Cette thèse décrit et analyse les liens entre les inégalités sociales de compétences à 15 ans et l’organisation du système éducatif. C’est en en investiguant les données de PISA 2000 à 2009 d’une vingtaine de pays européens que j’étudie la manière dont les caractéristiques institutionnelles des systèmes d’enseignement affectent l’ampleur et la structure des inégalités sociales de compétences en fin de scolarité obligatoire. La variété des configurations institutionnelles en Europe et une importante réforme du système éducatif polonais au début des années 2000 permettent d’analyser comment l’organisation du système éducatif module les effets de l’origine sociale de l’élève et de la composition sociale de l’établissement sur les compétences de l’élève. Mes analyses multiniveaux tendent à montrer que les politiques éducatives favorisant la différenciation du système éducatif et de son réseau d’établissements sont associées à de plus fortes inégalités sociales de compétences, essentiellement dues à l’amplification de l’effet de la composition sociale de l’établissement. La hausse des inégalités de compétences qui s’observe en France au cours de la décennie 2000 est analysée à l’aune des changements dans la composition des cohortes d’élèves et dans leurs conditions de scolarisation. Les analyses de décomposition quantile suggèrent que l’augmentation de la part d’élèves en difficulté découle moins de modifications dans la population d’élèves que d’une détérioration du fonctionnement du système éducatif et de l’engagement des élèves dans les apprentissages. / This research describes and analyses the links between social inequalities in skills and the organization of the education system. Investigating data from PISA 2000 to 2009 of more than twenty European countries, I study how institutional characteristics of education systems affect the magnitude and the structure of social inequalities at the end of compulsory schooling. The variety of institutional configurations in Europe as well as an important reform of the Polish education system allows to analyse how the organization of the educational system shapes the effects of student’s social origin and school social composition on student’s skills. Multilevel analyses tend to show that educational policies that foster school differentiation are associated with higher social inequalities in skills, mainly because of a greater school composition effect. The rise in skills inequalities across the 2000 decade in France is analyzed with regards to changes in the composition of the student population and in their schooling conditions. Results of the quantile decomposition suggest that the increasing share of low-achieving students stems less from changes in the student intake than to an impaired functioning of the education system and a lower learning engagement among students.

This diploma thesis deals with the quality of education and possibilities of its measuring. Primarily it is focused on the assessment Programme for International Student Assessment. The aim of this diploma thesis is to find out whether significant regional disparities could be identified and to reveal potential factors influencing the causes of these disparities. Education is generally considered to be important factor of regional development and the way how to improve economic and social situation of the region. Theoretical part of the diploma thesis describes definitions of the basic concepts, the role of education in theories of the regional development, issue of education quality and background of PISA project. Practical part introduces the education system in the Czech Republic and the role of our regions as partly autonomous units. Especially the attention is paid to PISA results. The last results 2012 of Czech regions are the object of further analysis.

Detta examensarbete utgörs av en litteraturstudie som skildrar förhållandet mellan läsförståelse och genus i skolan, där syftet är att undersöka skillnader mellan könen samt vilka faktorer som kan påverka. Vi har valt att utgå från följande frågeställningar: Hur ser sambandet ut mellan läsförståelse och genus i skolan? Vilka faktorer påverkar läsförståelsen, i synnerhet hos pojkar? Tillvägagångssättet för att hitta relevant material har varit att använda oss av söktjänster som tillhandahåller vetenskaplig och pedagogisk forskning. För att bedöma lämpligheten och kvalitéten i artiklarna och rapporterna har vi tillämpat ett urval av kriterier som vi har funnit lämpliga. Resultatet visar att flertalet faktorer påverkar sambandet mellan könsskillnader och läsförståelse. De övergripande faktorerna som kan tänkas ligga bakom är: biologiska och kognitiva skillnader samt kulturella faktorer. Utifrån resultatanalysen kan vi i vår framtida yrkesprofession utröna vilka faktorer vi kan påverka och vilka vi måste ta hänsyn till för att ge alla elever en likvärdig utbildning.

