Syftet med avhandlingen är att beskriva och analysera argument för matematik i grundskolan och att förstå varför och hur de officiella argumenten förändras, från de argument som återfinns i styrdokument till de argument som förs fram av undervisande matematiklärare. En utgångspunkt är att skolmatematikens villkor och verklighet kan beskrivas genom analys av officiella argument och av lärarstudenters och lärares personliga argument för matematik i grundskolan. Specifika forskningsfrågor i anslutning till syftet är: - Vilka argument för lärarstudenten fram inför yrkesdebuten? - Vilka argument för läraren fram under sina första år i yrket? - Vilka beskrivningar av skolmatematikens villkor ger lärarna? En longitudinell studie har genomförts där en grupp lärarstudenter följts genom utbildningen och under de första åren i yrket. Resultatet visar att lärarstudenter under utbildningen utvecklar en syn på matematik och matematikundervisning som stämmer väl med läroplanen och kursplanen i matematik enligt Lpo 94. De nyblivna lärarna med undervisning i matematik och NO-ämnen upplever i början av yrkeskarriären skilda villkor på olika skolor. Gemensamt för de lärare som undervisar i senare delen av grundskolan är upplevelser av krav på att ”hinna med kursen” inför det nationella provet i årskurs 9. Lärarnas mål med matematikundervisningen i grundskolan blir därför att förbereda eleverna för det nationella provet. En faktor som påverkar är kravet på att elever skall ha betyget godkänd för att vara behöriga till gymnasieskolans nationella program. De nyblivna lärarna upplever en konflikt mellan olika officiella argument för matematik i grundskolan. Faktorer som påverkar lärarnas och matematikämnets villkor och verklighet i grundskolan är bl.a. skolornas organisation i arbetslag och lärarnas kombination av undervisningsämnen. / The aim of this thesis is to describe and analyse arguments for mathematics in compulsory school and to understand why and how the official arguments change, from the arguments written in the national curriculum and course syllabus for mathematics to the arguments presented by mathematics teachers. The point of departure is that the conditions and the reality for school mathematics can be understood through an analysis of official arguments and of personal arguments given by teacher students and teachers. A longitudinal investigation has been carried out; a group of teacher students has been followed during their teacher education and the first three years after their professional debut. The result shows that during their education the teacher students develop a view on mathematics and mathematics education harmonizing with the goals of mathematics in the national syllabus. The novice teachers have mathematics and sciences as their teaching subjects and they experience quite different conditions when they start to work as teachers. Common for those teaching in school years 7–9 is the experience of pressure to “cover the course” before the pupils shall take the national test in school year 9. Preparing the pupils for the national test becomes the most important goal for the novice teachers. A factor influencing the mathematics teacher is the qualification requirement in mathematics from compulsory school to go into the national programs in the upper secondary school. The novice teachers experience a conflict between different goals in the national curriculum and course syllabus for mathematics. Factors that have an influence on mathematics as a school subject are the organization of teachers at the local schools and the teachers’ combination of teaching subjects.

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude des ondes stationnaires d'équations dispersives non linéaires, en particulier l'équation de Schrödinger, mais aussi celle de Klein-Gordon. Les travaux présentés s'articulent autour de deux questions principales : l'existence et la stabilité orbitale de ces ondes stationnaires. <br /><br />L'existence est étudiée par des méthodes essentiellement variationnelles. En plus de la simple existence, on met en évidence différentes caractérisations variationnelles des ondes stationnaires, par exemple en tant que points critiques d'une certaine fonctionnelle au niveau du col ou au niveau de moindre énergie, ou encore en tant que minimiseurs d'une fonctionnelle sur différentes contraintes.<br /><br />Selon la puissance de la non-linéarité et la forme de la dépendance en espace, on démontre que les ondes stationnaires sont stables ou instables. Lorsqu'elles sont instables, on met en évidence que dans certaines situations l'instabilité se manifeste par explosion, tandis que dans d'autres les solutions sont globalement bien posées. En plus des différentes caractérisations variationnelles des <br />ondes stationnaires, les preuves des résultats de stabilité et d'instabilité nécessitent de dériver des informations de nature spectrale. En particulier, dans la première partie de cette thèse, on prouve un résultat de non-dégénérescence du linéarisé pour un problème limite. Dans la deuxième partie, on localise la deuxième valeur propre du linéarisé par la combinaison d'une méthode perturbative et d'arguments de continuation.

