Lorsqu'une infraction est comme, la recherche de son auteur est non seulement une question factuelle mais aussi une question juridique centrale dans la procédure pénale. dans une société démocratique, l'appréhension de l'auteur de l'infraction exige la preuve de sa participation aux faits.la police judiciaire a pour mission de constater les infractions pénales et de procéder aux investigations nécessaires à la manifestation de la vérité. en d'autres termes, elle doit rapporter la preuve de la commission de l'infraction et de son imputation à une ou plusieurs personnes déterminées. / Criminal proceedings must meet two requirements:- Ensure investigating authorities broad and powerful means of investigation.- Protect individuals from the danger of arbitrariness with their freedom and unfounded conviction.Those two requirements are faced with great acuity in special proceedings right. Now the principle of proportionality between the seriousness of the offense and the procedure is applied.The offenses related to a crime considered as serious (as organized criminality) are subjected to a special procedure facilitating the taking of evidence and decreasing the individual freedom protection.The following research attempts to identify explicit and implicit criteria of this principle of proportionality in criminal proceedings throughout the regime of the taking of evidence by judicial police.

Orientador: Sérgio Roxo da Fonseca / Banca: Marcos Simão Figueiras / Banca: Aloysio Augusto de Campos Netto / Resumo: A Polícia Militar do Estado de São Paulo é uma Instituição organizada hierarquicamente, segundo critérios de disciplina militar. Foi criada em 1831. Trata-se, portanto de um órgão da administração pública com competência constitucional para desenvolver serviços de policiamento ostensivo. É composta por agentes públicos chamados de servidores públicos militares que desenvolvem atos no sentido de promover a segurança e a ordem pública. O tema O princípio da legalidade no controle dos atos administrativos na Polícia Militar, amparado pelo Direito Administrativo, tem como objetivo demonstrar como o princípio da legalidade, exerce papel limitador dos atos administrativos, colaborando com o fortalecimento e concretização dos postulados do Estado de Direito. Estudou-se o início histórico da sociedade e conseqüente evolução até origem do Estado, demonstrando-se a sua finalidade e suas funções, numa evolução do Estado de Polícia no rumo do Estado Democrático de Direito. Da estrutura do ordenamento jurídico, diante de toda a Administração Pública, emergem os princípios constitucionais como marcos necessários a serem observados por todos os agentes públicos. Ao longo dos anos, a corporação foi criticada por entender-se que seus administradores exerciam suas atividades conforme suas vontades. Propugna-se no sentido de que esse entendimento apresente-se submetido à legislação vigorante. Na conclusão, demonstrou-se que a Polícia Militar exerce sua atividade amparada pela Constituição e pela lei. O presente trabalho pretende ser suscetível de causar efeitos no meio acadêmico como também no âmbito corporativo, contribuindo assim com uma reflexão eminentemente teórica com forte sentido na vida prática. / Abstract: The Military Police of the State of São Paulo is an institution hierarchically organized, according to military discipline criteria. It was created in 1831. It is, therefore, an organ of public administration with constitutional competence to develop ostensive policing services. Public agents, called military public employees, who develop acts in order to promote the public security and public order, form it. The theme: The legality principle in the control of administrative acts in Military Police, supported by Administrative Law, has as its purpose to demonstrate how the legality principle performs a limiting function in administrative acts, collaborating with the strength and concretion of the postulates of the State of Law. The historical beginning of the society and the consequent evolution to the origin of the State were studied, demonstrating their purposes and functions in the evolution of the State of Police towards the Democratical State of Law. The constitutional principles, as essential signs to be observed by every public agent, emerge from the structure of juridical ordering, in the face of public administration as a whole. The corporation was criticized along the years because it was understood that its administrators performed their activities according to their will. It is advocated that this understanding is submitted to the effective Law. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that the Military Police performs their activities supported by the Constitution and the Law. The present paper intend to be susceptible of causing effects in the academic as well as in the corporative spheres, contributing to an eminently theoretical reflection with a strong meaning to practical life. / Mestre

The constitutional right to strike in Peru is developed by a very strict policy that determines the origin of the measure to a view of the administrative labor authority that may be issued in two instances. However, there are rules that allow understand the existence of the strike despite not having the decision of that authority as they prevent the employer to freely exercise its disciplinary powers to an improper or illegal paralysis. With regard to recent decisions of the labor inspection, this article analyzes this situation and seeks to present some solutions consistent with the essential content of this constitutional right. / El derecho constitucional a la huelga es desarrollado en el Perú mediante una normativa muy estricta que condiciona la procedencia de la medida a una opinión de la autoridad administrativa de trabajo que puede ser emitida en doble instancia. Sin embargo, existen normas que permitirían entender la existencia de la huelga a pesar de no contar con la aprobación de dicha autoridad dado que impiden al empleador poder ejercer con libertad su facultad disciplinaria ante una paralización improcedente o ilegal. A propósito de recientes decisiones de la inspección de trabajo, el presente artículo analiza esta situación y busca presentar algunas soluciones coherentes con el contenido esencial del derecho constitucional.

