Au Mexique, les fromages de chèvre ne sont pas très consommés en dehors des zones de production. Dans cette étude a été évalué : si l’ajout de piment (Capsicum annuum var. jalapeño) pouvait rendre les fromages de chèvre plus populaires auprès des consommateurs ; l’effet antibactérien d’un extrait aqueux de piment sur des bactéries d’intérêt alimentaire et la faisabilité économique d’une entreprise intégrée production-fabrication de fromage pimenté. La technologie de fabrication a été mise au point. Onze fromages avec quatre concentrations de capsaicinoïdes (0, 5, 10 et 15 ppm) ont été évalués par deux jurys non experts : Français et Mexicains. Les Français ont bien apprécié les fromages sans piment et peu pimentés avec jalapeño rouge et capsaicinoïdes et les Mexicains les peu et moyennement pimentés, quelle que soit la provenance du caractère brûlant. L’appréciation des fromages diminue avec l’augmentation de la couleur. Les souches de yaourt (S. thermophilus et Lb. delbrueckii) se sont révélées plus sensibles à l’extrait aqueux de piment et les bactéries Gram négatives étudiées n’ont pas montré aucun effet. Une entreprise intégrée est financièrement attractive et peu sensible à une variation de 15 % des coûts de l’alimentation du troupeau, de la main d’œuvre, de la somme des deux et de 8 % sur le taux de rentabilité ; elle est sensible mais faisable à une variation (15 %) du prix de vente du produit (fromage) et très sensible à la diminution en 50 % du rendement ; elle n’est pas économiquement intéressant si produit seulement du lait / In Mexico, the goat’s cheeses are not very much consumed outside production zones. The objective of this study was to obtain a cheese with chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum var. jalapeño). The technology, sensorial parameters for acceptance, hygienic and economical aspects were analyzed. A simple manufacturing process of goat cheeses with chilli pepper was developed. Eleven cheeses with fourth concentrations of capsaicinoids (0, 5, 10 and 15 ppm) were evaluated by two untrained groups: Mexicans and French. Cheeses without chilli pepper and lightly spiced (5 ppm) with red jalapeño and capsaicinoids were well appreciated by French subjects. These cheeses as well as fairly spiced ones (10 ppm), whatever the source of spiciness, were appreciated by Mexicans. The appreciation of cheeses decrease with the increase in red colour intensity. Yoghourt bacteria (S. thermophilus and Lb. delbrueckii) appeared more sensitive to the aqueous red pepper jalapeño extract and no effect could be shown on the studied negative Gram bacteria. The economic survey showed that a goat’s exploitation production-spiced cheese manufacture is profitable. The project is not very sensitive to a variation of 15% in cost of food, labour, sum of both and to 8% of profit rate. It is sensitive but feasible with a variation (15%) of the selling price of the cheese and very sensitive to a decrease of 50% in output and it is not economically interesting if the company produces only milk

This work collected four years of financial data from an employee-owned firm and a traditionally-owned firm from the same industry. The data were then organized to provide measures of three dimensions of corporate performance: (1) employee turnover, (2) productivity, and (3) profitability. Based upon a review of the literature, employee stock ownership plans (ESOP) are reported to enhance corporate performance after their adoption. Additionally, ESOPs are purported to perform better than traditionally-owned companies. This dissertation developed hypotheses to ascertain whether or not the particular ESOP used in this study conformed to these expectations. The first set of three hypotheses was tested using multiple regression techniques to determine if the ESOP experienced a reduction in turnover, an improvement in productivity, and an increase in profitability following its conversion to employee-ownership. The results of the regressions found that there was no incremental significance. There was no improvement noted in the performance of the ESOP firm. Another component of this investigation was to determine whether improvements in corporate performance were temporary or permanent phenomena. This portion of the research was rendered superfluous when no improvements were available for analysis. The final question that was examined was whether the ESOP would demonstrate better performance than a traditionally-owned control firm during the post-intrusion period. There was no significant difference discovered in productivity and profitability. A marked difference was identified in terms of turnover. However, it was the traditionally-owned firm which performed better than the employee-owned firm—the opposite of what was predicted. These findings, although interesting, had to be evaluated as inconclusive because of innate differences between the treatment and control firms. The variance between the two companies may be attributed to such factors as company size and marked differences in their respective labor markets. The ESOP used in this study did not demonstrate any of the changes in performance that had been predicted.