This dissertation provides a theoretically grounded framework for investigating "legal rhetoric." By making a distinction between the discursive elements of a Legal system and the broader rhetorical notion of Law, rhetorical critics can better understand the interdependent relationship between citizens, their legal structures, and their cultures. The Legal system represents the forum in which legal disputes are addressed. In contrast, the Law signifies the principles of justice and fairness that give rise to legal disputes addressed by the Legal system. This dissertation emphasizes the important role that media play in disseminating information about specific legal disputes and providing citizens an opportunity to reflect on which principles of justice and fairness are to be valued. This study specifically examines the text, reasoning, and media coverage of Gratz v. Bollinger and Grutter v. Bollinger, two U.S. Supreme Court cases related to the University of Michigan's use of racial classifications in its admissions process. By comparing which arguments and rhetorical elements from the Supreme Court's 2003 decisions were reported in the press, this dissertation both demonstrates the rhetorical concepts of the "Law" and the "Legal System" and suggests how citizens and rhetorical scholars can more fully critique legal texts. / text

This dissertation brings together aspects of writing-in-the-disciplines research, reader-response theory, and empirical reading research in an investigation of literary scholars reading poems and constructing arguments. I begin with a review of literary criticism published over the past 70 years on Donne's "The Flea," Milton's "Song: On May Morning," Hopkins' "God's Grandeur," and Eliot's "Conversation Galante." This review suggests that certain New Critical interpretive conventions persist in scholarship. In particular, literary scholars continue to read lyrics as dramatic utterances and as organic wholes. I then present findings from a think-aloud study in which English professors read the aforementioned poems and planned a hypothetical conference talk about them for the MLA conference. Reader-response theorists have argued that readers activate certain text-making conventions in order to read literature as literature. In my study, participants' disciplinary reading conventions were so deeply ingrained that their initial processing of the four poems mirrored the interpretive patterns in published criticism of those poems. Next I analyze the think-aloud data and follow-up interviews from the perspective of writing-in-the-disciplines research. Previous researchers found that scholarly literary argument relies on a limited set of special topoi and is not always directed toward the accumulation of new knowledge. The scholars in my study relied more heavily on some topoi during initial interpretation of the poems, while other topoi were used more often during argument planning. The picture of literary argument that emerges is a hybrid of ceremonial rhetoric and communal knowledge building. Finally, I analyze the think-aloud data from the vantage-point of expert/novice research in cognitive psychology. Previous researchers have used the term "generic expertise" to describe expert knowledge that all members of an academic discipline possess. Despite the belief of some within literary studies that their discipline lacks a core, participants in my study demonstrated generic expertise both in their interpretations of poems and in their argument planning. I conclude by arguing that previous descriptions of scholarly literary argument need to be revised. Literary scholars relate to their objects of study in a unique way that ensures the distinctness of literary argument. / text

The overall aim of this thesis is to investigate the effects of coherence in the corporate branding process. Specifically, this thesis defines and develops the concept of corporate brand coherency (CBC) using four antecedents and four dimensions, and investigates the effects of incongruence based on the advertising antecedent by manipulating ad-brand congruence. Using the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), the research tests whether two-sided messages aid the resolution of incongruence following central route processing and whether greater number of arguments could act as a peripheral cue. Accordingly, a conceptual model was developed to test the effects of ad-brand congruence, message sidedness and argument quantity on corporate credibility, attention and elaboration, attitude towards the ad and attitude towards the corporate brand. To empirically test this model an online experiment (using a 3x2x2 between-subjects factorial design) was conducted, where subjects were exposed to a modified print advertisement for a grocery store. A total of 528 responses were collected from New Zealand Internet users. Two- and three-way ANCOVAs as well as path analysis was used to analyse the hypothesised relationships. The results indicate support for CBC, as it was found that congruence led to positive evaluations and higher corporate credibility. Two-sided messages were not found to be effective in reducing the negative effect of incongruence. Instead, two-sided messages led to less favourable evaluations of incongruence. Regardless of the incongruence, the results show that two-sided messages did not lead to positive evaluations, while an increased number of arguments did lead to more favourable attitudes. Overall, the findings show the ELM is not applicable to explain consumers’ responses to incongruence, as incongruence was not found to affect message processing. Additionally, there was no support that message sidedness and argument quantity, respectively, acted as central and peripheral cues. Furthermore, findings indicate that incongruity in advertising can lead to positive evaluations when consumers have a negative prior brand attitude. The theoretical and managerial implications as well as directions for future research based on these findings are discussed.

