Uppsatsen syftar till att söka svaren på frågor om vilka maskuliniteter som uppstår i Jan Fridegårds ursprungliga trilogi om Lars Hård samt hur dessa maskuliniteter uppstår, varierar och upprätthålls. Undersökningen utgår från teorier formulerade av bland andra Judith Butler och Raewyn Connell; teorier som vill förklara både genus och kön som sociala konstruktioner. Arbetet bygger vidare på ett forskningsläge om manlighet i litteraturen som främst kan karaktäriseras som internationellt, eftersom den svenska litteraturvetenskapliga manlighetsforskningen ännu är förhållandevis blygsam. Undersökningen kan delas in i tre delar som i tur och ordning behandlar maskuliniteter som uppstår i Lars Hårds relationer till kvinnor, till andra män och till samhällets institutioner. I Lars Hårds relationer till kvinnor söker han främst konstruera sin maskulinitet genom att söka efter en stabil och naturlig femininitet att spegla denna maskulinitet mot; något som i allt väsentligt misslyckas. I hans interagerande med andra män visar sig en maskulinitet präglad av distansering från familjen och de plikter som därmed associeras. Denna maskulinitet uppstår främst i grupper av män; grupper som även präglas av hierarkier och dominans av andra män. Denna maskulinitet skiljer sig från den som uppstår i trilogins manliga vänskapspar, som snarare kännetecknas av omsorg och ömsesidig respekt. I det avsnitt som fokuserar Lars Hårds relationer med samhällets institutioner behandlas först familjen, inom vilken de traditionella könsrollerna tydligt framträder: Lars Hårds mor står för omsorgen och det verklighetsnära, medan fadern ägnar sig åt mer eller mindre verklighetsfrånvänd bildning under lediga stunder. När modern insjuknar tas hennes plikter över av Lars Hård, som i och med detta förefaller uppleva sig befriad från maskuliniteternas tvångsmässiga distansering från den reproduktiva sfären. Därefter fokuseras det främmandeskap Lars Hård känner inför sin kropp, hur han förefaller se på denna kropp i det moderna samhället samt straffsystemets reduktion av hans individ till just en kropp; något han själv gjort sig skyldig till i sin syn på kvinnan. Slutligen tas i undersökningen upp den urtidsman Lars Hård ibland identifierar sig med; hur denna maskulinitet yttrar sig samt hur den skulle kunna sättas i samband med det samhälle som under mellankrigstiden snabbt omvandlades.

The aim of this studie centers on how lgbt (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) are portrayed in women’s magazines. The magazines we have chosen to analyze are FRIDA, VeckoRevyn and amelia, which all three have different target groups. We have, with the assistance of the rhetorical and semiotic analysis methods, assessed 18 articles with their associated photographs. These methods are part of the qualitative analysis model and are used in order to study less empirical data with more depth. With the qualitative analysis we were able to see potential patterns among our empirical data. Lgbt is known as a minority group and has often been described in a stereotypical way. We wanted to see if and how the portraying of lgbt has changed within the last 16 years and if the different target groups affect the portrayal. Our studie shows that stereotypes, according to the magazines, are still a part of the preconceptions in our society. In the middle of 1990’s the magazines wrote about stereotypes such as the lonely lizzie and the sparkling faggot. Nowadays they focus on what is seen as feminine and/or masculine. Heteronormativity is still the prescribed values of today.

The purpose of this study is to explore how different discourses about risk linked to HIV prevention is likely to affect the decisions on the distribution of state funding for preventive activities aimed at 'men who have sex with men' (MSM). This by making qualitative interviews with principals that have an impact on this decision. Using a discourse analytic approach, based on both theoretical and methodological foundations, I investigate the discursive constructions of risk of HIV linked to certain groups and behaviors. MSM is found in the material placed into two different formations of groups, on one hand by the behavior on the other hand on the basis of identity. The identity position is organized discursively from a “victim” position while MSM provides an "operator" position. MSM is thus incompatible with the victim's position needed to be taken into account in the allocation of HIV prevention funds. On this basis I argue that the impact of heteronormativity, combined with an unwillingness to stigmatize, threatens to make HIV prevention ineffective when it is distributed on a different premise than epidemiological trends.