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:26:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Tadeu Cometti.pdf: 598551 bytes, checksum: 7448b66e4adb63fcaa0a963423acb5e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-11-26 / The paper herein has the purpose to study the right of the shareholders to participate in the profits as a stabilization instrument of the relation of internal power in the companies. For this purpose, this paper will be divided in three chapters.The first chapter analyzes the rules set forth in Law 6,404/76 and further amendments, which will establish the criteria for the ascertaining and destination of profits. The concept of profit, the period whereby the profits are ascertained and the accounting instruments for their determination are tried to be determined herein. Considering the fact that not all of the profit ascertained by the company is destined to the shareholders as dividends, this referred chapter brings up the study of part of the profits which is destined to the payment of the statutory interest, as well as the creation or maintenance of reserves or profits retention. The second chapter presents the several groups of shareholders of a company and the relation of power existing among them. It is analyzed in this context the fundamental rights (direitos essenciais) and consequently the right of the shareholder to participate in the profits. It is also analyzed in this chapter the legal nature of the right to participate in the profits as well as its fulfillment, due to the fact that such right is not only referred to the distributed profits, but it also encloses part of the profit that engender economic benefits to the shareholders, due to the increase of the equity value of their shares, even though such profit is held back in the company.The third chapter deeply analyses the right of the shareholder to participate in the profits already distributed, not only as a right to dividend to be discussed, but also as a right to the payment of dividends already declared. This last chapter analyzes the legal nature of the dividend to be discussed, the dividends already declared and the interest on net equity paid to the shareholders. The mandatory dividends (section 202 of Law 6.404/76) and the preferred dividends in all of their modalities (sections 17 and 203 of Law 6.404/76) are also studied in this chapter, as well as the rights entitled to them / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo o estudo do direito dos acionistas de participar nos lucros sociais como um instrumento de estabilização nas relações de poder internas na companhia, sendo, para tanto, dividido em três capítulos.No primeiro capítulo são analisadas as regras estabelecidas na Lei 6.404/76 e posteriores alterações que irão determinar os critérios para a apuração e destinação dos lucros sociais. Busca-se assim determinar o conceito de lucro social, o período de sua apuração e os instrumentos contábeis elaborados para a sua determinação. Uma vez que nem todo o lucro auferido pela companhia é destinado aos acionistas a título de dividendos, realiza-se também neste capítulo o estudo da parte dos lucros sociais que é destinada ao pagamento das participações estatutárias, bem como à criação ou manutenção de reservas ou retenção de lucros.No segundo capítulo são apresentados os diversos grupos de acionistas que integram uma companhia e as relações de poder existentes entre eles, sendo neste contexto analisado os direitos essenciais e, conseqüentemente, o direito do acionista de participar nos lucros sociais. Neste capítulo também é analisada a natureza jurídica do direito de participar nos lucros sociais, bem como sua abrangência, uma vez que o direito de participar nos lucros sociais não se resume aos lucros distribuídos, mas abrange também a parcela dos lucros sociais que, muito embora retida na companhia, gera benefícios econômicos aos acionistas em razão do aumento no valor patrimonial de suas ações.No terceiro capítulo, o direito do acionista de participar dos lucros distribuídos é detidamente analisado, não apenas como um direito ao dividendo por deliberar, mas também como um direito ao pagamento do dividendo declarado. Neste último capítulo é analisada a natureza jurídica do dividendo a deliberar, do dividendo deliberado e dos juros pagos aos acionistas a título de remuneração sobre o capital próprio. São também estudados os dividendos obrigatórios (artigo 202 da Lei 6.404/76) e os dividendos preferenciais, em todas as suas modalidades (artigos 17 e 203 da Lei 6.404/76), bem como a titularidade destes direitos.