Submitted by Jéssica Ventura da Silva null (ventura_jessica24@hotmail.com) on 2018-03-12T21:07:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jessica_Ventura Dissertaçao.pdf: 1678176 bytes, checksum: df62ed33ac2d6f5dcd5513fb137e1125 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Claudia Adriana Spindola null (claudia@fct.unesp.br) on 2018-03-13T11:48:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_jv_me_prud.pdf: 1678176 bytes, checksum: df62ed33ac2d6f5dcd5513fb137e1125 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-13T11:48:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_jv_me_prud.pdf: 1678176 bytes, checksum: df62ed33ac2d6f5dcd5513fb137e1125 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Com o objetivo de determinar o comportamento das raízes de alguns tipos de equações trinomiais, que aparecem em determinados problemas relacionados à Matemática Financeira, esta dissertação apresenta o estudo de resultados clássicos que determinam regiões do plano complexo onde os zeros de um determinado polinômio estão localizados, bem como o estudo de resultados específicos sobre a distribuição das raízes de equações trinomiais no plano complexo, de acordo com seus argumentos e módulos. Uma vez que, a grande aplicação dos resultados sobre trinômios está relacionada à determinação da taxa de juros I de séries uniformes de pagamentos antecipadas, postecipadas e diferidas, este trabalho também apresenta o estudo das funções financeiras que envolvem juros compostos. Assim, por meio de toda teoria apresentada, determinamos uma região anelar do plano complexo onde estão localizadas as raízes das equações trinomiais e quadrinomiais relacionadas a determinação da taxa de juros I. Além disso mostramos, sob certas condições, que as raízes das equações trinomiais são simples e determinamos setores do plano complexo que contém exatamente uma raiz destas equações trinomiais. / In order to determine the behavior of the roots of some kinds of trinomial equations, which appear in certain problems related to Financial Mathematics, this work presents the study of classical results that determine regions of the complex plane where the zeros of a given polynomial are located, as well as the study of specific results on the distribution of the roots of trinomial equations in the complex plane, according to their arguments and modules. Since the large application of the results on trinomials is related to the determination of the interest rate I of a uniform series of payments, this work also presents the study of financial functions involving compound interest. Then using all presented theory, we determine an annular region of the complex plane where are located the roots of the trinomial and quadrinomial equations related to the determination of the interest rate I. Furthermore we show, under certain conditions, that the roots of the trinomial equations are simple and we determine the sectors of the complex plane that contain exactly one root of these trinomial equations. / FAPESP: 2015/23752-3

