Dans un village du Haut Atlas marocain, une fête abandonnée depuis plus de quinze ans a été renouvelée en 2010, attirant des journalistes, des anthropologues et des associatifs. L’étude du renouvellement de la tradition lors de cette fête, au niveau du discours, du contenu des performances et des interactions sociales, nous permet de réinterroger les modèles théoriques de la fabrication de tradition. Un processus sous-jacent apparaît comme la base de ce renouvellement, la singularisation, une forme particulière de résistance à la culture de l’État-nation ou à toute autre culture hégémonique. La singularisation est présente dans chaque élément de la fête. Elle définit un certain rapport au passé par lequel celui-ci est un miroir inversé du présent, mis en scène comme objet de perte. Elle définit également le choix culturel entre deux traditions musicales présentes dans la région. Ces mécanismes reposent sur une nouvelle logique spatiale qui résulte des récents changements économiques et politiques au Maroc. Dans cette nouvelle organisation spatiale où le pouvoir se situe en dehors du local, les femmes sont marginalisées et les figures intermédiaires deviennent le centre du renouvellement de la tradition. L’étude de la singularisation permet de mettre en lumière des processus de fabrication de l’identité, de dégager les conditions de survie culturelle d’un groupe, de caractériser le rapport entre un événement culturel et le changement social, et de préciser les modèles théoriques sur la tradition. / In a village of the High Atlas in Morocco, a celebration which has been abandoned for more than fifteen years has been renewed in 2010, bringing along journalists, anthropologists and militant associatives. The study of the renewal of tradition in this celebration, through discourse, performances and social interaction, allows us to put into question the models on the fabrication of tradition. The underlying process of this renewal is singularisation, a specific form of resistance to the nationalist culture or any other cultural hegemony. Singularisation is present in every element of the celebration. It determines a specific link to the past by which it appears as the reversed image of the present, staged as object of loss. It also determines cultural choices such as the one between two musical traditions. Such mechanisms respond to a new spatial organization which is a direct consequence of the recent economic and political changes in Morocco. In this organization, power is no more in the local but outside the community’s territory. Women are marginalized and intermediary figures become the center of the renewal of tradition. The study of singularisation enables to explain how identity is made, to determine conditions for the cultural survival of a group, to characterize the relation between a cultural event and social change, and to bring new elements to the theories of tradition.

La version intégrale de cette thèse est disponible uniquement pour consultation individuelle à la Bibliothèque de musique de l’Université de Montréal (http://www.bib.umontreal.ca/MU). / Cette thèse aborde les problématiques épistémologiques et méthodologiques relatives à l’étude esthétique des pratiques vocales traditionnelles du Salento (sud de l’Italie). Les deux premières parties développent une réflexion épistémologique concernant d’une part le statut ontologique de l’expérience esthétique, de l’autre la pertinence d’une étude esthétique sur un terrain ethnomusicologique. La troisième et la quatrième parties exposent la recherche de terrain réalisée auprès de deux groupes socioculturels bien distincts de chanteurs du Salento : celui des paysans et celui des revivalistes. Ces deux univers en plus d’être caractérisés par deux classes d’âge différentes, s’ancrent dans deux réalités socioculturelles et économiques distinctes : d’une part le monde agro-pastoral ayant subsisté au Salento jusqu’aux années 1960 ; de l’autre la société contemporaine résultant des processus de tertiarisation, d’urbanisation et de globalisation mis en œuvre à partir de la deuxième moitié des années 1970. Le propos de cette thèse est d’expliquer en détail le fonctionnement de l’expérience esthétique de chacun des deux groupes de chanteurs vis-à-vis de leur pratique vocale. Il s’agit notamment de développer deux ethnographies différentes sur la base de caractéristiques socioculturelles et musicales propres à chaque contexte générationnel, étudiant toutes sortes de manifestations esthétiques et particulièrement les discours de nos chanteurs. Notre conclusion ouvre le champ de la comparaison des résultats obtenus au sein des deux enquêtes distinctes. Au-delà de la variété des critères, des comportements, des réactions et des facteurs qui caractérisent l’expérience esthétique des deux générations de chanteurs, nous cherchons à envisager la présence éventuelle d’une constante paradigmatique