<p>This project traces the seemingly improbable intersections between performances of blackness and the development and traces of an American liberalism defined by Gunnar Myrdal's overwhelmingly influential, sociological text, An American Dilemma. I argue that when Myrdal determined in his 1944 study on the "Negro problem" that the messy inconsistencies between how the United States articulated its laudable egalitarianism and the violent histories of oppression defining the lives of African Americans was a matter resting in the "hearts and minds of white America" rather than entrenched structural inequalities, he enabled a radicalized version of sentimentality that would structure how liberalism attempted to rectify this racial paradox right into the 21st century - to walk in someone else's skin rather than their shoes. While American liberalism is a notoriously contested and slippery set of ideologies, the texts I study provide a performative logic of American liberalism that deconstructs and historicizes its own ideological impulses around notions of racial difference. </p><p>The project situates the discursive legacies of Myrdal's study alongside a series of spectacularized narratives of what I call "racial im/posture" - adventures in racial impersonation authorized by American liberalism and reliant on the logics of both blackface minstrelsy and racial passing. I consider these narratives of racial im/posture in the literary genres of memoir, autobiography, fiction, and speculative fiction, along with the legal brief, the film, and the photograph. Although I read these seemingly disparate texts from my own epistemological disciplining of literary studies, the methodology employed here is an interdisciplinary one indebted to performance and visual studies, race and queer theory, as well as new Southern studies. The project intervenes in the conventional thinking around racial masquerade by reframing the temporality of what has largely been considered an issue of the 19th and early 20th centuries as well as by considering these texts through the anxieties, ironies, and contentions of the discursive legacies of American liberalism. In five chapters that satellite around the ideological apparatuses of our sociopolitical and cultural landscape including social and literary fictions, the law, and transnational capital, I think through issues of authenticity, belonging, community, appropriation, and performance.</p> / Dissertation

<p>This dissertation explores the concept of <italic>agential abjection</italic> through Jean Genet's involvement with and writings about the struggles of disenfranchised and pathologized peoples. Following Julia Kristeva, Judith Butler has argued that modern subjectivity requires the production of a domain of abjected beings denied subjecthood and forced to live "unlivable" lives. "Agencies of Abjection" brings these feminist theories of abjection to bear on the multiple coordinates of social difference by exploring forms of abjection linked to sexuality, criminality, colonialism, and racialization. Situating Genet within an archive that includes the writings of former inmates of penal colonies, Francophone intellectuals, and Black Panther Party members, I analyze both the historical forces that produce abjection and the collective forms of agency that emerge from subaltern social forms. I find that the abjected are often able to elaborate impure, perverse, and contingent forms of agency from within the very institutions and discourses that would deny them subjecthood. </p><p>"Agencies of Abjection" carefully situates Genet's writing within the discursive fields in which it intervenes, including that of the memoirs and testimonies of former inmates of the boys' penal colonies, of Francophone decolonizing poets and intellectuals, and of Black Panther prison writings. This method illuminates subaltern genealogies of thought on the problems of abjection, subjection, and subaltern agency so central to Genet's writing. By charting the twists and turns between Genet's writing and that of other subaltern writers of abjection, "Agencies of Abjection" reads Genet as a thinker continually involved in a process of exchange, intervention, borrowing, and revision concerning the specific histories and experiences of social abjection.</p> / Dissertation

This thesis aims to read James Baldwin¡¦s Another Country to examine why and how he uses this novel to interrogate black nationalist discourses that inform the sexist and heterosexist biases in mid-century America. I would argue that Baldwin, in writing this novel, adopts an ambivalent narrative strategy both to ostensibly compromise on the heterosexual matrix politically and culturally scripted by black activists, and to critique the black hyperbolic masculinism endorsed and performed by them as itself a tragic consequence of white racism. Whereas black nationalists carry the Black Macho agenda into practice to redeem their manliness, Baldwin suspects that the heterosexist imperative of black machismo may end up infringing the rights of gender and sexual minorities. I thus argue, in Chapter One, that Baldwin writes Another Country to negotiate an oblique response to the conundrum he feels as both an artist and a black leader. To explain how his conundrum takes shape, I attempt in Chapter Two to lay bare the hegemonic masculinist ideologies embedded in anti-racist discourses. Drawing on this historical and theoretical investigation as my interpretive scaffold, I would in the following three chapters elaborate on how the novelist exemplifies his narrative technique via his male figures in Another Country. In doing so, Baldwin can, I would propose, assert that racial justice and sexual freedom must concur to effectuate blacks¡¦ autonomy. As such, I conclude my thesis by suggesting that Baldwin never intends ¡§another country¡¨ to be an idyllic landscape wherein Eric ostensibly plays out as a ¡§sexual savior¡¨ and betters other characters¡¦ self-recognition. Another Country instead illustrates a contested site where discourses on black nationalism, black male sexuality, and black masculinity come into a productive dialogism. Another Country, that is, can be best interpreted as Baldwin¡¦s investigation into the intersection of race, gender, and sexuality in the sixties, and his consistent reformulation of individual identity as fluid, labile, and multiple.