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:12:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TulioSS_TESE.pdf: 2136315 bytes, checksum: def4a39ad10ea69504e5674a87349257 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-11 / This work whose title is "The transcendental arguments: Kant Andy Hume's problem" has as its main objective to interpret Kant's answer to Hume's problem in the light of the conjunction of the causality and induction themes which is equivalent to skeptical- naturalist reading of the latter. In this sense, this initiative complements the previous treatment seen in our dissertation, where the same issue had been discussed from a merely skeptical reading that Kant got from Hume thought and was only examined causality. Among the specific objectives, we list the following: a) critical philosophy fulfills three basic functions, a founding, one negative and one would argue that the practical use of reason, here named as defensive b) the Kantian solution of Hume's problem in the first critisism would fulfill its founding and negative functions of critique of reason; c) the Kantian treatment of the theme of induction in other criticisms would will fulfill the defense function of critique of reason; d) that the evidence of Kant's answer to Hume's problem are more consistent when will be satisfied these three functions or moments of criticism. The basic structure of the work consists of three parts: the first the genesis of Hume's problem - our intention is to reconstruct Hume's problem, analyzing it from the perspective of two definitions of cause, where the dilution of the first definition in the second match the reduction of psychological knowledge to the probability of following the called naturalization of causal relations; whereas in the second - Legality and Causality - it is stated that when considering Hume in the skeptic-naturalist option, Kant is not entitled to respond by transcendental argument A?B; A?B from the second Analogy, evidence that is rooted in the position of contemporary thinkers, such as Strawson and Allison; in third part - Purpose and Induction - admits that Kant responds to Hume on the level of regulative reason use, although the development of this test exceeds the limits of the founding function of criticism. And this is articulated in both the Introduction and Concluding Remarks by meeting the defensive [and negative] function of criticism. In this context, based on the use of so-called transcendental arguments that project throughout the critical trilogy, we provide solution to a recurring issue that recurs at several points in our submission and concerning to the "existence and / or the necessity of empirical causal laws. In this light, our thesis is that transcendental arguments are only an apodictic solution to the Hume s skeptical-naturalist problem when is at stake a practical project in which the interest of reason is ensured, as will, in short, proved in our final considerations / O presente trabalho - Os argumentos transcendentais: Kant e o problema de Hume -, tem como seu objetivo geral interpretar a resposta de Kant ao problema de Hume ? luz da conjun??o das tem?ticas de causalidade e indu??o o que equivale a uma leitura c?tico-naturalista deste. Neste sentido, tal iniciativa complementa o tratamento anterior visto em nossa disserta??o de mestrado, onde a mesma tem?tica fora examinada a partir de uma leitura meramente c?tica que Kant fez do pensamento humeano e onde foi analisada apenas a causalidade. Dentre os objetivos espec?ficos, listamos os seguintes: a) a filosofia cr?tica cumpre tr?s fun??es b?sicas, uma fundante, uma negativa e uma que defenderia o uso pr?tico da raz?o, aqui nomeada de defensiva; b) a solu??o kantiana do problema de Hume na primeira cr?tica cumpriria as fun??es fundante e negativa da cr?tica da raz?o; c) o tratamento kantiano da tem?tica da indu??o nas demais cr?ticas cumpriria a fun??o defensiva da cr?tica da raz?o; d) que as provas da resposta de Kant ao problema de Hume s?o mais consistentes quando se consideram cumpridas estas tr?s fun??es ou momentos da cr?tica. A estrutura b?sica do trabalho comporta tr?s partes: na primeira - A g?nese do problema de Hume -, nossa pretens?o ? reconstituir o problema de Hume, analisando-o sob a ?tica das duas defini??es de causa, onde a dilui??o da primeira defini??o na segunda corresponde ? redu??o psicol?gica do conhecimento ? probabilidade, do que se segue a chamada naturaliza??o das rela??es causais; na segunda - Legalidade e Causalidade -, menciona-se que quando se considera Hume na op??o c?tico-naturalista, Kant n?o est? habilitado a lhe responder atrav?s do argumento transcendental A?B; A?B da segunda Analogia, prova que est? embasada na posi??o de pensadores contempor?neos como Strawson e Allison; na terceira parte - Finalidade e Indu??o -, admite-se que Kant responde a Hume no n?vel do uso regulativo da raz?o, embora o desenvolvimento dessa prova exceda os limites da fun??o fundante da cr?tica. E isto fica articulado tanto na Introdu??o quanto nas Considera??es Finais, atrav?s do cumprimento da fun??o defensiva [e negativa] da cr?tica. Neste contexto, com base no recurso aos ditos argumentos transcendentais que se projetam por toda a trilogia cr?tica, procuramos estabelecer solu??o para uma quest?o recorrente que reaparece em v?rias passagens de nossa apresenta??o e que diz respeito a exist?ncia e/ou a necessidade das leis causais emp?ricas . Diante disso, nossa tese ? que os argumentos transcendentais somente constituem uma solu??o apod?tica para o problema c?tico-naturalista de Hume quando est? em pauta um projeto pr?tico em que o interesse da raz?o esteja assegurado, conforme ser?, enfim, provado em nossas Considera??es Finais

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-07T13:06:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 danieldominguesgoncalves.pdf: 1028604 bytes, checksum: 7f017ed5e2074f8d54d7c2ded6fc0593 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T12:35:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 danieldominguesgoncalves.pdf: 1028604 bytes, checksum: 7f017ed5e2074f8d54d7c2ded6fc0593 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T12:37:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 danieldominguesgoncalves.pdf: 1028604 bytes, checksum: 7f017ed5e2074f8d54d7c2ded6fc0593 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T12:37:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 danieldominguesgoncalves.pdf: 1028604 bytes, checksum: 7f017ed5e2074f8d54d7c2ded6fc0593 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-21 / Este estudo procura analisar a adequação do sistema de licenciamento de direitos autorais desenvolvido pela Creative Commons Foundation ao Direito Autoral Brasileiro. Procura ainda o estudo compreender quais os possíveis contornos jurídicos de uma cultura cada vez mais colaborativa em relação à produção de conteúdo e licenciamento. Por fim, tenta determinar quais as consequências e possíveis necessidades de adequação da legislação brasileira necessárias frente à uma nova dinâmica de relações jurídicas. Expondo o conteúdo das licenças Creative Commons, será analisado o conteúdo jurídico das mesmas, bem como dados estatísticos da distribuição das licenças, quem as usa, como as usa e ainda quais as tendências apontadas a partir dos dados. Com fundamento no Marco Teórico do “Direito Como Integridade” na obra de Ronald Dworkin, a presente dissertação traz os resultados pesquisa, que consistem em uma comparação do comportamento habitual dos usuários das obras autorais licenciadas sob o Creative Commons, em relação à proposição legislativa do sistema jurídico brasileiro, e quais as possíveis consequências jurídicas e necessidades de atualização legislativa, tendo em vista essa nova dinâmica de produção e comercialização de conteúdo em ambiente virtual. / This study aims to examine the adequacy of the copyright licensing system developed by Creative Commons Foundation to Brazilian copyright laws. Also, the study intends to understand what possible legal contours of an increasingly collaborative culture in the production of content and licensing. Finally, it tries to determine what are the consequences and possible adaptation needs of the Brazilian legislation towards a new dynamic of legal relations. By exposing the contents of the Creative Commons licenses, it will analyze the legal content of the same, as well as statistical data on the distribution of licenses, who uses them, how they are used and also what the trends identified from the data. Based on the theoretical framework of "Law as Integrity" from the work of Ronald Dworkin, this dissertation brings the research results, which consist of a comparison of the usual behavior of users of copyrighted works, licensed under Creative Commons, in relation to the legislative proposal of the Brazilian legal system, and what are the possible legal consequences and legislative updating needs regarding the new dynamics of production and marketing of content in a virtual environment.

