Ce travail s’inscrit en sciences du langage, dans le champ de l’analyse du discours, et utilise les outils de l’analyse conversationnelle et interactionnelle. L’objectif est de montrer la corrélation entre l’objet d’étude – le dysfonctionnement interactionnel – et le genre du discours – le débat politique télévisé. Le corpus choisi est le débat de l’entredeuxtours de l’élection présidentielle de 2007, entre Ségolène Royal et Nicolas Sarkozy. La transcription intégrale de cette interaction permet de recenser l’ensemble des dysfonctionnements et de les classer. Il existe ainsi deux types de dysfonctionnement : les ratés du système des tours (interruption, chevauchement, silence prolongé entre deuxtours) et la non-pertinence de l'enchaînement (échange tronqué, seconde partie de paire non pertinente). Chacun de ces dysfonctionnements est étudié en fonction des visées auxquelles il obéit (coopérer, polémique, gérer l’interaction…), et par rapport à la stratégie globale à laquelle il participe. L’analyse précise de chaque catégorie de dysfonctionnement interactionnel permet de montrer les constantes et les spécificités de ces phénomènes discursifs. En outre, cette analyse porte sur la relation interpersonnelle et mobilise les notions de face et d’ethos, l’image des candidats locuteurs s’élaborantaussi au travers de ces dysfonctionnements. Plus largement, le but de cette étude est d’esquisser une cartographie des dysfonctionnements interactionnels pouvant servir de modèle à d’autres analyses. Les études futures pourront porter sur d’autres débats ou d’autres genres du discours, afin de mener une étude comparative, en utilisant les outils mis en évidence dans ce travail. / The second-round debate of presidential elections has been a significant event in French politics since 1974. The final TV debate of 2007, during which presidential candidates Ségolène Royal and Nicolas Sarkozy confronted each other, constitutes the corpus of the present study. The analysis focuses on turn-taking dysfunctions : interruption, overlapand problematic sequence. The aim of this study is to understand the function of these discursive devices in this TV political debate. First, the detailed transcription shows many turn-taking dysfunctions. Second, the analysis of the data reveals different types of interruption (intentional or not, with or without simultaneous speech, isolated or with others interruptions), different types of overlap (when two speakers begin together, when the current speaker continues speaking after the overlap or when he lets the next speaker talk) and different types of problematic sequence (when the next speaker does not answer at all or does not answer well to the first speaker). Third, each type is precisely examined. The discourse analysis demonstrates how the debater uses them to defend himself or to criticize the other person. Furthermore, as turn-taking dysfunctions are conversational insults, the discourse surrounding them is analysed as a way to save face and to build the discursive ethos. The results of this study may help the field of linguistics to understand the discursive strategies of politicians. More generally, it presents a model to analyse every type of turn-taking dysfunction. Future research might focus on other TV political debates and other discursive genres (interviews, TV programmes with politicians) so as to carry out a comparative analysis.

