魏、晉間任誕之風流行，然而儒家之禮，非但未在此思潮下衰弱，反而藉由士人熱烈 之議論，益見發展．針對此一思想特色，故筆者乃思從史料、典籍著手，從社會、政 治、文化之角度作一通盤檢討，以明於魏、晉政局紛亂、社會失序之際，禮所顯現之 意義及其在人類群體綱紀中之適切性． 本篇論文共分六章研討如下： 第一章：緒論．論述研究動機、方法，及外緣問題之概述． 第二章：共分為四節．從社會風氣，以及實際環境之需要，考察士人論議禮之背景． 第三章：共分為三節，就士人本身之意識型態及行為，探求禮於當時社會之定位． 第四章：共分為五節，就以喪服議為主之論題，作一內容分析． 第五章：共分為三節．據上述之肉容分析，探求魏、晉禮論之特質． 第六章：結論．

Feu est un recueil photo-textuel autofictionnel dans lequel j’ai revisité des souvenirs amoureux suite à un incendie qui a tout rasé. À travers de brefs épisodes, j’ai tâché de transmettre les différentes émotions éprouvées pendant le deuil et de mettre en avant mon obsession pour le feu et mon ancien compagnon. Le ressassement égocentrique de souvenirs amène à un profond mal-être, puis se résorbe un peu lorsque vient une ouverture aux autres, mais demeure inachevé. Les photographies servent à illustrer le texte, à donner une autre dimension à l’autobiographie. Elles participent aussi à l’exposition de la solitude. En plus de certains intertitres qui font un clin d’œil à l’œuvre de Sophie Calle, je me suis inspirée de certains de ses traits caractéristiques. Sophie Calle: Soi en négatif est un essai portant sur la performance de soi. Il y est question de pacte autobiographique, d’intertextualité, d’altérité, de deuil et d’absence. Je tente d’esquisser comment elle s’y prend pour s’exposer. Non seulement elle exploite les aspects négatifs de sa vie et de celle des autres, mais elle se révèle par des intermédiaires, que ce soit d’autres personnes ou des documents. Ses mots et ses photos développent en quelque sorte la vie contenue dans ses archives personnelles. Lorsqu’elle s’expose, l’art dépasse la littérature, le cinéma, l’entrevue et la photographie pour devenir une performance de soi, en négatif. / Feu is an autofictional photo-text collection in which I revisited memories from a past relationship after a fire destroyed everything. Among a serie of short episodes, I tried to transmit the different emotions felt while mourning and to show my obsession for both the fire and my ex companion. I kept turning over souvenirs in a self-centered way until it lead to a deep emotional uneasiness. It started resorbing the moment an opening to others was made, but never ended. Pictures are used to illustrate the words as well as to participate in the exposure of loneliness. In addition to a few sub-headings relating my project to Sophie Calle’s work, I tempted to recuperate some of her characteristic traits. Sophie Calle: Soi en négatif is an essay about the self-performance. It involves an autobiographic contract between the performer and the public, a network of intertextuality and in this case, specific concepts like otherness, mourning and absence. I tried to show how she managed to expose herself by the negative. Not only does she take advantage of the most painful negative moments of her life and the ones of others, but she also reveals herself only through documents or others. In a way, her words and her photos develop her life contained into her personal archives. When she exposes herself, art blows way beyond literature, cinema, interviews and photography to because a self-performance, in negative.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Rituals surrounding death were social in addition to being religious. Virginians conveyed the status of the deceased through funerals, burials, gravestones, commemoration, and mourning. But these customs greatly differed according to gender, both in what they consisted of and who was responsible for carrying them out. This thesis examines wills, diaries, correspondence, grave markers, prints, and newspapers of eighteenth-century Virginians, which demonstrate the differences in the death customs of men and women. Because of men’s involvement in public activities like business and politics, they gave greater forethought into how acts of remembrance would reflect their positions. Women’s duties were centered on the home and family. This resulted in less elaborate death customs as well as greater responsibility for appropriately attending to the remembrance of others. Despite the overwhelmingly private nature of women’s funerals and burials, gravestones, death notices, and the responsibilities of widowhood briefly brought women into the public realm.