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-12-14T11:45:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Larissa Pimentel de Lima.pdf: 1354555 bytes, checksum: a67dc7c22badee005ae08f53d681d012 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-14T11:45:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Larissa Pimentel de Lima.pdf: 1354555 bytes, checksum: a67dc7c22badee005ae08f53d681d012 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-11-27 / This paper’s purpose is to analyze the application of the legal regime for the taxation of profits obtained abroad in cases involving companies located in countries that have signed a Treaty to Avoid Double Taxation (DTTs). Current Brazilian legislation establishes the prevalence of international treaties and conventions over domestic legislation. The Brazilian Federal Revenue Service understands that there is a supposed compatibility between the section 74 of Provisory Measure No. 2158 (taxation of foreign profits) and DTTs, so that the taxation of these profits earned abroad is due by Brazilian companies. Moreover, despite change in the legislation with Law No. 12,973/2014, the discussions of the past remain equally applicable, since this issue was not addressed in the text of the new Law. . In the present work, we intend to analyze the possibility of taxation of the profits obtained by the subsidiaries located in countries that have DTTs with Brazil in light of the new legal regime introduced by Law 12,973/2014, in order to guarantee greater legal certainty for the taxpayers. Our conclusion is that the application of DTTs should be sustained and taxation provided in Law 12,973/2014 should not be applicable in this situation, but this lack of harmony generates insecurity for the taxpayer and complexity in the interpretation of the rules. Thus, there is high expectation that litigation in our administrative and judicial courts will continue on this issue / O presente trabalho tem por objeto a análise aplicação do regime jurídico da tributação dos lucros auferidos no exterior nos casos em que envolvem empresas localizadas em países que celebraram Tratado para Evitar a Dupla Tributação (“TDT”). A legislação brasileira vigente prevê a prevalência dos Tratados e Convenções internacionais sobre a legislação interna. A Receita Federal do Brasil entende que existe uma suposta compatibilidade entre o preceito do art. 74 da Medida Provisória nº 2158 (tributação de lucros no exterior) e os TDTs, de forma que a tributação desses lucros auferidos no exterior é devida pelas empresas brasileiras. E ainda, apesar da instituição da nova sistemática de tributação dos lucros no exterior da Lei nº 12.973/2014, as discussões do passado permanecem igualmente aplicáveis, visto que essa questão não foi tratada no texto da nova Lei. Nesse sentido, a escolha do tema em análise decorreu da necessidade de aprofundar o estudo acerca da possibilidade de tributação dos lucros auferidos pelas controladas localizadas em países que possuem TDTs com o Brasil à luz do novo regime jurídico introduzido pela Lei nº 12.973/2014, a fim de garantir uma maior segurança jurídica aos contribuintes. Nossa conclusão é que deve ser sustentada a aplicação dos TDTs e afastada a tributação nos termos da Lei 12.973/2014, porém essa falta de harmonia gera insegurança para o contribuinte e complexidade na interpretação das normas. Desta forma, há grande expectativa de que os litígios em nossos tribunais administrativos e judiciais continuem sobre esse tema

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BRUNO MENEZES BRASIL.pdf: 1451861 bytes, checksum: 031cd365c94984dda164be350c2c7898 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-13 / An introduction of the discipline about interest on capital in the Brazilian legal system in 1995 with the publication of Law 9.249/95 brought many questions for operators of Law. On one hand, the referred legal provision allowed the accounting of amounts paid under this title as an expense of the paying legal entity for the deduction of the calculation basis of the IRPJ/CSLL. On the other hand, it s conditioned the payment of interest to limits such as the existence of profits in the period or on account of accumulated profits, which is inconsistent with the