Le continuel développement des outils statistiques permet aujourd’hui la modélisation de nombreux phénomènes, toujours plus complexes. En combinant l’approche offerte par des modèles statistiques spécifiques, dit "multiniveaux", et leurs applications à différentes problématiques médicales, cette thèse s’inscrit à la croisée de divers domaines : celui des statistiques, de par la méthodologie sur laquelle reposent les résultats ; mais aussi, celui de l’économie de la santé et de la santé publique en général, au travers des applications présentées.La première partie de cette thèse s’intéresse aux aspects théoriques, et plus particulièrement à l’évolution des méthodologies, du modèle de régression linéaire simple aux modèles multiniveaux pour des liens non nécessairement linéaires. Le déroulé historique de la modélisation mais également les hypothèses, le principe, la stratégie d'analyse et enfin les limites y sont abordés.La seconde partie s’articule autour de deux applications multiniveaux distinctes. La première concerne les déterminants de l'observance et des interruptions de traitement, chez les personnes infectées par le virus du VIH/Sida suivant un traitement par antirétroviraux, dans le contexte du Cameroun. La seconde, quant à elle, s'intéresse au recours aux soins dentaires chez les personnes âgées de 60 ans et plus et vivant en domicile ordinaire. Ces deux applications sont comparables dans leurs méthodologies puisqu’il s’agit de déterminer les comportements étudiés par des variables individuelles habituellement retenues, mais aussi des variables de "contexte" (caractéristiques de l’offre de soins).La troisième partie est consacrée aux applications sur le panel de médecins généralistes et traite deux études autonomes. La première expose les réticences des médecins, et le rôle de leurs aprioris, face aux Recommandations de Bonnes Pratiques (RBP). Elle nous permet de déboucher sur quelques pistes pour améliorer l’usage des RBP en médecine de ville. La seconde analyse la similarité – ou parfois la dissimilarité – entre le cycle d’activité des médecins généralistes et la saisonnalité des épidémies, dans le but d’identifier les facteurs favorisant l’ajustement des médecins généralistes aux variations saisonnières des besoins des patients. Cette étude pourrait permettre, notamment, d’anticiper et de mieux gérer des situations de crise sanitaire, avec l’appui effectif de la médecine de ville. / The continual development of statistical tools allows the modelling of numerous phenomena, including the complex ones. Using a set of statistical techniques and applications, based on the so-called “multilevel” modelling, this thesis deals with different aspects related to the statistical methodology and applications as per health economics and public health.The first part reconsiders the evolution of methodology, starting from the simple linear regression techniques to the more complex multilevel modelling as applied to both the linear and non-linear relations. It addresses issues related to the historical development, the hypotheses, the strategy of analysis, and the scope of applications. The second part presents two distinct multilevel studies. The first concerns the determinants of observance and interruptions of treatment for persons infected by the HIV/AIDS and treated with antiretroviral in Cameroon. The second one focuses on the use of dental services for the elderly. The two studies are methodologically comparable in that, besides integrating the usually retained individual variables, the analyses examine health seeking behaviours, particularly, the utilisation of health care services, while accounting for contextual determinants such as the characteristics of health supply (clinic, department or region).The third part is dedicated to the applications on GPs' panel and contains two different studies. The first one explains the GPs’ behaviours and the role of their aprioris vis-à-vis Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG), and suggests solutions to overcome their negative attitudes. The second study analyses the similarity – sometimes the differences – between the cycle of GPs’ activity and the seasonality of epidemics with the aim of better understanding determinants favouring the adjustment of the GP in the seasonal variations of the patients needs. This study helps anticipate and manage situations of sanitary crisis, with the effective support of general practitioners.

This quantitative, descriptive study investigated factors that contributed to TB patients registered in four Tembisa clinics in 2001, defaulting treatment. An interview schedule with closed and open-ended questions was used for 30 patients who could be traced who had interrupted treatment. The reasons for treatment interruption were related to socio-economic, TB policy-related and health care worker-related factors. The findings illustrate that TB management requires a multi-sectoral approach and joint efforts to tackle the disease that continues to kill people even though it is curable. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

The purpose of the study was to investigate the factors associated with the interruption of tuberculosis treatment in the Swakopmund district of Namibia. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire administered by interviewers. The population consisted of both treatment interrupters and non-interrupters. The total sample was 143 respondents. The findings revealed that three factors were significantly associated with TB treatment interruption, namely a lack of formal education (p = 0.032), lack of access to media (p = 0.017), and clinic opening times (p = 0.000). Recommendations made include improving the support given to TB patients, increasing their understanding of TB and adopting new research and technology. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