The purpose of this study is to illustrate why Norway is not a member of the EU from a rational choice perspective. In order to fulfil this purpose, two questions will constitute the framework of the study. These are: 1. What are the arguments of the EU-opposers in the Norwegian EU-debate? 2. Is it rational for Norway to stand outside the EU? The first question was answered by analyzing and mapping out the arguments of the Norweigan EU-opponents and then using a critical literature study to analyse them. To demarcate the study, only the arguments of the parliamentary parties that are opposing a Norwegian EU-membership, and the official organisation Nei til EU (No to the EU) were included. The second question was tested by using a rational choice theory and a number of keywords from the classical rational actor model; objectives, alternatives, consequences and choice. These keywords constituted the main analyzing instrument of the study and was applied on the empirical material. The main arguments of the opposers of a Norweigan EU-membership, are widely spoken democracy, freedom of action, environment and solidarity. The debate is hard to map out because of its general character but is very homogeneous. The second question is answered partly in the light of the first one and the result shows that it is rational for Norway to stay outside the EU today, but the question may have to be reassessed in the future, and probably will be since the debate is still so fervent.

Uppsatsen avser analysera den argumentation som förekommer på bokomslagen till de svenska böckerna om Harry Potter. Genom att studera vilka visuella argument som förekommer på böckers omslag, är syftet med arbetet att undersöka hur omslagen argumenterar och kommunicerar via olika visuella element såsom färg, form, illustrationer och symboler. Utifrån detta görs sedan en jämförande analys mellan omslagen på böckernas första utgåva och den nyutgåva som presenteras 20 år senare. Omslagen som analyseras utgörs således av sju titlar från den första svenska utgåvan (utgiven 1999–2007) samt sju titlar från nyutgåvan (utgiven 2019). Såväl teori som metod hämtas från retoriken generellt och den visuella retoriken specifikt. Genomförda analyser visar att argument som talar till mottagarens känslor, pathos-argument, är klart mest förekommande på omslagen. Åskådliggörande och händelserika illustrationer, betraktarperspektiv, färger och symboler utgör de primära visuella argumenten. Till viss del förekommer även argument som bygger på författarens och huvudkaraktärens person, ethos-argument. Den jämförande analysen visar att de första omslagen har ett mer direkt och lättolkat tilltal, som primärt riktar sig till en (yngre) förstagångsläsare. De nya omslagen har ett mer diskret, vuxnare tilltal med symboler som lättare avkodas av någon som redan känner till historien om Harry Potter. / The essay aims to analyse the arguments that appear on the book covers of the Swedish books on Harry Potter. By studying the visual arguments that appear on the cover of books, the purpose is to investigate how the covers argue and communicate via various visual elements such as colour, shape, illustrations, and symbols. Then, a comparative analysis is made between the covers on the first edition of the books and the new edition, which is presented 20 years later. The covers that are analysed thus consist of seven titles from the first Swedish edition (published 1999–2007) and seven titles from the new edition (published 2019). The theory and method of the essay are both derived from rhetoric in general and visual rhetoric specifically. The analysis conducted show that arguments that speak to the recipient's feelings, pathos arguments, are most common on the cover. Illustrative and dramatic illustrations, viewer perspective, colours, and symbols are the primary visual arguments. To some extent, there are also arguments based on the author and main character's person, ethos arguments. The comparative analysis shows that the first covers have a more direct and easily interpreted address, which is primarily aimed at a (younger) first-time reader. The new covers have a more discreet, adult appeal with symbols that are more easily decoded by someone who already knows the story of Harry Potter.