legal regime of interest under the Civil Code. In addition, it s established as a calculation basis for the payment of interest on capital the account of equity, excluding a reserve account of revaluation of assets and legal rights of the legal entity, and as percentage the variation of the LTIR during the period, which is at least a unique way to calculate an interest rate. The Federal Revenue in order to regulate the related bill has determined normative instructions that define the classification of interest on capital as expenditures for who pays and as revenues for who receives. The CVM, on its turn, has also determined a legislation on the matter by establishing that they should be classified in the retained earnings account of the paying as well as the receiving legal entity, the latter only when evaluated by the equity method and provided that the interest on capital is still integrating the equity of the investee. The possibility to impute the interest on capital to mandatory dividends also brought more questions about the actual legal nature of these, giving space to many questions about what rules apply, whether the CVM or the Federal Revenue. Moreover, the lack of clarity of the Law confirms the questions about the incidence of PIS/COFINS on the receipt of interest on capital. In this scenario, this work aims to tackle the main controversial aspects of the law that governs the institute, demonstrating doctrinal and jurisprudential positions on the matter and concluding with the author's position on the legal nature of the interest on capital / A introdução da disciplina dos juros sobre o capital próprio no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro em 1995, com a edição da Lei 9.249/95, suscitou muitos questionamentos para os operadores do direito. De um lado, esse dispositivo legal permitiu a contabilização dos valores pagos sob esse título como despesa da pessoa jurídica pagadora para fins de dedução da base de cálculo do IRPJ/CSLL. De outro, condicionou o pagamento dos juros a limites, como a existência de lucros no período ou na conta de lucros acumulados, o que não se coaduna com o regime jurídico dos juros previstos no Código Civil. Em adendo, estabeleceu como base de cálculo para pagamento dos juros sobre capital próprio a conta do patrimônio líquido, excluída a conta de reserva de reavaliação de bens e direitos da pessoa jurídica, e como alíquota a variação da TJLP do período, o que é no mínimo uma forma sui generis de se calcular uma taxa de juros. A Receita Federal do Brasil, visando regulamentar a referida lei definiu instruções normativas que determinavam a classificação dos juros sobre capital próprio como despesas para quem paga e como receitas para quem recebe. A CVM, por seu turno, também baixou regulamentação sobre a matéria, determinando que os juros sobre o capital próprio sejam classificados na conta de lucros acumulados da pessoa jurídica pagadora e também da pessoa jurídica recebedora. Essa última poderá ser considerada apenas quando pelo método da equivalência patrimonial e desde que os juros sobre o capital próprio ainda estejam integrando o patrimônio líquido da investida. A possibilidade de imputação dos juros sobre capital próprio aos dividendos obrigatórios trouxe mais dúvidas sobre a real natureza jurídica desses juros, dando espaço para muitos questionamentos sobre qual regulamentação aplicar, se a da CVM ou a da Receita Federal. A pouca clareza da Lei corrobora os questionamentos sobre a incidência do PIS/COFINS sobre o recebimento dos juros sobre capital próprio. Diante desse cenário, o presente trabalho busca enfrentar os principais aspectos polêmicos da legislação que regula o instituto, demonstrando posições doutrinárias e jurisprudenciais sobre a matéria e concluindo, com a posição deste autor, sobre a natureza jurídica dos juros sobre o capital próprio

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiana Francisco de Miranda.pdf: 352125 bytes, checksum: 742e8e3cc68c622563082bd06cf42c5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-18 / Due to the phenomenon of globalization, the principle of territoriality has been replaced by the principle of universality worldwide income taxation , now considering taxable income earned by companies based in Brazil, regardless of where the income is produced. After several legislative changes and court decisions about the worldwide taxation of income tax, the Law n. 12.973/2014 brought a new system of accounting and taxation of income tax of foreigner subsidiary companies. In this context, it is essential the study of the concepts of economic and legal availability, in order to ascertain whether in this case there is the possibility of income tax and social contribution incidence or if this occurs only during the actual distribution of the profits / Devido ao fenômeno da globalização, o princípio da territorialidade foi substituído pelo princípio da universalidade world wide income taxation , passando a considerar tributáveis os rendimentos auferidos pelas empresas com sede no Brasil, independentemente do lugar onde os rendimentos são produzidos. Após diversas alterações legislativas e decisões jurisprudenciais acerca do tema da tributação universal da renda, a Lei n.