des critères esthétiques, valable aussi bien pour les chanteurs paysans anciens que pour les revivalistes. / This dissertation addresses epistemological and methodological problems related to studying the aesthetics of traditional vocal practices in Salento. In the first two sections of the dissertation, I examine from an epistemological perspective the ontological status of aesthetic experience and the relevance of studying aesthetics in ethnomusicological fieldwork. In the third and fourth sections I present the results of my fieldwork research, conducted with two distinct socio-cultural groups of Salentine singers: traditional singers and revival singers. In addition to coming from two different generations, these two groups of singers are also rooted in two distinct socio-cultural and economic milieux: in one case, the agro-pastoral world that subsisted in Salento until the 1960s; in the other case, contemporary society, which since the second half of the 1970s has been marked by urbanization, globalization, and the shift to a service economy. This dissertation explains in detail how each of the two groups of singers experience aesthetics. I develop two different investigations based on the socio-cultural and musical characteristics peculiar to each generational context, studying various kinds of aesthetic expressions and especially the singers’ discourse. In the conclusion I compare the results of the investigations I carried out with the two groups. Besides considering the variety of criteria, behaviors, reactions, and other factors that characterize the aesthetic experience of these two generations of singers, I propose that there exists a single, constant paradigm of aesthetic criteria that is valid for both traditional singers and for revival singers.

Lollipop, Don’t Be a Hero explores the conceptual and visual themes that are presented in my MFA thesis exhibition. This thesis recounts the development of my work during the two years of graduate study at the VCU Photography and Film Department. The research looks into historical and contemporary ideas within art, social and philosophical commentary and literature, which influence my creative process and aesthetic. This work investigates the idea of giving a voice to a specific section of the working class.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte principalement sur la question de la réappropriation historique et musicale des Tziganes dans le docu-fiction Latcho Drom (1993) de Tony Gatlif. Dans un premier chapitre, il s’agit de comparer l’histoire écrite sur les Tziganes avec leur mise en image afin de déterminer comment le cinéaste apporte dans le langage audiovisuel de Latcho Drom un total renouveau dans le discours dominant. Dans cette perspective, l’appareil cinématographique se révèle être un médium de revendication et de réappropriation de l’être tzigane et de son histoire. Dans un deuxième chapitre, il est question de démontrer avec des études basées sur l’ethnomusicologie comment les musiques tziganes, sont rapidement assimilées au patrimoine culturel des sociétés européennes. Latcho Drom qui traduit avec justesse des expressions musicales très encrées de la vie de ces communautés, s’inscrit en contradiction avec la conception territorialiste de musicologues et ethnomusicologues qui refusent d’accorder à la musique tzigane légitimité et autonomie. Dans un troisième chapitre, il s’agit de déterminer comment le cinéaste cherche à faire entrer son spectateur dans un rapport de proximité avec les communautés de Latcho Drom afin de susciter en lui reconnaissance et empathie. / The main focus of this Masters thesis is the historical and musical re-appropriation of gypsies in the docudrama, Latcho Drom (1993) by Tony Gatlif. In the first chapter, the literary history of gypsies will be compared to their representation in Latcho Drom, in order to demonstrate how Gatlif challenges the dominant discourse with a totally new perspective through his unique use of audio-visual language. In this way, the camera is rendered a medium of empowerment for the gypsy community through a re-appropriation of their people and history. In the second chapter, a series of studies in ethnomusicology will be used to demonstrate how gypsy music (mainly because it is nomadic and not transcribed) is rapidly assimilated into the cultural heritage of European societies. Latcho Drom accurately reflects the musical expression inherent in the life of these communities while being at odds with certain methods of preserving oral music traditions (the “urgency of ethnomusicology”) and the territorial notion espoused by musicologists, who refuse to recognize gypsy music as legitimate and autonomous. The third chapter will discuss how the filmmaker invites the spectator into intimate rapport with the musical communities of Latcho Drom, arousing in him/her a sentiment of gratitude and empathy.