The aim and focus of this study is to investigate how Swedish students’ effort affects the number of unanswered mathematical tasks for the PISA-tests in 2003 and 2012. The effort is measured partially by looking at students’ self-assessed effort invested in the test, but also by looking at how the count of unanswered tasks deviates in differ- ent parts of the test. Poisson regression is implemented as the primary method of investigation. The results from the regression indicates both that the students who reported a lower self-assessed effort tend to skip more tasks on average and also that students on average tend to skip more tasks in the end of the test. This indicates that the students’ effort is a crucial part to include in order to see how many tasks that are skipped in the test. It is also indicated that the effort is not constant during the whole test. The results also point out that the effect that effort has on unan- swered tasks is greater in 2003 compared to 2012. However, the count of unanswered tasks is on average higher for students in 2012. / Syfte och fokus för denna studie ligger i att undersöka hur svenska elevers ansträng- ning förklarar antalet överhoppade matematikuppgifter i PISA:s kunskapstest år 2003 och år 2012. Ansträngning mäts dels genom den ansträngning som eleverna själva uppskattar att de lade ned i testet, men också genom att undersöka hur antalet över- hoppade uppgifter varierar i olika placeringar i provhäftet. Poissonregression används som huvudsaklig metod i denna studie. Resultaten från regressionsanalysen indikerar både att elever som har angett att de har ansträngt sig mindre tenderar att i genom- snitt hoppa över fler uppgifter och även att elever i genomsnitt hoppar över fler upp- gifter i slutet av testet. Det här betyder att elevernas ansträngning är en viktig faktor för hur många uppgifter som hoppas över i testet och att ansträngningen inte är kon- stant genom hela testtillfället. Resultaten indikerar också att ansträngningens påver- kan på det förväntade antalet överhoppade uppgifter är starkare år 2003 än år 2012. Emellertid är antalet överhoppade uppgifter i genomsnitt högre för elever år 2012.

Submitted by PPG Educa??o em Ci?ncias e Matem?tica (educem-pg@pucrs.br) on 2018-06-27T13:27:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Vanessa Mendes de Lima-homologada-26-06-18.pdf: 1584014 bytes, checksum: efff3675beca980f3daec511415ba17d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-07-03T14:11:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Vanessa Mendes de Lima-homologada-26-06-18.pdf: 1584014 bytes, checksum: efff3675beca980f3daec511415ba17d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-03T14:34:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Vanessa Mendes de Lima-homologada-26-06-18.pdf: 1584014 bytes, checksum: efff3675beca980f3daec511415ba17d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The following investigation aims to analyze how the skills and competencies of the PISA test questions reflect the reality of school science education in Porto Alegre and its metropolitan region. The subjects who took part in this research were three teachers from the Natural Sciences area and one hundred and nine students, aged 15 to 16 years old, from two public schools of Porto Alegre and one private school from its metropolitan region. For data collection instruments, we used questionnaires to collect their profiles; individual semi-structured interviews with teachers; semi-structured interviews in focus groups with students, and three questions, with different competencies from PISA, which were answered by the students of this research. We analyzed data collected qualitatively through Content Analysis, according to the assumptions of Bardin (2016). Analyzes compose a discussion about the proximities and disagreements between the dimensions of scientific literacy proposed by PISA and the reality of science education. In addition, they are intended to argue if the competences required by the evaluation meet scientific knowledge presented by the students taking part in this research. From the analysis of the results, it is possible to infer that the skills and competencies of the PISA questions are beyond the knowledge presented by the students; therefore, they do not reflect the reality of the science education of studied schools. / A presente investiga??o tem o objetivo de analisar como as compet?ncias e habilidades das quest?es da prova do PISA est?o refletidas na realidade da educa??o em ci?ncias de escolas de Porto Alegre e regi?o metropolitana. Os sujeitos participantes da pesquisa foram tr?s professores da ?rea de Ci?ncias da Natureza e cento e nove estudantes, na faixa et?ria de 15 a 16 anos, de duas escolas p?blicas de Porto Alegre e uma escola privada da regi?o metropolitana. Como instrumentos de coleta de dados foram utilizados question?rios, para levantamento de perfil; entrevistas semiestruturadas individuais, com os professores; entrevistas semiestruturadas em grupos focais, com os estudantes e tr?s quest?es, de compet?ncias distintas, do PISA, que foram respondidas pelos estudantes sujeitos da pesquisa. Os dados coletados foram analisados qualitativamente por meio do m?todo de An?lise de Conte?do, de acordo com os pressupostos de Bardin (2016). As an?lises comp?em uma discuss?o acerca das aproxima??es e dos desacordes entre as dimens?es do letramento cient?fico, propostas pelo PISA e a realidade da educa??o em ci?ncias. Al?m disso, consistem em argumentar se as compet?ncias exigidas pela avalia??o v?o ao encontro dos conhecimentos cient?ficos apresentados pelos estudantes participantes desta pesquisa. A partir da an?lise dos resultados, ? poss?vel inferir que as compet?ncias e habilidades das quest?es do PISA est?o al?m dos conhecimentos apresentados pelos estudantes, portanto, n?o est?o refletidas na realidade da educa??o em ci?ncias das escolas estudadas.