º 12.973/2014 trouxe uma nova sistemática sobre a contabilização e a tributação do lucro auferido no exterior por coligadas e controladas. Nesse contexto, é fundamental o estudo dos conceitos de disponibilidade econômica e jurídica, para se averiguar se no caso em questão há a hipótese de incidência tributária do imposto de renda e a contribuição social sobre o lucro líquido ou se esta ocorre somente quando da efetiva distribuição do lucro

La presente investigación pretende demostrar que el impacto tributario de la distribución directa e indirecta de utilidades influye en reducir la pérdida de la exoneración del Impuesto a la Renta en las Organizaciones No Gubernamentales del rubro educacional de los Distritos de San Isidro y Miraflores. El inciso b) del artículo 19 de la Ley del Impuesto a la Renta menciona los requisitos para obtener dicho beneficio de exoneración. A partir de un análisis de casos emitidos por el tribunal fiscal con relación a la pérdida de dicho beneficio se obtuvieron las hipótesis de la presente investigación, las cuales se detallarán en los siguientes capítulos. La presente tesis se desarrollará en 5 capítulos. En el primer capítulo, se describirá la legislación peruana con respecto a las ONG y la posición que tiene el tribunal fiscal sobre la distribución directa e indirecta de utilidades. En el segundo capítulo, se plantean los problemas, las hipótesis a validar, los objetivos propuestos y las limitaciones. En el tercer capítulo, se procederá a describir el tipo de investigación y la metodología a utilizada que es la mixta. En el cuarto capítulo, se presenta el desarrollo de la investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa, adicionalmente se describe un caso práctico con el objetivo de medir el impacto económico en los estados financieros de una ONG si esta pierde la exoneración del Impuesto a la Renta. En el quinto capítulo, se analizará los resultados de las entrevistas realizadas a 4 profesionales con una larga trayectoria en el rubro de las ONG, asimismo se realizará el análisis de 10 encuestas realizadas a una muestra conformada por gerentes, contadores y especialistas tributarios en Organizaciones No Gubernamentales, además se analizará el caso práctico planteado. Por último, se detallarán las conclusiones y recomendaciones. / This research aims to demonstrate the tax impact of the direct and indirect distribution of profits influences the loss of income tax exemption in the Non-Governmental Organizations of Educational Law of the San Isidro and Miraflores Districts. Subsection b) of article 19 of the Income Tax Law and the requirements to obtain said exemption benefit. From an analysis of cases issued by the tax court related to the loss of said benefit, the hypotheses of the present investigation were obtained, which will be detailed in the following chapters. This thesis will be developed in 5 chapters. In the first chapter, Peruvian legislation is described with respect to Non-Governmental Organizations and the position of the tax court on the direct and indirect distribution of profits. In the second chapter, the problems, the valid hypotheses, the proposed objectives and the limitations are posed. In the third chapter, we will proceed to describe the type of research and the methodology for that mixture. In the fourth chapter, the development of qualitative and quantitative research is presented, in addition a practical case is described with the objective of measuring the economic impact in the financial statements of an ONG, the responsibility of the Income Tax is lost. In the fifth chapter, the results of interviews with 4 professionals with a long career in the field of ONG will be analyzed, while the analysis of 10 responses to a sample made up of managers, accountants and tax specialists in organizations is shown. Non-Governmental, in addition to analyzing the case study. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations are detailed. / Tesis