La société québécoise a, comme toutes les sociétés, ses crimes et criminels légendaires. Or, si ces faits divers célèbres ont fait l’objet, dans les dernières décennies, de quelques reconstitutions historiographiques, on connaît beaucoup moins, en revanche, le mécanisme de leur légendarisation, le processus historique et culturel par lequel ils passent du « fait divers » au fait mémorable. C’est d’abord ce processus que s’attache à étudier cette thèse de doctorat, qui porte sur quatre crimes célèbres des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles (le meurtre du seigneur de Kamouraska [1839] ainsi que les crimes commis par « la Corriveau » [1763], par le « docteur l’Indienne » [1829] et par les « brigands du Cap-Rouge » [1834-1835]) : pour chacun de ces cas particuliers, l’analyse reconstitue la généalogie des représentations du crime et du criminel de manière à retracer la fabrication et l’évolution d’une mémoire collective. Celles-ci font chaque fois intervenir un système complexe de discours : au croisement entre les textes de presse, les récits issus de la tradition orale et les textes littéraires, l’imaginaire social fabrique, à partir de faits criminels ordinaires, de grandes figures antagoniques, incarnations du mal ou avatars du diable. Ce vaste processus d’antagonisation est en fait largement tributaire d’une époque (le XIXe siècle) où, dans les sociétés occidentales, le « crime » se trouve soudainement placé au cœur de toutes les préoccupations sociales et politiques : l’époque invente un véritable engouement littéraire pour le crime de même que tout un arsenal de savoirs spécialisés, d’idées nouvelles et de technologies destinées à connaître, mesurer et enrayer la criminalité. Dès les premières décennies du XIXe siècle, le phénomène se propage de ce côté-ci de l’Atlantique. Dans la foulée, les grands criminels qui marquent la mémoire collective sont appelés à devenir des ennemis imaginaires particulièrement rassembleurs : figures d’une altérité radicale, ils en viennent à constituer le repoussoir contre lequel, à partir du XIXe siècle, s’est en partie instituée la société québécoise. / Quebec society, like all societies, has its own legendary crimes and criminals. Yet if these famous faits divers have been recently made into historiographical re-enactments, the cultural and historic manner in which they are transformed from local news reports into national myths – what we call mecanisms of “ légendarisation ” –, is practically unknown. It is this mutation that this thesis examines : drawing from four famous crimes of the 18th and 19th centuries (the Seigneur of Kamouraska’s murder [1839] as well as the crimes committed by “ La Corriveau ” [1763], by the “ docteur l’Indienne ” [1829] and by the “ brigands du Cap-Rouge ” [1834-1835]), our analysis recollects their two-hundred-year-long genealogy into collective memory. Through this collective memory, a complex discourse system arises for each crime : by intertwining newspaper reports and stories from oral and written traditions, social imagination manufactures great antagonist figures, incarnations of evil and avatars of the devil from ordinary criminal acts. This vast antagonizing process is in fact dependent on a whole epoch – the 19th century – where, in the western world, “ crime ” was suddenly placed at the heart of all social and political preoccupations. This era seemingly created a literary craze for crime, as well as a whole arsenal of specialized notions, ideas and technologies designed to understand, mesure and eliminate criminality. During the Lower Canada period, the phenomenon spreads across this side of the Atlantic. In the wake of this movement, the great criminals who impacted the collective mind are made to become especially rallying imaginary enemies : figures of a radical otherness, they become the foil against which Quebec society, from the 19th century onwards, instituted itself.