Syftet med denna studie var att studera hur lärare ser på PISA-undersökningen, och hur de upplever diskussionen som förs i politik och media om den. Tre fokusgruppsintervjuer med högstadielärare låg till grund för studien som är kvalitativ och inspirerad av ett fenomenologiskt forskningsperspektiv. Analysprocessen baserades på fenomenologisk analys. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna var de om grupper, normer och konformitet, samt de om exponeringseffekten. Resultaten visar att PISA-undersökningen inte har någon framträdande roll i det dagliga arbetet i skolan och att undersökningen normalt inte diskuteras bland lärare. Många lärare är kritiska till utformningen av proven och dess brist på transparens. Man tycker att diskussionen som förs i media och politik om PISA-undersökningen får för stort utrymme och bidrar till en negativ syn på skola och lärare. Man menar vidare att det finns en stor okunskap bland politiker och andra som diskuterar PISA om just PISA-undersökningen och skola. Förbättrade resultat på provet tror man beror på ökad motivation och eventuellt på kompetensutvecklingssatsningar i skolan. Samstämmigheten bland lärare var stor när det gäller uppfattningar om PISA-undersökningen.

Scholars have linked multiple background characteristics to academic achievement; among these are student SES and race/ethnicity. A largely understudied student characteristic in relation to academic achievement is student immigrant status. I contextualize this relationship by considering a macro social setting: country-level foreign-born population. To do this, I examine mathematics achievement from the 2015 PISA assessment in 41 high-income countries. Using mixed-effects modeling, I examine student- and country-level factors and their effects on mathematics achievement. I use within- and cross-level interactions to examine the relationship between 1) immigrant status and student SES and between 2) immigrant status and foreign-born population. To examine the relationship between student immigrant status and student SES and between immigrant status and foreign-born-population, I use within- and cross-level interactions. My findings indicate that immigrant students perform similarly to native-born students when considering other contextual factors at the student-, school-, and country- levels. Furthermore, SES moderates the effect of immigrant status, with second-generation immigrants exhibiting a smaller achievement gain with increased SES. Additionally, everyone – immigrants and non-immigrants alike – benefits from higher foreign-born population rates, suggesting that immigration is advantageous for all students.

A educação é concebida como um processo fortemente impregnado pelas visões culturais, tendendo a veicular a transmissão de ontologias. É dada ênfase ao caso do ensino da ciEncia, que é encarada como correspondendo a uma versão actual e metropolizada da visão Ocidental do mundo. As fricções de aprendizagem sentidas no seio dos grupos sociais ruralizados, proletarizados e estrangeiros são estudadas como resultando de um predomínio de uma percepção e expressão associadas a fases culturais (quando da mesma cultura) ou culturas não inteiramente comunicantes com a ontologia prescrita pelo ensino. É estudada e avançada a hipótese de uma pedagogia de carácter poético que gere momentos críticos de aprendizagem a partir de traduções entre redes simbólico-materiais. A influência do estabelecimento resiliente de identidades e de processos de estereotipificação de classe/género/etnia são também objecto de pesquisa. São analisados dados dos resultados a ciências dos alunos portugueses no estudo PISA 2006 através de um modelo hierárquico e é efectuado um estudo etnológico numa escola do ensino básico. O caso dos alunos africanos é analisado com particular detalhe.

Sverige resultat i Pisaundersökningen 2012 skildrades i media som katastrofalt och som en chock. Pisa-chocken var en del av en större diskurs som handlade om krisen i svenska skolan. Studiens syfte var att beskriva diskursen kring Pisa och ”skola i kris” för att ge en förståelse på hur samhällets medialisering genom språket påverkar människors uppfattningar om utbildningspolitik inför riksdagsvalet 2014. Metoden som användes var en tematisk innehållsanalys med diskursiv karaktär som utgick från språkets roll i människors konstruktion och förståelsen av världen. I resultatet kunde flera nyckelord med signalkaraktär urskiljas några exempel är skrämmande, nationell kris och tragedi. Slutsatserna av analysen blev att media tillsammans med andra utbildningsaktörer kan ha format människors uppfattning om utbildningspolitik genom språket inför valet. / <p>Godkännande datum: 2019-06-07</p>

The thesis is made up by four studies, on the comprehensive theme of integrated and subjectspecific science education in Swedish compulsory school. A literature study on the matter is followed by an expert survey, then a case study and ending with two analyses of students’ science results from PISA 2003 and PISA 2006. The first two studies explore similarities and differences between integrated and subject-specific science education, i. e. Science education and science taught as Biology, Chemistry and Physics respectively. The two following analyses of PISA 2003 and PISA 2006 data put forward the question whether there are differences in results of students’ science literacy scores due to different types of science education. The expert survey compares theories of integration to the Swedish science education context. Also some difference in intention, in the school case study, some slight differences in the way teachers plan the science education are shown, mainly with respect to how teachers involve students in their planning. The statistical analysis of integrated and subject-specific science education comparing students’ science results from PISA 2003 shows no difference between students or between schools. The analysis of PISA 2006, however, shows small differences between girls’ results with integrated and subject-specific science education both in total scores and in the three scientific literacy competencies. No differences in boys’ results are shown on different science educations.