Submitted by Cylmar Pitelli Teixeira Fortes (aryane@fortes.adv.br) on 2015-09-03T13:22:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cylmar Pitelli Teixeira Fortes -Uma Análise Crítica do Papel da Jurisprudência no Planejamento Tributário Tensões Principiológicas e Desafios à Unif_versão_03_09_2015.pdf: 1618422 bytes, checksum: d56d812b0bf3466e24ec8ccba4b19020 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2015-09-03T16:07:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Cylmar Pitelli Teixeira Fortes -Uma Análise Crítica do Papel da Jurisprudência no Planejamento Tributário Tensões Principiológicas e Desafios à Unif_versão_03_09_2015.pdf: 1618422 bytes, checksum: d56d812b0bf3466e24ec8ccba4b19020 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-03T16:45:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cylmar Pitelli Teixeira Fortes -Uma Análise Crítica do Papel da Jurisprudência no Planejamento Tributário Tensões Principiológicas e Desafios à Unif_versão_03_09_2015.pdf: 1618422 bytes, checksum: d56d812b0bf3466e24ec8ccba4b19020 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-11 / As in other countries with civil Law tradition, Brazilian legal system incorporates the Law as the primary source and the guarantee of the Rule of Law. Hermeneutics, as the scientific theory of the art of interpretation, imposes itself in our system as the channel destined to compensate the vagueness and imprecision of the law, and resolve the normative conflicts, via the traditional methods and criteria. Jurisprudence, understood as a uniform and constant set of decisions concerning similar subjects, has a secondary role, and the ideas regarding Rights and Justice, in this context, are very close to Law. With the enactment of the 1988´s Democratic Constitution and the rebirth of Brazilian constitutional law, whose philosophical landmark is post-positivism, the Constituent brought regulation to the constitutional principles. However, it did not systemize the relations of the principles between themselves and with the equally positive-like rules of the Constitution; it generated certain principle-logical tensions, as well as among principles and constitutional rules. After surpassing the positive-like pattern, which matched Rights to Law, the discussions related to the neutrality of the regulation´s applicator, and the volunteered and customized actions practiced following subjective ideals of justice were highlighted. In this new context, Jurisprudence takes the role of the main character, and gets the jurisdiction´s Brazilian model closer to common law. However, the extraordinary link of the arbiters to precedents, which comes from the free convincing regime, indicates lack of uniformity and coherence of those that are been judged, concerning similar legal issues, jeopardising stability, generating legal uncertainty and insecurity, and consequently, high obstacles to entrepreneurial planning and the investments that depend on them, what tends to harm the country´s business environment. This perspective´s objective is indicating that Law, as the harmonic system of regulations, requires clear limits, and that these limits, in our constitutional system precisely represent the imposition of methods that guarantee uniform and coherent statements to the Society from the part of the regulation´s applicator, by observing the precedents adequately balanced in terms of harmony, legal security and predictability. / Como em países de tradição civil law, o sistema jurídico brasileiro consagra a lei como fonte primária e garantia do Estado de Direito. A hermenêutica, como teoria científica da arte de interpretar, impõe-se em nosso sistema como canal destinado a suprir as vaguezas e imprecisões da lei e resolver-lhe os conflitos normativos, pelos métodos e critérios tradicionais. A jurisprudência, entendida como um conjunto uniforme e