Notre projet de thèse vise à analyser ce qui porte la trace du travail de la mémoire collective dans un discours de littérature orale, de la transmission qui assure la compréhension et la conservation du message. Il s'agit pour nous d'expliquer comment la profération du discours de littérature orale et la performance à laquelle il donne lieu restitue les valeurs culturelles des loma.Cette épopée retrace l'histoire d'un chef de guerre qui fait encore de nos jours partie de la culture populaire au pays des loma en République de Guinée. Nous assurons la transcription en langue locale lɔɠɔmagooy et la traduction en français de cette épopée dont il n'existe aucune version écrite.Au-delà de la présentation géographique et culturelle du pays des loma, l'analyse proprement dite du corpus pour laquelle nous mobilisons à la fois la performance et la rhétorique prend en compte la pluricodicité des messages socio-historico-culturel et la dynamique de réception. Nous focalisons l'attention sur des procédés discursifs spécifiques de l'oralité à travers le conte et le proverbe.Notre travail ne se limite pas à la transcription-traduction du discours épique, l'analyse montre comment l'oralité constitue une dimension essentielle de l'épopée dont l'épaisseur discursive et référentielle atteste du travail de composition artistique et mémorielle de l'orateur. / This thesis aims at analyzing the collective memory content imbedded in an oral literature speech performance, right from the message transmission to its understanding and preservation. We are to explain how an oral literature speech production and its performance can retitute the Loma cultural values.The epic retraces the history of a former war leader among the Loma people of the Republic of Guinea; a history which still remains a vibrant part of the people's culture in that country. Because it doesn't exist any former written version of the epic, we ensured its transcription into Lɔɠɔmagooh language (a loma variant) and also its translation into French language.Beside the geographical and cultural presentation of the Loma area and people, the real corpus analysis in which we mobilize both performance and rethorics also takes into account the multicoding nature of the social, historical and cultural messages and their reception dynamics. We focus attention on the specific discursive technics of oral literature or tradition which exist in tales and proverbs.However, our work is not just limited to transcription and translation of the epic production. Our analysis shows how oral tradition constitutes an essential dimension of the epic genre whose discursive and referential deepness is the reflection of the artistic and memorial work of the orator.

The thesis deals with the subject of semantics of colours in the Czech folk texts using theoretical and methodological framework of culturally oriented and cognitive approaches to language. In order to contribute to the research of the colour domain in linguistic picture of the world in Czech, semantic structure of colour concepts is examined using qualitative analysis of the occurrences excerpted from the corpora of the selected compilations of folk songs of the 19th century. The topic of radiance and visual salience of colours and their manifestations in the source material is discussed as well. Furthermore, the thesis examines if conclusions concerning the usage of colour terms in folk texts drawn by the studies based on the folklore of other Slavic languages can be applicable to the Czech material.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a obra de Angela Lago, escritora e ilustradora de livros infantis, partindo da seleção de títulos que têm em comum a temática do assombro e da morte, a saber: De Morte! (1992), Charadas Macabras (1994), Sete Histórias para Sacudir o Esqueleto (2002) e Minhas Assombrações (2009). Considerada um dos grandes nomes da Literatura Infantil e Juvenil contemporânea, Angela Lago há mais de três décadas tem oferecido aos seus leitores títulos instigantes, muitos dos quais já foram objeto de pesquisa no âmbito acadêmico. Da análise de algumas dissertações de mestrado e teses de doutorado, verificamos a possibilidade de investigação de sua obra sob diferentes perspectivas teóricas. Entre os vieses possíveis, nossa abordagem considerou os conceitos teóricos desenvolvidos por Mikhail Bakhtin, já apontados em alguns trabalhos, e o estudo da oralidade e da cultura escrita, propostos por Walter Ong e Eric Havelock. Reverberam nas obras os conceitos de plurilinguismo, dialogismo e a estética do grotesco, discutidos por Bakhtin, e