Syftet med studien var att få en fördjupad förståelse för gymnasielärares upplevelser av distansundervisningens påverkan på lärande i ämnet svenska. Syftet var även att få en inblick i hur lärarna ser på distansundervisningens framtid i ämnet svenska. Frågeställningarna handlade således just om lärarnas upplevelser, hur de ser på distansundervisningens framtid i ämnet svenska och även hur distansundervisningen inom ämnet svenska skulle kunna utvecklas. I studien användes intervjuer som datainsamlingsmetod.  Resultatet av studien visar på olika upplevelser som lärarna upplevde under tiden för distansundervisning, hur undervisningen såg ut, olika aspekter som påverkade undervisningsformen och avslutas sedan med lärarnas tankar om distansundervisningen och hur undervisningsformen skulle kunna utvecklas. / The purpose of the study was to get an in-depth understanding of high school teachers’ experiences of distance education’s impact on learning in the Swedish subject. The purpose was also to get an insight of how teachers see the future of distance education within the Swedish subject. The research questions were therefore about the teachers’ experiences, how they see the future of distance education within the Swedish subject and also how distance education within the Swedish subject could develop. Interviews were used as a data collection method in the present study.  The results of the study showed different experiences that the teachers experienced during the time of distance education, what the education looked like, different aspects that affect the form of teaching and then ended with the teachers’ thoughts on the distance education and how the form of teaching could develop.

The aim of this study was to, through an analyze of court orders, gain a more profound understanding of how the Swedish Migration Courts argue and relate to credibility and reliability in the decision assessment for asylum-seeking LGBTQ people. The court orders used in the study was all rejected by the Swedish Migration Court and appealed to the Swedish Migration Supreme Court. The study is of an hermeneutic and qualitative perspective and an argumentation analysis of the court orders was conducted. The results show that the Swedish Migration Courts use both international-and Swedish law and guidelines as support and basis when they argue in the asylum assessments. They also use value-added words to reinforce their arguments. The critical perception of the asylum process presented by previous research can be understood to some extent. It is also possible to see that some criticism is unfounded, as more perspectives should be taken into consideration. Some gaps in knowledge about LGBTQ issues can be seen and therefore better guidelines may be necessary.

<p>Denna uppsats behandlar läsförståelse i svenskundervisningen för döva. Syftet har varit att få en uppfattning om lärares syn på läsförståelse, deras erfarenheter kring döva läsare och deras arbete med läsförståelse i svenskundervisningen för döva. Mina informanter är lärare och de undervisar på riksgymnasiet för döva. Metoden har varit kvalitativa intervjuer. Jag har varit intresserad av lärarnas kunskaper och erfarenheter samt åsikter och därför har jag valt denna metod.</p><p>Läsförståelse innebär enligt informanterna utvunna upplevelser utifrån texten kopplade till läsarens tidigare erfarenheter. Enligt merparten av informanterna är det inte så stora skillnader mellan vana döva läsare och vana hörande läsare. När det gäller ovana döva läsare kan element i texten som fraser, homonymer, synonymer, referensbindningar och verbpartiklar vålla problem. De har ofta svårt att uppfatta kontexten i texten. I fråga om undervisningen handlar mycket om elevernas redan förvärvade kunskaper och erfarenheter samt intressen, enligt informanterna. Det gäller för läraren att börja där eleven befinner sig. Informanterna betonar bland annat texter med rimlig nivå. En stor del av texten skall eleverna kunna känna till och resten skall vara nytt. På så sätt blir läsningen träning. Annat som informanterna betonar är samtal mellan lärare och elev kring texten. Sålunda kan mycket bli klargörande för eleven. Högläsning, vilken sker på svenskt teckenspråk, kan ge förståelse av textens innebörd men fungerar framförallt som ett redskap för att framkalla läsintresse och nyfikenhet hos eleverna.</p><p>När det gäller lärarens förkunskaper betonar informanterna kunskaper i och om svenskt teckenspråk och svenska språket. Kunskaper om andraspråksinlärning och om svenskundervisningen för hörande kan vara viktiga.</p><p>Nyckelord: Läsning, Läsförståelse, Svenskt teckenspråk, Svenska som andraspråk, Döva</p>