constante de decisões sobre assuntos similares, tem um papel secundário, e as ideias de Direito e Justiça, nesse contexto, muito se aproximam da lei. Com a promulgação da Constituição democrática de 1988, e o renascimento do direito constitucional brasileiro, cujo marco filosófico é o pós-positivismo, o constituinte atribuiu normatividade aos princípios constitucionais. Mas não sistematizou as relações dos princípios entre si, e destes com regras igualmente positivadas na Constituição, fazendo emergir certas tensões principiológicas e também entre princípios e regras constitucionais. Superado o modelo positivista, que equiparava o Direito à lei, ganharam grande importância as discussões relacionadas à neutralidade do aplicador da norma, e os voluntarismos e personalismos praticados sob ideais subjetivos de justiça. Nesse novo contexto, a jurisprudência assume papel protagonista, e aproxima o modelo brasileiro das jurisdições do common law. Entretanto, a vinculação apenas extraordinária dos julgadores aos precedentes, que deita raízes no regime de livre convencimento, induz falta de uniformidade e de coerência dos julgados, acerca de questões jurídicas similares, comprometendo a estabilidade, gerando incerteza e insegurança jurídica, e por via de consequência, relevantes empecilhos ao planejamento empresarial e aos investimentos que dele dependem, o que tende a gerar prejuízos ao ambiente de negócios do País. Essa perspectiva tem o objetivo de demonstrar que o Direito, enquanto sistema harmônico de normas, requer limites claros, e que esses limites, em nosso sistema constitucional, significam precisamente a imposição de métodos que assegurem à sociedade pronunciamentos uniformes e coerentes por parte do aplicador da norma, mediante observância de precedentes adequadamente sopesados em direção à harmonia, segurança jurídica e previsibilidade.

This diploma thesis deals with the ineffective evidence in the context of criminal procedure in the Czech Republic. The aim of this thesis is to provide a coherent interpretation on this topic, analyse current legal framework including its shortcomings and supplement the thesis with a sufficient number of applicable case law. The thesis is systematically divided into three main chapters. The first chapter is a short interpretation of key terms, principles of the law of evidence and fundamental sources of law related to the evidence. The second chapter is crucial for understanding this issue. This chapter is devoted to the evaluation of evidence from the point of view of their legality as well as the possibility of using such as evidence in criminal proceedings subject to the statutory rules on evidence. After a theoretical introduction on absolute and relative inefficiency of evidence, the legality of evidence is described in detail according to five different aspects, which determine legal boundaries of evidence. These five aspects are means of evidence, the subject of evidence, stage of proceedings, the subject-matter of evidence and taking of evidence. Part of this chapter is also dedicated to the issue of whether the inefficiency of evidence has an impact on evidence obtained as a result of...

This thesis focuses on the issue of government authorities and assesses its activity in the case of legality distortion. The thesis describes government autority in general as a whole, from which detaches its local part and focuses on its function during specific activities. The basic used document was the valid legislation of the crisis management, professional publications and appropriate documents. The aim of this work is based on the available literature to describe and evaluate the functioning of the government in solving distortions of legality consider whether legislative support is enough, and bring in new methodology for increasing the success of the management activities of local authorities.