características da oralidade, do advento da escrita e da impressão, apresentados especialmente por Ong. Realizando o entrecruzamento das teorias, procuramos demonstrar como a artista propõe o processar da interação autor/leitor de forma gradativa no corpus selecionado, passando do riso ao assombramento, do convite ao ato de contar à inserção do leitor como personagem da história. Partindo do estudo comparativo dos livros selecionados, observamos semelhanças entre os projetos estéticos, o que nos fez agrupá-los em duas categorias: obras nas quais a autora se posiciona ao lado de seu leitor, convocando-o a transmitir as histórias; obras em que a autora e leitor tornam-se personagens, com novas formas de participação. / The purpose of the present study is to analyse the work of Angela Lago, book writer and children\'s books illustrator, based on a selection of books that have haunting and death as common themes, namely: De Morte! (1992), Charadas Macabras (1994), Sete Histórias para Sacudir o Esqueleto (2002) and Minhas Assombrações (2009). Considered one of the biggest names in contemporary juvenile and children\'s literature, Angela Lago has provided readers, for over three decades, with exciting books, many of which have been the object of research in the academic field. While analysing some master\'s and doctorate\'s dissertations, we realized the possibility of investigating her work under different theoretical perspectives. Among the possible biases, our approach contemplated the theoretical concepts developed by Mikhail Bakhtin, already cited in other works, and the study of the oral tradition and written culture, proposed by Walter Ong and Eric Havelock. The concepts of multilingualism, dialogism and the aesthetic of the grotesque, discussed by Bakhtin, as well as characteristics of the oral tradition, the advent of writing and the press, presented especially by Ong, reverberate through her works. By interchanging these theories, we attempted to demonstrate how the artist proposes the gradual processing of the reader/author interaction in the selected corpus, going from laughter to haunting, from the invitation of the act of storytelling to introducing the reader as a character in the story. Starting with the comparative study of the selected books, we observed similarities among the aesthetic projects, which led us to group them into two categories: works in which the author gets together with the reader, inviting him/her to convey the stories; works in which the author and the reader become characters themselves, allowing new ways of participation.

Ce travail interroge les relations entre langue écrite et langue orale et les effets de la représentation de l’oralité et du dialecte dans l’écriture littéraire. Plus spécifiquement, il établit un cadre théorique d’analyse stylistique permettant de faire émerger la poétique du parler populaire dans l’œuvre de Barrytown de Roddy Doyle. Cette étude s’articule autour de trois chapitres. Les deux premiers sont à visée théorique, et ont pour objectif de mettre en place les outils stylistiques, linguistiques et littéraires à partir desquels l’étude du corpus est abordée. Ainsi, après un retour diachronique et synchronique sur les rapports qu’entretiennent les deux media de communication orale et écrite, nous établissons un cadre d’analyse stylistique de la représentation de l’oralité et du dialecte dans la littérature. Nous étudions ensuite cette problématique plus spécifiquement dans le contexte irlandais, puisque la littérature et la culture irlandaises sont marquées par un la tradition orale. Cela nous conduit à une description détaillée du dialecte anglais-irlandais sous l’angle de la grammaire, du lexique et de l’accent. Nous abordons enfin les effets de la représentation de l’oralité et de l’irlandité dans l’œuvre barrytownienne de Roddy Doyle et faisons émerger la poétique du parler populaire qui l’anime. / This study focuses on the relations between spoken and written language and on the effects created by the representation of orality and dialect in literary writing. More specifically, it proposes a theoretical framework of stylistic analysis which allows for the study of the poetics of popular language in Roddy Doyle’s Barrytown novels. This study is divided into three chapters. The first two chapters aim to define the stylistic, linguistic and literary tools that are used in the third chapter in order to carry out the corpus analysis. This study starts with a diachronic and a synchronic overview of the relationship between the oral and written media of communication. A workable framework for the stylistic analysis of the representation of orality and dialect in literature is then established. The second chapter considers this issue in an Irish context. Indeed, a strong oral tradition has always been present in Ireland and its impact is still felt in literature and culture. The linguistic situation in Ireland is studied from the point of view of grammar, lexicon and accent. Finally, the third chapter applies the framework previously presented and explores the effects created by the representation of orality and Irishness in Roddy Doyle’s Barrytown novels. It finally exposes the poetics of popular language.