The phenomenon of an ongoing sound change leads in some cases to the pronunciation of short ö becoming more like that of short u. This thesis examines the relationship between short ö and u in Uppland Swedish. The localities included in the investigation were Uppsala, Norrtälje, Östervåla and Gräsö. In particular, the thesis examines the effects of age, gender and social status on the acquisition of a pronunciation where the phonemes are produced in a similar way, and whether the change occurs earlier in some words than others. The informants on Gräsö appear to have the highest occurrence of the merger, while those in Norrtälje are best at keeping ö and u apart. In general, men have a smaller difference between ö and u than women. Three different age groups were analysed and the results show that the oldest informants have the largest difference between ö and u and the youngest informants have the smallest difference. There are no significant differences between the three social status groups, but there is a tendency for those with the lowest social status to be better at keeping the phonemes apart than those with the highest social status. 13 minimal (or near-minimal) pairs were analysed to investigate whether the phonetic context has an effect on the degree to which ö and u are becoming more similar. The study shows that the smallest phonetic difference is found for word pairs with r occurring in the preceding or following context. The largest phonetic distance was found in word pairs beginning with a vowel. The study also examined whether there is a relationship between production, perception and attitude to u-sounding ö in Uppsala. By combining the production test results with the informants’ categorisation of u and ö in the perception test, the study shows that the informants with a small phonetic distance in their own speech were better at categorising stimuli correctly than the speakers who had a larger phonetic distance between ö and u in their own speech.

The purpose of this essay is to investigate what kind of motives where behind the long term decisions for the Swedish military defense in 2000 and 2004. This leads to the questions that the essay is meant to answer; 1. Were the motives behind the two decisions for the Swedish military defense of economic character or an adjustment of security and defense policy? 2. Was the parliament united in the two decisions and if they were not, why? 3. Were there any differences in motive between the two decisions? To answer these questions I have investigated the government bills, private member bills and the parliament debate concerning the two decisions. The result of the essay is that the decision of 2000 was a compromise between security and state finances. The essay can’t define the motives for the later decision. There was a greater understanding in the parliament in the later decision and the biggest difference between both decisions is that the parties who made the decisions in the parliament were not the same at both events.

Vi har i detta examensarbete undersökt vad det finns för teoretiska respektive reella för- och nackdelar med friskolor samt hur de förhåller sig till propositionen Valfrihet i skolan som ligger till grund för reformen. Utifrån sex olika källor har vi kommit fram till att det finns både reella och teoretiska för- och nackdelar. Tydliga fördelar är att lärarlönerna har ökat sedan friskolereformen trädde i kraft, att vinst kan vara en positiv drivkraft samt att det har blivit lättare att matcha elev och skola då utbudet av mer specifika inriktningar har ökat. Tydliga nackdelar är att lärarnas arbetsbörda tycks ha ökat, att betygsinflationen har ökat i och med konkurrensen samt att det tycks vara svårt att utkräva ansvar om utbildningen håller låg kvalitet då det föreligger sociala och monetära hinder vid ett skolbyte. Det visar sig även att propositionens syfte till viss del har infriats i form av ett bredare skolutbud med olika inriktningar och en mer produktiv skola i och med den effektivisering som konkurrensen har inneburit. Det fastslås även att det finns en problematik gällande informationsflödet mellan producent (friskolan) och konsument (behörig elev) som gör att det blir svårt för elever och dess familjer att ta det ansvar över elevens utbildningssituation som propositionen föreslår.
 Frågeställningarna som besvaras är: Vad finns det för teoretiska respektive reella fördelar med friskolor?, Vad finns det för teoretiska respektive reella nackdelar med friskolor? samt Hur förhåller sig för- respektive nackdelar till propositionen som ligger till grund för friskolereformen?
 Viss vidare forskning krävs inom området. Framförallt behövs nya studier som statistiskt belyser skillnader mellan kommunala skolor och friskolor. / In this paper we aim to investigate the advantages and disadvantages with the Swedish free-school system and how reality aligns with the political prequel that paved way for the Swedish free-school reform. Based on six sources we have found that there are both practical and theoretical advantages together with practical and theoretical disadvantages. Some clear advantages are that the pay rate of Swedish teachers has increased since the free-school reform, that the possibility of profit could be a positive driving force for an organization and that the free-school system has led to a increased selection of educational possibilities and has thereby simplified the match between student and school. Clear disadvantages is that the teachers workload has increased, the grade inflation has increased in connection with the competition on the Swedish school market and that it is difficult to assume responsibility if education is of low quality as there are social and monetary barriers if a student wants to switch school. It also turns out that the purpose of the bill has in part been infused in the form of a broader school offering with different orientations and a more productive school with the efficiency enhancement that competition has meant. It is also established that there is a problem regarding the flow of information between the producer (independent school) and the consumer (competent student) which makes it difficult for students and their families to take responsibility for the student's educational situation as proposed by the bill.
 The questions that are answered are: What are the theoretical and practical advantages of the Swedish free-school system?, What are the theoretical and practical disadvantages of the Swedish free- school system? as well as How are the advantages and disadvantages aligning with the political ideas that paved way for the Swedish free-school reform? 
 Some further research is required in the field. Above all, new studies are required that statistically highlight differences between municipal schools and independent schools.