This work aims to investigate the relationship between legality and morality in the view of the Law theorist Herbert L.A Hart. We analyze the claims which arouse as a reaction against the polemical Report of the Wolfenden Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution from 1957. This report addresses the decriminalization of male homosexual conduct and prostitution based on the argument that there should be a field of private morality and immorality which did not belong to the legal scope. First, we analyze the works by Hart which deal with the relationship between law and morals. Then, we investigate the Harm Principle or Principle of Civil Liberties, supported by John Stuart Mill in his work On Liberty , and which served as a support for the conclusions of the Report. Finally, we analyze the claims made by Hart on behalf of a mitigated form of Mill‟s Principle, as well as the impact of these claims among theorists such as Patrick Devlin, Peter Cane and Neil Mac Cormick. / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo investigar a relação entre legalidade e moralidade na concepção do teórico do Direito Herbert L. A. Hart. Analisamos os argumentos que surgiram como reação ao polêmico Relatório do Comitê Departamental de Crimes Homossexuais e Prostituição, de 1957. Esse relatório versa sobre a descriminalização de condutas homossexuais masculinas e da prostituição, apoiando-se no argumento de que haveria um campo de moralidade e imoralidade privadas que não pertenceria à seara legal. Inicialmente, analisamos as obras de Hart que tratam da relação entre Direito e Moral. Depois, investigamos o Princípio do Dano, ou Princípio da Liberdade Civil, defendido por John Stuart Mill na obra On Liberty, e que serviu de suporte argumentativo para as conclusões do Relatório. Finalmente, analisamos os argumentos lançados por Hart em defesa de uma forma mitigada do Princípio de Mill, bem como a repercussão desses argumentos entre teóricos como Patrick Devlin, Peter Cane e Neil Mac Cormick.

O Estado é um ente vocacionado ao controle e centralização da sociedade. Essa postura tem se perpetuado ao longo dos modelos estatais absoluto, liberal e social pela manutenção da ordem e do poder. No absolutismo houve a verdade identificou-se com a acepção da sacralidade das leis. No liberalismo a verdade foi instrumentalizada pela pura adoração à racionalidade das leis. No Estado Social, mesmo com a abertura semântica, a jurisdição e o poder mantiveram- se correlatos. No Brasil a frágil representatividade da sociedade no plano político deu azo ao monismo estatal que favoreceu a face paternalista e intervencionista. Com o desequilíbrio social e a expansão dos direitos sociais ocorreu a escalada em busca da tutela jurisdicional para a restauração da igualdade. Na mesma proporção que se deu a liberdade cognitiva do Judiciário, ocorreu o aumento da demanda recursal que deflagrou o processo de desprestígio das decisões judiciais de base. Em oposição, fica constatado, através de dados estatísticos, que nas decisões de primeira instância ocorre o momento mais propício para a concretização dos princípios da cooperação intersubjetiva e da oralidade, e portanto a conclusão do litígio pelo procedimento conciliatório. Negando tal postura, existem discursos em prol da legalidade que reforça o duplo grau de jurisdição como perfil de garantia constitucional, e portanto, inafastável, embora esse entendimento se encontre em franco desalinhamento com a interpretação normativa e com os precedentes jurisprudenciais. O resultado prático desse dissenso é que as sistemáticas incursões recursais inviabilizam o nascituro princípio da eficiência. O modelo do silogismo, ainda que aplicável em várias situações, cedeu espaço a juridicidade amplificada que rompeu a barreira do absoluto, admitindo-se o verossímil, o razoável. Instaurou-se o embate entre a legalidade que legitima a sistemática recursal e a juridicidade da eficiência e da equidade. Questões aduzidas como a ampla defesa e ampliação do debate pelas vias recursais comungam em desfavor dessas a exemplo de indagações acerca de alguns procedimentos colegiados como julgamentos em lista e, também, pelo cotejo das minirreformas processuais que alargaram os poderes do magistrado e possibilitaram a efetividade das decisões judiciais. O panorama macrossistêmico demonstra a nova projeção das Instituições Jurídicas pela sua revitalização e redimensionamento. A jurisdição deve ser célere e calcada o mais próxima possível da verdade; porém, o novo modelo de decisão justa é aquela que se apresenta mais sob a forma do desapego ao conceito do universalizante, das visões totalizantes, da unidade e das certezas absolutas. O mote é o fractal, o aberto, o plural. No mircossistema jurídico acena-se à tendência da força dos precedentes. Entretanto, parte da jurisdição, que é una, desconfortavelmente, tem sido alijada desse processo. A jurisdição de base, a rigor da forte chancela da legalidade recursal, não se incorpora como elemento de composição das soluções conflituosas, eis que suas decisões são sistematicamente rechaçadas. A juridicidade contemporânea, apanágio de um sistema de regras e critérios de ponderação diversificados, erigidos por sociedades cada vez mais plurais, aparentemente coaduna-se mais com esse intrincado processo cultural cujos debates filosóficos navegam na suposta sucessão