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:21:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Admilson Eustaquio Prates.pdf: 8375833 bytes, checksum: 6aed1ff2c1f83087a339d8bc0ebd7da7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work describes and analyzes the mistic entity Exu-Sertanejo, as an identity synthesis from sertaneja culture, that presents own traits from the Exu-Sertanejo identity, cast in the religious Afro-Sertanejo imaginary in the city of Montes Claros / MG, inside oral tradition. For both, it s necessary a field research with the objective of observing, describing and analyzing the rituals of the Afro-Sertanejo cults. The Exu legend in the North of Minas Gerais, emphasizing his violent and marginal aspect, because this history of violence can be the history of Exu-Sertanejo. We used the work of economists, historians, memorialists, anthropologists, sociologists and scientists of religion. The literature, the mapping and the criminal cases related to witchcraft were also used. The text discusses the features of the Exu-Sertanejo was described, from the mythical, ritualistic and magical aspects that make the imagination of Eux-Sertanejo in two terreiros in the city of Montes Claros. The oral tradition in the Quimbanda-Sertaneja was described and analyzed. Tradition that involves the body and bodily expressions: dances, gestures, rituals, songs and legends. In the mitology of the Quimbanda-Sertaneja, we knew the sense and the meaning, the function and the importance of the myth lived through words - spoken, played and re-employed in rituals. From the oral narratives we identified cultural elements in the symbolic construction of Exu-Sertanejo, representing a synthesis of the sertanejo identity, supporter of Afro-Sertaneja religiosity. The sertanejo ethos, as custom and habit, that is a historical and social reality, is present in the representation of a supernatural entity, giving it unique characteristics of sertaneja culture. This work presented the re-meaning or the metamorphosis of the Exu in Exu-Sertanejo / Este trabalho descreve e analisa a entidade mística Exu-Sertanejo, como síntese identitária da cultura sertaneja, que apresenta traços característicos da identidade de Exu-Sertanejo, expressos no imaginário religioso Afro-Sertanejo da cidade de Montes Claros/ MG, contido na tradição oral. Para tanto, se fez necessário uma pesquisa de campo com o objetivo de observar, de descrever e de analisar os rituais dos cultos Afro-Sertanejos. Descreveu-se a saga de Exu no Norte de Minas Gerais, enfatizando seu aspecto violento e marginal, uma vez que esta história de violência pode ser a história do Exu-Sertanejo. Utilizamos os trabalhos de economistas, de historiadores, de memorialistas, de antropólogos, de sociólogos e de cientistas da religião. Também utilizamos a literatura, a cartografia e os processos criminais relacionados ao feitiço. O texto discute as características de Exu-Sertanejo, a partir das atmosferas mítica, ritualística e mágica que traçam o imaginário do Exu-Sertanejo em dois terreiros do município de Montes Claros. Descrevemos e analisamos a tradição oral na Quimbanda-Sertaneja. Tradição, esta, que envolve o corpo e as suas expressões corporais: danças, gestos, ritos, cantigas e lendas. Na mitologia da Quimbanda-Sertaneja, compreendemos o sentido, o significado, a função e a importância que o mito vivenciado por meio das palavras - pronunciadas, reproduzidas e ressignificadas ocupa nos rituais. A partir das narrativas orais identificamos elementos culturais que contribuem na construção simbólica de Exu-Sertanejo, representando uma síntese identitária do sertanejo, adepto da religiosidade Afro-Sertaneja. O ethos sertanejo, enquanto costume e hábito, isto é, uma realidade histórico-social, está presente na representação dessa entidade sobrenatural, dando-lhe características singulares da cultura sertaneja. Este trabalho apresentou a ressignificação ou a metamorfose de Exu em Exu-Sertanejo