Recent studies on ancient Israel's mortuary culture have shown that mourning rites were not restricted to the occasions of death, burial and subsequent grief but were, in fact, implemented in diverse contexts. In this thesis I am looking at biblical traditions in which these solemn practices contributed, or sought to contribute to various forms of social restoration. More specifically, I explore the stories of biblical grieving mothers who are placed at key junctures in Israel's history to renegotiate the destinies not only of their own children, dead or lost, but also those of larger communities, i.e. family lines, ethnic groups, or entire nations. Since 'the social and ritual dimensions of mourning are intertwined and inseparable ... [and] rites in general are a context for the creation and transformation of social order', these women use the circumstance of their 'interrupted' motherhood as a platform for a kind of grief-driven socio-political activism. Since maternal bereavement is generally understood as the most intense of all types of loss and was seen as archetypal of all mourning in ancient Near Eastern cultures, Israelite communities in crisis deemed sorrowing motherhood as a potent agent in bringing about their own survival and resurgence back to normalcy. I begin my discussion on mourning rites as tools of social preservation and restoration in biblical traditions with (1) a list of modern examples that attest to a phenomenon of social, political, and religious engagement among women that stems from the circumstance of child loss; (2) a survey of recent grief and death studies that identify maternal grief as the most intense and the most enduring among other types of bereavement; (3) an overview of ancient Near Eastern cultures (Mesopotamia, Egypt, Hatti, Syro-Palestine) that not only viewed maternal grief as paradigmatic of all mourning but also utilised ritual actions performed by mothers in contexts of large scale catastrophes as mechanisms for dealing with a collective trauma. Against this background my project then turns to discuss four biblical mothers: Hagar (Gen. 21:14-21), Rizpah (2 Sam. 21:1-14), the woman of Tekoa (2 Sam. 14:1-20) and Rachel (Jer. 31:15-22), all of whom perform rites for their dying or dead children and exhibit a form of advocacy for society at large.

This diploma thesis is conceived as theoretical and empirical. The theoretical part has two objectives. The first of these objectives is to explore options to help the surviving siblings in the family and society. The second objective is to describe the principles of educational work with traumatized children. This work introduces the specifics of early age and possible consequences of acting trauma in this life period. It outlines briefly the development of frequency of children's mortality and it considers whether death pertains among the taboos of the postmodern society. There are described manifestations of grief and mourning and factors, which determine the ability to accept a bereavement of a loved one. The findings are used to formulate the principles of education of the traumatized children. The practical part contains five case studies that provide information about factors which affected the lives of the surviving siblings. Keywords Early age, sorrow, trauma, mourning, death of a sibling