entre a Modernidade e a Pós-modernidade / The state is being geared to the control and centralization of society. This attitude has been perpetuated over the absolute, social and liberal state models for maintaining order and power. In absolutism the truth was identified with of the sacredness of the laws. In liberalism the truth was instrumentalized by pure worship of the rationality of the laws. In the welfare state, even with the semantic expansion, the jurisdiction and power remained correlated. In Brazil, the weak representation in political society favored to monism state that favored the face paternalistic and interventionist. With the imbalance social and expansion of social rights was an escalation in the search of legal protection for the restoration of equality. In the same in proportion that cognitive freedom of the judiciary, there was increased demand that triggered the process to discredit the basis of judicial decisions. In contrast, it is found, through statistical data, that the decisions of first instance is more propitious moment for the realization of the principles of cooperative interactions and orality, and therefore the conclusion of the dispute by conciliation procedure. Denying such a stance, there are speeches in favor of legality, which reinforces the double degree of jurisdiction as a constitutional guarantee, and therefore, unremovable, although this understanding is in misalignment franc with the normative interpretation of legal precedents. The practical result of this dissent is that systematic incursions appellate become unviable the unborn principle of efficiency. The model of the syllogism, still applicable in various situations, allowed way to juridical posture amplified and broke the barrier of absolute, assuming the plausible and reasonable. Had establish the conflict between the legality that legitimizes to appellate systematics and the legality of the efficiency and the equity. Issues such as legal defense and wider debate by appellate process commune to the detriment of those, the example of some questions concerning the procedures collegiate as "judgment-list" and also by comparison of procedural small reforms which extending the powers of judge and allowed to effectiveness of judgments. The landscape scene shows the new projection of Legal Institutions for their restoration and resizing. Jurisdiction should be as quick as possible to the truth, but the new model of fair decision is one that is more in the form of detachment from the concept of universalizing, totalizing visions, of the unity and of absolute certainties. The theme is fractal, the open, the plural. From the point of view of the microsystem legal signals to the tendency of the force of precedent. However, part of the jurisdiction, which is one, uncomfortably, has been ruled out of this process. The base jurisdiction, the accuracy of the strong stamp of legality appellate, are not incorporated as an element of composition of conflicting solutions, behold, its decisions are systematically repulsed. The contemporary juridical posture, apanage of a system of rules and criteria weighting diversified, erected by increasingly plural societies, apparently is consistent in more with this intricate cultural process whose philosophical debates travels the supposed succession between Modernity and Postmodernity

Que se passe-t-il si une preuve pénale a été recueillie en violation de la loi ou sans respecter les règles de procédure et les principes généraux? Est-il possible ou interdit d'utiliser cette preuve en justice ? Voici une question délicate et compliquée qui a déjà fait couler beaucoup d'encre. La preuve illégale, qui a fait l’objet d’innombrables débats, demeure à ce jour discutable et n’est pas encore tranchée. L’action pénale ou publique vise à élucider la vérité. Pour ce faire, il est nécessaire d’avoir une preuve confirmant la commission de l’infraction et son attribution à son auteur. La recherche de la preuve pénale est assujettie au principe de la liberté de la preuve. Toutefois,la liberté de la preuve et la recherche de la preuve pénale n’est pas une liberté absolue et illimitée, car il est indispensable de concilier l’intérêt de la société pour l’élucidation de l’infraction et son auteur afin d’aboutir à la vérité,d’une part, pour mettre en oeuvre le droit de l’État de recourir à la peine.D’autre part, il est interdit la mise à profit des moyens de preuve qui constituent une atteinte à la liberté des individus et à leur sécurité corporelle sous couvert de la liberté de preuve. A cet effet, la théorie de la légalité de la preuve pénale a vu le jour car l’élucidation de la vérité ne peut avoir lieu par l’utilisation d’un moyen illégal dans un État de droit. Le principe de la légalité de la preuve pénale est, en fait, un principe négligé dans la loi (le droit). De plus, des doutes sont émis à propos de son existence réelle dans le système juridique. La présente étude ambitionne d’affirmer et de confirmer l’existence du principe de légalité de la preuve pénale en droit libanais et français à travers la définition d’un concept précis et stable du principe de légalité de la preuve pénale et l’étude de sa relation avec le principe de loyauté de la preuve pénale et la mise en exergue des différents aspects caractérisant le principe de légalité de la preuve, le principe de loyauté de la preuve et