This thesis analyzes the coming out action of individuals through perception of political identity. Instead of considering coming out as an individual experience, it is discussed as a political action that effects the others around the individual. This political action is examined from the Queer Theory&rsquo / s perspective of subverting the gender norms. The coming out experience of lesbians, gays and bisexuals not only has an impact of their personal environment, but also effects their relation to the LGBT movement. The importance of coming out in LGBT movement is explained through the interviews with lesbians, gays and bisexuals. Where they place themselves politically in their socialization process is analyzed. LGBT movement&rsquo / s historical background is introduced and compared with the movement in Turkey. The issues originate from Turkish society&rsquo / s social structure is indicated through interviews.

Sammanfattning Syftet i föreliggande studie är att belysa HBTQ-individers upplevelser och bemötande inom motionsanläggningar och på vilket sätt detta får betydelse för upprätthållandet av fysisk hälsa och välmående. Hur upplever HBTQ-individer motionsanläggningars normer och hur påverkar heteronormativiteten om hur de uppfattas inom fysisk aktivitet och idrott? Vad influerar HBTQ-individers egna fysiska hälsa? Finns det specifika parametrar som påverkar HBTQ-individers användning av motionsanläggningar? Metod För att kunna granska hur heteronormativiteten präglat motionsidrotten i samhället har queerteorin samt genusteorin dels använts som utgångspunkt för studien som helhet och dels som studiens teoretiska förståelseverktyg i databearbetningarna. För att besvara syftet och frågeställningarna genomfördes en kvalitativ intervjustudie där tio individer som klassificerade sig själva som HBTQ ingick. Varje enskild intervju spelades in och transkriberades. Det är individernas egna upplevelser som varit i fokus för undersökningens analyser och tolkningar och dessa bearbetningar utgör därmed studiens resultat. Resultat Resultatet i studien visar att HBTQ-individer påverkas av de oskrivna heteronormativa ideal och normer som finns vid motionsanläggningar runt om i Stockholmsområdet. Ett tydligt problemområde, omklädningsrummet, lyftes fram av ett flertal respondenter. Här var det främst de individer som klassificerade sig som transsexuella som kände så pass stora obehag av omklädningsrummen att träningen helt kunde utebli. Alla respondenter var för HBT-certifiering, även om det fanns åsikter om att något sådant inte borde behövas. En motionsanläggning för endast HBTQ-individer var något respondenterna tyckte vore bra. Slutsats Resultaten från denna studie visar på en allmän upplevd svårighet att vara HBTQ vid en motionsanläggning. Detta visar sig främst i upplevda normer och ideal som i sin tur grundar sig i heteronormativiteten som oskriven regel.