This report discusses how non-profit organizations can utilize mobile phone technology to reach supporters and inspire them to both act and give. The significance of this report and topic lies in the opportunity for non-profit organizations to understand how people are interacting with messages on their mobile devices. The research found within, serves as a reference for non-profits to utilize when planning and implementing mobile phone marketing campaigns. / text

The understandings and treatments of the sexual rights of people with intellectual and psychological disabilities vary in different societies. However, one issue that is common in most societies is that this group of people experiences the highest rates of sexual violence and is regularly a-sexualized. Much attention has been paid to the increasingly visible issues of sexual violence in Latin America in a gendered and racial context, however recent scholarship has neglected to look at sexual violence in the context of people with disabilities. In this text, I aim to uncover how the human rights, and more specifically, sexual rights, are understood and treated for this highly marginalized group of people in Guatemala, a country that has endured heavy amounts of violence and trauma both contemporarily and historically. Through ethnographic fieldwork conducted at institutions for disability services in urban Guatemala, I paint a picture of how the contemporary social and political climate involving violence, nearly complete impunity for crimes, culturally engrained patriarchal norms and neoliberal policies affect this group of people who are often depoliticized through patronizing portrayals in media and the public arena. Using in depth investigations of Guatemalan law and observational work and interviews conducted in public government-funded institutions, NGOs and non-profit organizations and human rights organizations, I seek to reveal the paradigms within the disparate types of institutions for understanding and treating people with disabilities. By questioning the institutional perceptions and treatments of the sexuality and sexual abuse of people with intellectual and psychological disabilities, I seek to examine the different ways cognitive disability has been socially constructed in Guatemala and the different reasons behind this group's social abandonment and high rates of sexual violence towards them. This work problematizes medical and charity models utilized for understanding disability that have been implemented through law, institutional and public policies, and societal misconceptions. This research also challenges Western disability policies and conceptions that have been imposed in developing countries like Guatemala, and questions the possibility to create spaces of local disability rights activism in spite of high risk factors for violence and neoliberal policies that limit political protest. / text

Magistro darbe nagrinėjami teoriniai mokesčių sistemos formavimo pagrindai, t.y. mokesčių reikšmė ir būtinumas, vykdant valstybės funkcijas, apmokestinimo principai ir riba, mokesčių našta, pateikiama Lietuvos Respublikos mokesčių sistema. Analizuota Lietuvos mokesčių sistema, atkreipiant dėmesį į pagrindinius mokesčius, t.y. gyventojų pajamų, pelno, pridėtinės vertės bei akcizų mokesčius. Išanalizuotos šių mokesčių pajamų į nacionalinį biudžetą kitimo tendencijos 2004 – 2008 m. laikotarpiu, identifikuojant pagrindinius teigiamus ir neigiamus veiksnius, turėjusius įtakos mokestinių pajamų surinkimui. Kadangi mokesčių sistema kardinaliai keitėsi nuo 2009 metų, išanalizuota kaip keitėsi tų metų pirmo ketvirčio pajamų surinkimas iš pagrindinių mokesčių. Rašant darbą atlikta mokslinės, statistinės, normatyvinės ir kt. literatūros analizė, naudoti loginės analizės ir sintezės, palyginamosios analizės tyrimo metodai, santykiniai dydžiai, grafinis būdas ir kt. / Master‘s thesis covered theoretical elements of forming tax system, i.e. significance and importance of taxes prosecuting functions of government, principals of taxation and its limit, the tax burden, finally, tax system of the Lithuanian Republic is provided. Lithuanian tax system is analyzed, with attention to the basic taxes, i.e., personal income tax, profits tax, value-added tax, and excise duty tax. The study analyzed the tax revenue to the national budget for the 2004 - 2008 m. period, identifying the positive and negative factors bearing on the collection of tax revenues. Since the tax system has changed radically since 2009, analyzed the changes of the year the first quarter of the revenue collection of the main taxes. The analysis of scientific, statistical, normative and other kind of literature is carried out; research methods such as logic analysis and synthesis, comparative analysis, relative values, graphical presentations are applied in the study.