Nessa tese, pretendeu-se examinar as atitudes perante a morte a partir do advento dos websites de redes sociais (WRSs), o que se desdobrou em uma pesquisa também sobre luto, a morte e o campo digital. A estrutura do trabalho envolveu a apresentação do fenômeno na internet: dos cemitérios virtuais às tumbas digitais que habitam o Facebook. Seguiu-se então uma revisão bibliográfica de autores que trabalharam com o tema e de reflexões sobre a questão da identidade no ciberespaço, teorias do conhecimento sobre a morte, psicologia da morte e sobre o luto. Tais temas perpassaram autores da Psicologia, Psicanálise, Antropologia e História. Depois de tais reflexões teóricas, foi apresentada uma análise de dados oriundos de um questionário aplicado na internet, que contou com 173 respostas, além de duas entrevistas realizadas com enlutados. Alguns temas que emergiram evidenciaram a preponderância da interação com perfis de falecidos entre os enlutados, destacando os websites de redes sociais como elemento partícipe do rito fúnebre contemporâneo e consequentemente do luto. Nas considerações finais alguns pontos que concernem aos paradoxos de uma atitude perante a morte e do luto nos WRSs foram elencados. Além disso, a pesquisa suscitou discussões que que se referem à Psicologia da Morte e também à intersecção entre a Psicologia e o Campo Digital / In this thesis, it was tried to examine the attitudes toward death from the advent of Social Networking Websites (SNW\'s), which was unfolded in a research also on mourning, death and the digital field. The structure of the work involved the presentation of the phenomenon on the internet: from virtual cemeteries to digital tombs that circulate on Facebook. This was followed by a bibliographical review of authors who worked on the theme and of reflections on the question of identity in cyberspace, theories of knowledge about death, the psychology of death and about mourning. These themes permeated authors of Psychology, Psychoanalysis, Anthropology and History. After such theoretical reflections, an analysis of data from a questionnaire applied on the internet was presented, which included 173 responses, as well as two interviews with mourners. Some themes that emerged evidenced the preponderance of the interaction with profiles of deceased among the mourners, highlighting the social networking websites as a participant in the contemporary funeral rite and consequently of mourning. In the final considerations some points that concern the paradoxes of an attitude towards death and mourning in the WRS\'s were listed. In addition, the research elicited discussions that refer to Psychology of Death and also to the intersection between Psychology and the Digital Field

Thesis (M.A.)--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Humanties, English Literature, 2013 / This dissertation functions as an exploration of German author Bernhard Schlink’s engagement with the genre of Vӓterliteratur (Literature about Fathers). By examining how Schlink has used adaptations of this genre in his novels The Reader (1998), Homecoming (2009) and short story Girl with Lizard (2002), this project will attempt to ascertain the extent to which one can view these texts as part of a new wave of father writing that has emerged in the German post-unification space. The question dominating this research project and contained in the first part of the title: “How do I speak about the Past”, implies that part of this research will examine Schlink’s portrayal of the second-generation’s attempt to understand and give voice to their experiences in postwar Germany. As such, my work engages with the emergence of Vӓterliteratur as being the result of an incomplete attempt by second-generation Germans to confront Germany’s national traumatic past during the 1968 Student Movement. However, while Schlink’s work demonstrates a familiarity with the content, structure and themes present in the first wave of Vӓterliteratur he appears to rewrite these into a fictionalised format, demonstrating the continued need in German society to work through the past. In many respects the texts selected for analysis in this dissertation deviate from the traditional conventions found within the earlier father novels, and interestingly appear to emphasise the previously marginalised role of women both during and postwar. What I will demonstrate is that while Schlink’s work makes use of the conventions found in Vӓterliteratur, and by doing so explores the postwar relationships between fathers and sons, it also indirectly engages with the experiences of German women and their own perpetration of, or suffering as a result of the patriarchal attitudes present in, Nazism. Through this dual portrayal (the presence of both men and women) Schlink gives a new perspective to the complexities of German postwar life as seen through the eyes of the second-generation.

[pt] Este trabalho tem por objetivo uma crítica ao enquadramento da tristeza e do luto no âmbito da patologia. Fazendo uso de uma abordagem histórica demonstramos a forma como se lidou com a melancolia até o aparecimento e maior divulgação da depressão. Num segundo momento, apresentamos as primeiras visões da psicanálise acerca do tema trazidas por Abraham e Freud. A seguir, com o objetivo de delimitar o campo da psicanálise quanto ao tema, na contemporaneidade trouxemos as contribuições de Winnicott, Lambotte e Fédida discutindo a etiologia e os mecanismos da melancolia e da depressão. / [en] The objective of this paper is to criticize sadness and mourning being placed in the scope of pathology. Using a historical approach we demonstrate how melancholy was dealt with until the appearance and greater publicity of depression. In a second moment, we present the first impressions of psychoanalysis brought to us by Abraham and Freud about the theme. Next, aiming to delimit the field of psychoanalysis regarding the theme, in contemporaneity we bring the contributions of Winnicott, Lambotte and Fédida discussing the etiology and the mechanisms of melancholy and depression.