In the last forty years, significant developments in neuroscience, psychology, and robotic technology have been cause for major trend changes in the philosophy of mind. One such shift has been the reallocation of focus from entirely brain-centered theories of mind to more embodied, embedded, and even extended answers to the questions, what are cognitive processes and where do we find such phenomena? Given that hypotheses such as Clark and Chalmers‘ (1998) Extended Mind or Hutto‘s (2006) Radical Enactivism, systematically undermine the organism-bound, internal, and static pictures of minds and allow instead for the distribution of cognitive processes among brains, bodies, and worlds, a worry that arises is that the very subject of cognitive science, the ‗cognizer‘ will be hopelessly opaque, its mind leaking out into the world all over the place, thereby making it impossible to rein in and properly study. A seemingly unrelated and yet parallel trend has also taken place in feminist theorizing about the body over the last forty years. Whereas feminism of the 1970s and early 1980s tended to view ‗the body‘ as the site and matter of biological sex, while gender was a more fluid and socially constituted mode of existence, more recent feminist theory has questioned the givenness of bodies themselves. In other words, rather than seeing gender categories as manifestations of the already given sexed body, thinkers such as Butler (2000) and Lorber (1992) argue that the very notion of a body is often a product of scientific inquiry, which is itself a product of the power structures aiming to maintain a rigid binary between feminine and masculine gender roles. If the world at large plays such a constitutive role in determining who we are, then this implies that the tools we use, the language we speak, and the power relationships in which we are enmeshed are components of what it means to be embodied in any genuine sense. For thinkers like Haraway (1988) the image of the cyborg is most fitting for this new understanding of embodied subjects, as the cyborg is a coupling of machine and human. Gender and even biological sex will always be a technologically hybridized ‗monster‘ consisting of matter, machine, and mind. The overall aim of my project is thus to bring the two concurrent developments in theorizing about embodied subjects into discourse. As the cyborg features largely in recent feminist thought about embodiment, so too has it been a prominent metaphor in philosophy of mind, ever since Clark (2003) claimed that we ought to think of our ‗selves‘ more appropriately as Natural-Born Cyborgs. I therefore focus on this imagery as I go on to make the argument that this distributed account of cognition as well as of sexual identity is more fruitful for making progress in understanding ‗the human‘ more generally. Likewise, I argue that bringing the discussion of sex and gender into the arena of an otherwise asexual philosophy of mind, will shed light on some important facets of embodiment that have been overlooked but that ought to be addressed if we are to have an adequate account of ‗the proper subject of cognitive science.‘ My chapters include 1) a survey of the discourse between science and philosophy of mind leading to these embodied and extended approaches, 2) a first attempt at defending the extended mind thesis, 3) a discussion of how even the supposed resolution to the objections raised against extended cognition fails to properly take into account just how problematic subjectivity is, regardless of its being defined entirely organismic or not, as organisms themselves are highly malleable and socially constituted, 4) an explanation concerning how the same problematization of embodied subjectivity is ongoing in feminist theory, especially considering the phenomenology of transgendered embodiment, intersex, and technologically mediated bodies, 5) further elaboration on technologically enhanced bodies, exposing what I see as a continuum between bodies modified by ‗hard‘ technologies, such as implants, prostheses or surgeries, and those modified by ‗soft‘ technologies, such as gender norms, the social gaze, and technologically mediated metacognition, and last, 6) an argument for the image of the cyborg to replace ‗organism‘ in cognitive science, along with the corollary argument that cyborgs ought to represent not just embodied minds, but should also be the metaphor in attempting to understand ‗embodiment‘ more generally, which must, at its roots, be underpinned by gender and sexual identity. I argue that the imagery is fitting for the proper study of cognitive subjects as well as sexed and gendered bodies, but moreover, that just as the cyborg suggests a blending and hybridizing of seemingly unrelated elements, so too should the two areas of inquiry, philosophy of mind and feminist theory, pay heed to one another‘s use of this imagery and themselves begin to be more integrative in their approaches.

The discourse constructing a queer representative with LGBT identity embodies subversive queer rebellion grounding interdependence between advertisers, stars, and audiences in commercial television. Considering her media roles for American Express, CoverGirl, and J.C. Penney, as well as a daytime talk show host, Ellen DeGeneres expresses queerness, queer moments, and space in accordance with anti-heteronormativity described by Alexander Doty in Making Things Perfectly Queer. In the mainstream advertising, using LGBT subculture texts is a strategy for advertisers to target mass heterosexual consumers, while simultaneously not to alienate homosexual communities. In U.S. daytime television programming, The Ellen DeGeneres Show emblematizes identity declaration of Ellen’s coming out episodes in 1997 and embodies entertaining segments in terms of a coming out party through talking, dancing, and liberating. In audience reception, viewers, based on egalitarianism, are empowered by a moment of pleasure, sympathy, and liberation in relation to DeGeneres’ queer performance in the media. Through identifying three main media practices, advertising, broadcasting, and, spectating, I conclude with a discourse that DeGeneres, as a queer representative, signifies a satirical token of homonormativity to negotiate heteronormative media narratives in the mainstream media. / text