In my essay, I explore the dilemma how I respond to the various hobbies that children carry with them to preschool. I want to be able to allow every child to take part of their hobbies at preschool, but I still get stuck in accepting some hobbies, while I deny others. In my stories, I focus on two situations where I have a hard time accepting the children's hobbies, because I think they interfer with preschool routine. Through my questions, I then go on to examine why I react like this, and how I could act differently towards these children. My method is to write a scientific essay, where I explore my own experience through writing, and reflect on my dilemma by looking at it from different angles. I set out from a hermeneutic perspective, where Hans-George Gadamer's theories on preconceptions and the horizon of understanding form a base for my reflections. I've chosen to explore two different approaches that I could take in my response towards the children. One is based on Gert Biesta's thoughts on a pedagogy of interruption, which is about interrupting the children in what they are doing, to make them take a break from their repetitive behaviour and give them new ways to access their hobbies. The other approach departs from Carina Fast's studies on literacy and the potential children have to learn through popular culture, and where I try to base my actions on what they children are currently doing, to elaborate on that instead. I try to apply both of these approaches on my stories, and reflect on how they would work here and what this could lead to. I feel that no two situations are the same and that I can't tell for sure that a certain method is going to work every time, thus I will have to see each and every situation for what it is and try different approaches each time.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:26:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Silvia Altieri.pdf: 591978 bytes, checksum: 609657997da5bf6bfac4be4a45d8d521 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective of this dissertation is to study the concepts of baroque allegory and Brechtian break in the light of Benjamin's thought, in order to understand the closeness that these concepts establish between the fields of philosophy and theater art through the concept of Darstellung (presentation / exposure). The proximity between theater and philosophy in Benjamin's thought is therefore, the question that guides this research and our hypothesis is that the concept of Darstellung (presentation / exposure) is the key to the elucidation of this question. Moreover, the study of the concept of allegory will be conected to the analysis of contemporary theater, specifically the concept of post-dramatic. Allegory is the link of the union betwen German Baroque drama, Brechtian theater and post-dramatic theater. The present study is not based on a linear and diachronic historical chronology. This is the synchronic sense in which the cutting was done in reverse, to use the words of Walter Benjamin. The dissertation will follow the following breakdown: the cut in the first chapter will be the study of the concept of allegory of the German Baroque drama and of the spectacle of this drama, in the second chapter I will study the Brechtian concept of interruption and the spectacle of Brechtian theater, in the third chapter the focus will be the concept of post-dramatic theater and the spectacle of this theater. The axis of this analysis and of the three chapters will be the relationship between theater and Benjamin philosophy by the key concept of Darstelung. Finally, in the final considerations the consequences of this study will be analyzed in order to open issues that may expand the vision of theater and the relationship between theatrical art and philosophy to the contemporary perspective / O objetivo da presente dissertação é estudar os conceitos de alegoria barroca e interrupção brechtiana, à luz do pensamento benjaminiano, para compreender a proximidade que esses conceitos estabelecem entre os campos da filosofia e da arte teatral através do conceito da Darstellung (apresentação/exposição). A proximidade entre teatro e filosofia no pensamento benjaminiano é, portanto, a questão que norteia o presente trabalho e nossa hipótese é que o conceito da Darstellung (apresentação/exposição) seja a chave para a elucidação de tal questão. Além disso, o estudo do conceito de alegoria se relacionará à análise do teatro contemporâneo denominando de pós-dramático. A alegoria é o nexo que une drama barroco alemão, teatro brechtiano e teatro pós-dramático. O presente estudo não se baseia em uma cronologia histórica diacrônica e linear. Trata-se do sentido sincrônico, em que o recorte foi realizado a contrapelo, para usarmos a expressão de Walter Benjamin. A dissertação seguirá a seguinte divisão: no primeiro capítulo o recorte será o estudo do conceito de alegoria do drama barroco alemão e do espetáculo deste drama; no segundo capítulo estudarei o conceito de interrupção brechtiano e o espetáculo do teatro brechtiano; no terceiro capítulo o foco será o conceito de pós-dramático e o espetáculo deste teatro. O eixo de análise dos três capítulos será a relação entre teatro e filosofia benjaminiana pela chave do conceito de Darstellung. Por fim nas considerações finais serão analisadas as conseqüências deste estudo com o intuito de abrir questões que possam ampliar a visão do teatro e da relação entre a arte teatral e a filosofia para a perspectiva contemporânea

<p>U disertaciji je predstavljen pristup zasnovan na algoritmu mešovitog celobrojnog linearnog programiranja (MILP) za određivanje optimalnog broja, tipa i lokacije uređaja za automatizaciju distributivne mreže. Ugradnja različitih tipova nove opreme (daljinski kontrolisani reklozeri, sekcioneri i indikatori prolaska struje kvara) kao i relokacija postojeće opreme su istovremeno razmatrani. Prilikom određivanja optimalnog scenarija za automatizaciju, predloženi pristup uvažava troškove ispada potrošača/proizvođača usled trenutnih, kratkotrajnih i dugotrajnih ispada, najčešće korišćene pokazatelje pouzdanosti (SAIFI, SAIDI, MAIFI, i ASIDI) kao i troškove distributivnog preduzeća, asocirane uređajima za automatizaciju i ekipama koje su uključene u proces rešavanja prekida napajanja.<br />Dakle, osnovni cilj ove disertacije je, da se napravi model zasnovan na mešovitom celobrojnom linearnom programiranju koji će omogućiti određivanje najboljeg scenarija za automatizaciju distributivne mreže u slučajevima kada se ocena kvaliteta isporuke definiše preko pokazatelja pouzdanosti, preko troškova usled prekida napajanja ili kombinacijom ova dva pokazatelja.</p> / <p>The dissertation presents a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) based approach for determining the optimal number, type and location of automation devices to be installed in the network by considering different types of devices simultaneously (remotely controlled circuit breakers/reclosers, sectionalizing switches, remotely supervised fault passage indicators). Simultaneously, it determines the new (optimal) locations of the automation devices that already exist in the network. In determining the most effective network automation scenario, the proposed approach takes into account the outage cost of consumers/producers due to momentary, short-term, and long-term interruptions, the commonly used network reliability indices (SAIFI, SAIDI, MAIFI, and ASIDI) as well as the cost of automation devices and the cost of crews. It provides the best network automation scenario in distribution systems if the network reliability indices are used for measuring the distribution system reliability, if cost of interruptions is defined to all consumers/producers, and if both approaches (criteria) are used.</p>

