as the particular example of caligramms (a space of poetical synthesis, for instance the extension of regimes of visibility). This type of structure and organization of poetic discourse allows us to analyze the question of the plasticity of Apollinaire's writing.

Au lendemain de la Révolution, on observe en Russie l’apparition de nombreux groupes d’avant-garde qui, d’une certaine manière, prolongent tous les groupes antérieurs. Les jeunes poètes qui perpétuent alors le paradigme avant-gardiste forment certains des groupes qui sont au cœur de cette recherche: les expressionnistes (dont Ippolit Sokolov, Boris Zemenkov, Sergej Spasskij, Gurij Sidorov), le Parnasse de Moscou (dont Boris Lapin, Evgenij Gabrilovič), les fouistes (dont Boris Perelešin, Boris Nesmelov, Nikolai Lepok), les émotionnalistes (dont Mixail Kuzmin, Anna Radlova, Konstantin Vaginov), les rienistes (dont Rjurik Rok, Sergej Sadikov, Susanna Mar, Aècij Ranov, Oleg Èrberg), et les biocosmistes (dont Aleksandr Svjatogor, Aleksandr Jaroslavskij). Ce travail cerne leur activité théorique, philosophique et poétique, suit leurs pas dans la vie artistique de l'époque, reconstitue le contexte intellectuel et culturel. Les années 1920 sont, de manière générale, la période où les cultures russe et allemande se témoignent le plus d'intérêt réciproque et un nombre important de contacts s'établit entre les artistes. L'analyse de leur poésie et de leurs manifestes permet de cerner le phénomène de l'expressionnisme russe, comme mouvement indépendant, et de montrer leur proximité typologique. Quant aux rienistes, on peut les rapprocher des dadaïstes européens. Enfin, les biocosmistes prolongent les idées du cosmisme russe dans une perspective révolutionnaire et utopique. Longtemps négligés, ces groupes apportent la preuve de l'unité vaste et complexe de l'avant-garde russe. Pourtant, leur apport ne fait aucun doute. / Just after the Revolution, in Russia there emerged numerous avant-garde groups that, in a way, continue all previous groups. Young poets who then perpetuate the avant-garde paradigm form certain groups that are at the heart of this research: the Expressionists (including Ippolit Sokolov, Boris Zemenkov, Sergei Spassky, Gury Sidorov), Parnassus of Moscow (including Boris Lapin, Yevgeny Gabrilovich), the Fouists (including Pereleshin Boris, Boris Nesmelov, Nikolai Lepok), the Emotionalists (including Mikhail Kuzmin, Anna Radlova, Konstantin Vaginov), the Nichevoki (including Ryurik Rok, Sergei Sadikov, Susanna Mar, Aetsy Ranov, Oleg Erberg), and Biocosmists (including Alexander Svyatogor, Alexander Yaroslavsky). This work identifies their theoretical, philosophical and poetic activities, following their steps in the artistic life of that time and reconstructs the intellectual and cultural context. The 1920s are, generally, the period when Russian and German cultures reflect greater mutual interest and a large number of contacts is established among artists. The analysis of their poetry and their manifests identifies the phenomenon of Russian Expressionism as independent movement and shows their typological affinities. As regards the Nichevoki, they can be compared to the European Dadaists. Finally, the Biocosmists continue the ideas of Russian Cosmism in a revolutionary and utopian perspective. Long neglected, these groups provide evidence of large and complex body of the Russian avant-garde. Nevertheless, their contribution is certain.

Este estudo investiga as produções artísticas de Wanda Pimentel e Teresinha Soares em meados da década de 1960 e início da década de 1970, com o objetivo de analisar a questão de gênero e a construção da subjetividade feminina. A pesquisa buscou analisar as relações estéticas das obras de Pimentel e Soares à luz das influências das teorias feministas que migravam dos Estados Unidos para o Brasil ao final dos anos de 1960. A partir disso, destacou as relações teóricas entre as questões de gênero e as práticas artísticas das vanguardas brasileiras. Ademais, esta pesquisa tratou da circulação das obras de Pimentel e Soares, visto que as artistas estiveram inseridas no circuito de arte brasileiro em exposições coletivas, salões e bienais no período estudado. Esse contexto de circulação permitiu uma visão crítica frente à retomada das obras dessas artistas em exposições internacionais nos últimos três anos, em virtude de uma política revisionista dos museus acerca das questões de gênero e da produção artística de países à margem dos centros culturais canônicos. O estudo amplia o conhecimento acadêmico sobre as produções artísticas realizadas por mulheres nas décadas de 1960 e 1970, que adotaram a crítica feminista sem se ater a movimentos sociais, contribuindo para o debate sobre a suposta marginalidade da mulher no circuito de arte brasileiro durante a ditadura militar. / This study investigates the artistic productions of Wanda Pimentel and Teresinha Soares in the mid - 1960s and early 1970s, with the objective of analysing the issue of gender and the construction of female subjectivity. The research seeks to analyse the aesthetic relations of the works of Pimentel and Soares in light of the influences of feminist theories that migrated from the United States to Brazil in the late 1960s. This highlights the theoretical relations between gender issues and the artistic practices of the Brazilian vanguard. In addition, this research looks at the circulation of the works of Pimentel and Soares given that both were part of the Brazilian art circuit in collective exhibitions and biennials in this period. This context of the circulation of art allows a critical view of the return of the work of these artists to international exhibitions in the last three years; a return driven by the revisionist policies of museums on issues of gender and artistic production in countries outside the canonical cultural centres. The study expands the academic knowledge about artistic productions made by women in the 1960s and 1970s, who adopted a feminist critique without reference to social movements, contributing to the debate about the supposed marginalisation of women in the Brazilian art circuit during the dictatorship military.