le degré de leur corrélation ; d’où la nécessité de distinguer la preuve illégale moyennant la définition d’un concept précis de la preuve illégale dans la preuve pénale, en recouvrant toutes les violations des règles substantielles,des règles procédurales et tous les moyens de preuve illégaux. Après la définition du principe de légalité de la preuve pénale et la notion de la preuve illégale, nous passons dans la présente étude à la recherche de l’exécution ou l’application pratique du principe de légalité de la preuve pénale au Liban et en France. Partant de ce principe, nous avons tenté d’apporter une contribution rigoureuse à la confirmation de l’existence du principe de légalité de la preuve pénale, ainsi que la démonstration de sa valeur légale en droit libanais et français. Par la suite, nous avons étudié le sort de cette preuve illégale et l’évaluation des systèmes de nullité adoptés au Liban et en France, le degré de leur efficacité et la mise en oeuvre effective du principe de légalité de la preuve pour répondre à la problématique principale de cette étude, c’est-à-dire que le principe de légalité de la preuve pénale correspond à un vif besoin qui impose un appui législatif au Liban et en France afin de consacrer la mise en oeuvre effective de ce principe. La consécration législative du principe de légalité de la preuve pénale avec une sanction procédurale innovante constitue le seul moyen de vaincre la position de la jurisprudence, laquelle s’efforce d’affaiblir le principe de légalité de la preuve pénale et de marginaliser ce principe. D’où la nécessité urgente et indispensable d’innover une nouvelle technique et des outils juridiques qui permettent d’exclure la preuve illégale. / What happens if a criminal evidence has been obtained in violation of law orwith disregard for the procedural rules and the general principles? Is itpossible or forbidden to use such an evidence in court? This constitutes,indeed, a complicated and a tricky question that has already been widelydiscussed. The illegal evidence, which was subject to many debates, remainsstill questionable and not yet solved. The criminal or public action aims atclarifying the truth. Therefore, it is necessary to have an evidence to confirmthe commission of offence and its imputation to its perpetrator. The searchfor criminal evidence is subject to the principle of freedom of evidence. Yet,the freedom of evidence and the search for the criminal evidence is not anabsolute and unrestricted freedom, for it is vital to reconcile the society’sinterest in order to clear the offence and its perpetrator to reach the truth, inthe one hand, and to implement the right of the State to resort to punishment.Besides, it is prohibited to put to use the forms of evidence which representan infringement of freedom of individuals and their personal safety under thefreedom of proof. To that end, the theory of legality of criminal evidence sawthe light of the day since the clarification of the truth cannot happen throughthe use of an illegal means in a State of law.The principle of legality of criminal evidence is, basically, a principleneglected in the law. Moreover, there are some doubts as far as its realexistence in the legal system is concerned. This very study is aimed forasserting and confirming that the principle of legality of criminal evidenceexists, indeed, both in the Lebanese and French laws through the definitionof a specific and stable concept of the principle of legality of criminalevidence, the study of its relationship with the principle of loyalty of criminalevidence in addition to the emphasis on the various aspects characterizingthe principle of legality of evidence, the principle of loyalty of evidence andthe level of their interrelationship ; hence the need for distinguishing illegalevidence via the definition of a specific concept of illegal evidence in thecriminal evidence, by covering the whole violations of substantive rules,procedural rules as well as all forms of illegal evidence. After the definition ofthe principle of legality of criminal evidence and the concept of illegalevidence, we move on, in this study, to the search for the implementation orthe practical application of the principle of legality of criminal evidence inLebanon and France. Based on this principle, we have tried to bring a strictcontribution to the confirmation that the principle of legality of criminalevidence exists indeed, besides, we have proved its legal value in theLebanese and French laws. Afterwards, we have examined the destiny ofthis illegal evidence and the assessment of systems of invalidity adopted inLebanon and France, the level of their efficiency and the effectiveimplementation of the principle of legality of evidence so as to answer themain issue of this study, otherwise said the principle of legality of criminalevidence meets a vital need that requires a legislative support in Lebanonand France in a bid to devote the effective implementation of this principle.The legislative recognition of the principle of legality of criminal evidence withan innovative procedural sanction is the only means for convincing thestance of jurisprudence, which strives for weakening the principle of criminalevidence and for marginalizing it. Thus, there is an urgent and vital need forinnovating a new technique and legal tools likely to exclude illegal evidence.