The Swedish debate regarding the reform of the third person pronoun plural has been examined with the NLS theory and with the perspective of literacy as not only a mental process but also as a social practice. The debate was initiated in autumn of 2016 by an article written by the teacher Henrik Birkebo in which he argued for a reform. To examine the legitimacy of the main arguments in the debate in relation to pupils’ actual use of the Swedish alternatives for the third person pronoun plural de/dem and dom in secondary school, 307 answers to the National Tests in Swedish and Swedish as a Second Language from 2015 has been quantified in a corpus. The result shows that the argument for a reform due to the hardship for pupils to make out the difference between de and dem sees literacy mainly as a mental process. This is not shown in the corpus. A minority cannot use de and dem as the norm requires, and this minority consists of pupils with high and low grades. The argument to not too hastily make a reform sees literacy as a social practice and as a performance in a social context. This is more likely to be true according to the results of the analysis of the corpus. 82 % of the pupils want to use de/dem which shows that this is seen as a more respected literacy than the use of dom, which only 6 % of the pupils use in the corpus.

Recently, the Swedish media have highlighted several cases of misuse of grants by non-profit organizations. This attention gave rise to the idea for this thesis. Non-profit organizations have no economic interest and should instead aim to protect the interests oftheir members. They play an important role in civil society, which is why various authorities can award them grants to support their activities. However, it has been discovered that some organizations misuse the grants and use the money for completely different things than the stated purpose. In Sweden, there is no law regulating non-profit organizations. In terms of accounting, also, not all organizations meet the requirements to be covered by the Swedish accounting act. This means that for many non-profit organizations there are no accounting obligations. The aim of this thesis is therefore to examine how the absence of an accounting regulation affects different stakeholders and to assess the role of accounting requirements in addressing scandals in light of stakeholder thinking. Interviews were conducted with stakeholders such as various grant-giving authorities and reviewing authorities. The results show that the majority of them feel that they have been and are affected by this in some way. The main reason is that the authorities have not been able to carry out proper controls on the non-profit organizations because they have not received enough information. The fact that not all non-profit organizations are covered by the accounting act means that they do not prepare information that many stakeholders would consider important in the control process. This in turn increases the risk of failing to detect errors and frauds. To meet stakeholders' information needs and reduce the risk of frauds and scandals, more requirements need to be placed on the non-profit organizations.