基於憲法的保障以及選民的負託，立法委員得以在會期內，就政府施政得失要求官員答詢解釋。而立委由於來自不同的社會、政治背景，自然各有其獨特的質詢方式。因此，國會實為「中斷言談」(Interruption)之研究提供一適切領域。 　　雖然「中斷言談」之分析業已引起廣泛興趣，但甚少有關於政治人物之研究。本論文之目的，即旨在基於社會語言學的架構中，由「中斷言談」的行為，以瞭解權力運作與政黨、種族，官階差異之間的關係。 / With a mandate by the Constitution and the electorate, lawmakers can inquire the government officials' explanations for policies within the parliamentary sessions,　tt is only natural that lawmakers coming from diverse social and political realms may show distinct styles of questioning. Thus, parliament does offer a fit province for interruption analysis. 　　Despite the increasing interest in studies of interruption, few have been dovoted to this territory in a political light.　It is then the purpose of this thesis to develop an analysis grounded within sociolinguistic framework, seeing how the exercise of power relates to some variables such as party identity, ethnic origin, and official ranking through the interruptive behaviors.

Les erreurs humaines et les interruptions sont des phénomènes courants mais négligés, voire ignorés, dans le processus de développement des systèmes interactifs. En outre, leur automatisation massive n'a pas éliminé erreurs et interruptions, mais en a accentué le caractère critique. Ce mémoire a pour objet l'amélioration de la fiabilité des systèmes homme-machine par la prise en compte explicite des erreurs et des interruptions dans la pratique de l'Ingénierie de l'Interaction Homme-Machine. Nous appliquons notre étude au cas exigeant des systèmes critiques automatisés et notamment aux systèmes aéronautiques, pour lesquels les erreurs humaines et les interruptions ont une importance décisive. Dans la première partie du mémoire, dédiée aux concepts, nous présentons une revue des recherches sur l'automatisation et sur l'analyse des erreurs humaines telle que l'envisage la psychologie cognitive. A notre tour, nous proposons le concept de singularité comme notion pivot aux phénomènes d'erreur et d'interruption. Nous en fournissons un modèle qui explicite les activités mentales en relation avec la détection et la correction de singularité. La seconde partie du mémoire a trait à l'expression formelle des singularités dans le processus de développement d'un système interactif. Après une revue des formalismes et des notations utilisés en Interaction Homme-Machine, nous retenons MAD, UAN et les réseaux de Petri pour leurs qualités et leur usage complémentaires. Pour chacun, nous proposons les extensions nécessaires à l'expression des singularités. Nous fournissons également les règles de traduction de ces extensions entre les trois formalismes retenus, évitant ainsi la perte de conformité au cours du processus de développement d'un système.

Cette thèse présente 5 essais d'évaluation de politique publique. Nous étudions tout d'abord l'efficacité d'un programme d'accompagnement personnalisé vers l'emploi proposé à des allocataires du Revenu Minimum d'Insertion, et montrons que son coût est supérieur aux économies réalisées sur les versements de l'allocation. Les analyses proposées mettent ensuite en lumière que la durée d'une interruption de carrière affecte négativement la trajectoire salariale des femmes après une naissance. Enfin, elles apportent un début d'explication à la formation de rendements de l'éducation sur la santé hétérogènes au sein de la population : la motivation des élèves à poursuivre leurs études augmenterait l'effet protecteur de l'éducation sur la santé. Sur le plan méthodologique, cette thèse met en oeuvre 5 modélisations économétriques différentes pour identifier l'impact causal : une expérimentation aléatoire (chapitre 1), des doubles différences (chapitre 2), une instrumentation sur données de panel avec un modèle structurel (chapitre 3), des régressions par discontinuité (chapitre 4), et enfin le cadre classique des variables instrumentales (chapitre 5).