Orientadora: Léa Silvia Sant'Ana / Banca: Carlos Ducatti / Banca: Newton Castagnolli / Banca: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato / Banca: Maria Célia Martins de Souza / Resumo: O Brasil é dos países líderes na importação de peixes salgados e secos. Em 2008, importou da Noruega cerca de 30 mil toneladas destes produtos, a um custo de aproximadamente 190 milhões de dólares. O bacalhau é um produto salgado e seco bastante apreciado no país, mas espécies afins, de menor valor comercial, são também utilizadas na fabricação de peixes salgados secos e muitas vezes comercializadas como o bacalhau do Atlântico (Gadus morhua). A variação da razão de isótopos estáveis de carbono (13C/12C) e de nitrogênio (15N/14N) é medida com alta precisão por espectrômetro de massa de razão isotópica (IRMS) e nos últimos 20 anos tem aumentado significativamente a aplicação desta tecnologia na avaliação de fraudes e adulterações dos alimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar isótopos estáveis de 15N e 13C na identificação de bacalhau e espécies afins. Utilizando a análise isotópica, em músculos e ossos, foi possível diferenciar o bacalhau (do Atlântico e do Pacífico) de Ling, Zarbo e Saithe (p < 0,01), que são três produtos salgados e secos de menor valor comercial. Com a pele não foi possível tal distinção entre bacalhau do Pacífico e Ling (p > 0,05). A combinação de análises de valores de 15N de diferentes tecidos - músculo, pele e ossos - possibilitou a separação das espécies. A comparação gráfica de valores de 15N de músculo vs. pele, músculo vs. ossos e pele vs. ossos permite estabelecer três regiões de confiança: uma com bacalhau do Atlântico e bacalhau do Pacífico; outra com Ling e Zarbo; e finalmente, uma terceira região com o Saithe isolada de todos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a metodologia é viável para a distinção entre bacalhau e outros peixes salgados secos. No entanto, conclusões mais seguras serão obtidas com uma base de dados, para que, isotopicamente, se faça um histórico da origem desses peixes / Abstract: Brazil is the leading country in the importation of salted dried fish. In 2008, Brazil imported from Norway about 30 thousand tones of this products, at a cost of approximately US$ 190 million. The cod is one of the most popular salted dry product in this country, but related species of lower commercial value, are also used in the manufacture of salted dried fish and often commercialized as the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). The variation of the stable isotopes ratio of carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N) is measured with high precision mass spectrometry isotope ratio (IRMS), and in the last 20 years there was a significant increase of this technology, applied in the evaluation of frauds and food adulterations. The aim of this work was to utilize stable isotope of 15N and 13C in identification of codfish and related species. Utilizing the isotopic analysis in muscles and bones, it was possible to differentiate cod (Atlantic and Pacific) from Ling, Zarbo and Saithe (p < 0.01), which are three salted dried products of lower commercial value. Through the skin it was not possible to distinguish between Pacific cod and Ling (p > 0.05). The combination of analysis 15N values of different tissues - muscle, skin and bones - enable the separation of species. The graphic comparison of the 15N values of muscle vs. skin, muscle vs. bones and skin vs. bones allow to establish three regions of confidence: one with Atlantic cod and Pacific cod; another with Ling and Zarbo; and finally, one third region with Saithe isolated of all. The results obtained demonstrate that the methodology is feasible to distinguish between cod and other salted dried fish. Nevertheless, a more secure conclusions will be obtained with a database, to do a historic of isotopic origin of these fishes / Doutor