Trots att svensk ull är ett biobaserat, lokalt producerat och återvinningsbart material med stor cirkulär potential, kasseras mer än hälften av den svenska ullen som en biprodukt från köttindustrin. Den främsta orsaken är bristen på infrastruktur för inköp, produktion och storskalig insamling samt avsaknaden av standardiserade klassificerings- och kvalitetssäkringsmetoder. År 2023 publicerades den första svenska ullstandarden som en del av The Swedish Wool Initiative för att etablera ett nationellt klassificeringssystem som bygger på tio olika kvalitetstyper från A till I och syftar till att skapa ett gemensamt språk, möjliggöra storskalig insamling och kvalitetssäkring av svensk ull. Trots införandet av denna standard kvarstår flera utmaningar, såsom bristen på praktisk validering och standardens träffsäkerhet vilket leder till osäkerhet längs värdekedjan och produktionskomplikationer. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om ullen från tre svenska ullinsamlingar korrekt kan klassificeras enligt deras egen bedömning. Genom att noggrant granska och analysera ullen utvärderas hur väl den överensstämmer med den nya ullstandarden och hur ull från samma kvalitetstyp skiljer sig mellan leverantörerna. Analysen omfattar fiberkarakerisering baserad på parametrar som fiberlängd, finhet, krusighet, färg, vegetabiliskt material och tvärsnitt. Slutligen används statistiska metoder, inklusive ANOVA, för att identifiera spridning och signifikanta skillnader mellan de undersökta ullsorterna. Resultaten visade på att samtliga ullsorter faller under kvalitetstyp E enligt standardens intervall, men vissa resultat sträcker sig utanför intervallen. En ullsort (Ö1) avvek betydligt i krusighet och kunde potentiellt klassificeras annorlunda om krusighet var en parameter i standarden. Trots stora spridningar i parametrar som finhet, krusighet och fiberlängd, samt färg och vegetabiliskt material, visade ANOVA-analyser ingen signifikant skillnad mellan de olika ullinsamlingarna. Den observerade variationen inom insamlingarna var större än mellan dem, vilket tyder på stor variation i svensk ull utan tydliga skillnader mellan insamlingarna. / Despite being a bio-based, locally produced, and recyclable material with significant circular potential, more than half of Swedish wool is discarded as a byproduct of the meat industry. The main reasons for this are the lack of infrastructure for procurement, production, and large-scale collection, as well as the absence of standardized classification and quality assurance methods. In 2023, the first Swedish wool standard was published as part of The Swedish Wool Initiative to establish a national classification system based on ten different quality types from A to I. This initiative aims to create a common language, enable large-scale collection, and ensure the quality of Swedish wool. Despite the introduction of this standard, several challenges remain, such as the lack of practical validation and the accuracy of the standard, leading to uncertainty along the value chain and production complications. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the wool from three Swedish wool collections can be correctly classified according to their own assessment. By carefully examining and analyzing the wool, the study evaluates how well it conforms to the new wool standard and how wool of the same class differs between suppliers. The analysis includes fiber characterization based on parameters such as fiber length, fineness, crimp, color, vegetable matter, and cross-section. Finally, statistical methods, including ANOVA, are used to identify the distribution and significant differences between the wool types studied. The results showed that all wool types fall under quality type E according to the standard's intervals, but some results extend beyond these intervals. One wool type (Ö1) deviated significantly in crimp and could potentially be classified differently if crimp was a parameter in the standard. Despite large variations in parameters such as fineness, crimp, fiber length, color, and vegetable matter, ANOVA analyses showed no significant difference between the different wool collections. The observed variation within collections was greater than between them, indicating a large variation in Swedish wool without clear differences between the collections.

The Social Democrats’ have had an incomparable influence over Swedish politics during the 20th century. This study looks at how this working-class party descriptively represents the working-class on its ballot lists for the Swedish parliament, Riksdagen. Using a mixed methods approach this study builds on an original data set including all of the Social Democratic ballot lists for Riksdagen from 1970 to 2014. The data is combined with qualitative interviews with party representatives in two constituencies. The combined results of the studies show that the Social Democrats are not descriptively representing the Swedish working-class. The party representatives seem to want to represent the working-class and they think that they are descriptively representing this social class. The results indicate that it might be more important for the party to find candidates that are loyal, than candidates who want to represent working-class interests. Furthermore, there are indications that the party might define the working-class in outdated terms; rather than focusing on the level of education, the party defines the working-class largely in terms of those employed in manual labor and heavy industry.