O objetivo deste estudo é fornecer uma análise dos dois principais movimentos dentro da ficção científica em língua inglesa vinculados ao pós-modernismo, a New Wave da década de 1960 e o Movimento Cyberpunk da década de 1980, estabelecendo comparações com a produção de ficção científica do mesmo período, dentro das Primeira e Segunda Ondas da Ficção Científica Brasileira. Questões de política literária serão sempre evocadas, como maneira de relativizar o peso teórico das discussões, tentando estabelecer que intenções, procedimentos e programas literários existem inseridos em contextos pessoais, sociais e mesmo nacionais. Essa abordagem é amparada pelo conceito do Campo de Poder, do sociólogo francês Pierre Bourdieu (1930-2002), e de diversos intérpretes de suas idéias. A partir dos trabalhos de críticos e teóricos como Clive Bloom, Scott McCracken, Ken Gelder, Michel de Certeau e Robert Scholes, este trabalho propõe que a ficção científica, como gênero literário de raízes populares, é capaz de exercer o papel de uma literatura que faz a crítica da modernidade, sem recorrer necessariamente aos aspectos formais associados à literatura pós-modernista, incluindo o texto fragmentário, a mistura de gêneros e códigos literários. A pesquisa conduz a uma reflexão a respeito da situação da ficção de gênero vis-à-vis a predileção da ficção pós-modernista pela metaficção e pelo experimentalismo. / The objective of this study is to provide an analysis of the two main literary movements in English-written science fiction associated to postmodernism, the New Wave of the 1960s and the Cyberpunk Movement of the 1980s, establishing comparisons with science fictional production of the same periods in the First and Second Waves of Brazilian science fiction. Issues of literary politics will be constantly considered, as a way to relativize the theoretical charge of the arguments, trying to establish that intentions, proceedings, and literary programs exist inserted in personal, social, and even national contexts. This approach is supported by the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieus concept of Field of Power, and also by a number of readers of his ideas. Taking from the works of critics and theoreticians such as Clive Bloom, Scott McCracken, Ken Gelder, Michel de Certeau, and Robert Scholes, this work claims that science fiction as a literary genre of popular roots can play out the role of a literature that performs a criticism of modernity without relying on those formal aspects associated with postmodernist literature, including fragmentary prose and the mixing of genres and literary codes. The research leads to a reflection concerning the situation of genre fiction vis-à-vis postmodernist fictions propensity for metafiction and experimentalism.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den wechselseitigen Beziehungen zwischen Literatur, Malerei und Fotografie in den literaturgeschichtlichen Epochen des Realismus und der Avant- Garde. Schwerpunkt bildet dabei die Kunst und Literatur im europäischen Rahmen. Ausgangspunkt ist die Annahme, dass die medialen Veränderungen und Neuerungen sich in der Gesellschaft und der Kunst wiederspiegeln. Es wird dargestellt, wie sich sowohl der Realismus wie auch die Avant-Garde aus den Auseinandersetzungen über das Bild erklären lassen. Dabei ist der Aufstieg und die Entwicklung der Fotografie und ihr Zusammenprall mit der Malerei besonders wichtig. Berücksichtigt werden in diesem Zusammenhang die künstlerische Produktion und ihre theoretische Aufarbeitung. Die Arbeit stellt im ersten Teil zunächst eine kurze Geschichte der Fotografie vor und diskutiert im Zusammenhang dieses neuen Mediums den realistischen Roman. Der zweite Teil beschäftigt sich dann mit den avantgardistischen Bewegungen Kubismus, Futurismus, Dadaismus und Surrealismus. Die Betonung liegt dabei auf den künstlerischen Manifestationen wie auch auf den poetologischen Reflektionen, die sich auf die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen visuellen und literarischen Darstellungsformen beziehen. Mit diesem Ansatz werden den visuellen Medien, insbesondere der Fotografie und Malerei, eine wichtige Rolle bei der Herausbildung und Konsolidierung des Realismus und der Avant-Garde zugesprochen. / Este trabalho propõe-se a analisar as relações de influência entre os media literatura, pintura e fotografia durante o surgimento e instituição dos movimentos artísticos realismo e vanguarda, com ênfase no âmbito europeu. Parte-se do pressuposto de que mudanças e inovações midiais refletem-se na sociedade e na arte. Busca-se discutir os movimentos realismo e vanguarda, atualmente consolidados nas diferentes abordagens da história da literatura, como emergentes das discussões sobre a imagem, em que pese o surgimento da fotografia e seu embate com a pintura. Considerando-se a produção artística e teórica da época são avaliadas as relações entre imagens e letras a partir de um breve histórico do medium fotográfico e da contextualização dos primeiros romances realistas até o surgimento e desenvolvimento dos movimentos vanguardistas cubismo, futurismo, dadaísmo e surrealismo. São enfatizadas as manifestações artísticas bem como as reflexões conceituais e poetológicas que de alguma forma utilizaram referências entre o visual e o literário, ou elementos tanto textuais quanto visuais. Esta abordagem interdisciplinar mostra-se válida ao discutir a função dos media visuais, sobretudo a pintura e a fotografia, na instauração dos movimentos literários realismo e vanguarda.