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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

網路口碑傳播者性別、推薦產品性別及接收者性別三者性別一致對口碑說服效果之影響 / The congruency effects of gender among e-WOM endorser, product and receiver on consumer’s attitude

吳宣豫, Wu, Shiuan Yu Unknown Date (has links)
近年台灣行銷市場中,網路口碑之於消費者的重要性不言而喻,其應用成為行銷顯學之一。不過觀察目前網路口碑相關研究,多數仍聚焦在傳播者評論口碑對象(產品、服務、品牌等)的傳播過程、網路口碑影響消費者購買意圖或品牌忠誠的程度,或是正負面口碑差異等面向,較少從口碑傳播者、產品及接收者本身屬性(類型、來源國等)一致的角度,探討是否會影響說服效果,而「性別」正是一項鮮少被觸及的重要屬性。事實上,性別一致產生的效果,在早期的廣告行銷研究中,即不斷被證實存在,能有效帶來消費者態度行為的正向影響(Caballero & Solomon, 1984)。然而網路作為傳播媒介的研究中卻缺乏相關的討論,因此能否複製「性別具有一致性時,就會具有正相關效果」的結論猶未可知。   而「性別一致性效果」產生的機制亦分屬「一致性效果」、「自我一致性」的兩種不同心理狀態類別,本研究除了歸納原先定義不清的一致性效果涵義,更希望進一步探討何種機制對於消費者的影響較為重要。另一方面,「一致」情況亦存在「主觀」感知與「客觀」存在的差異,亦有區分之必要性。同時,亦不可忽略口碑中推薦產品本身具備的屬性特質,可能是會導致消費者在意性別線索的關鍵,在相關理論基礎下,推論消費者會依賴推薦者的形象來協助判斷(Zeithaml, 1988)。換句話說,欲瞭解產品屬性,也就是體驗性/搜尋性的產品將直接導致消費者對於性別一致的感知產生不同的交互作用,進而影響到整體口碑說服效果。   故本研究計有三個主要的操弄變項,分別是傳播者性別(男/女)、產品性別(男/女)與產品屬性(搜尋屬性/體驗屬性),在研究設計上乃是採用2 × 2 × 2的三因子實驗設計(factorial experiment design),應變項則為受試者的口碑訊息診斷性、產品態度及購買意圖。   研究結果發現,客觀性別一致並不會影響消費者口碑說服效果,而不同產品屬性的交互作用下,客觀性別一致的重要性會在消費者選購體驗性產品時浮現,進一步正向影響消費者對於產品的態度,而且在性別一致性的兩種機制中,「自我一致性」(如傳播者/代言人與自身一致、產品與自身一致)比起「一致性效果」(外界的傳播者/產品一致)的機制,更能顯著影響消費者的商品態度。不過,一旦消費者主觀感知到性別一致的情形存在,無論是何種機制、何種產品屬性,皆能有效影響消費者的口碑說服效果。   上述的研究結果可以提供給未來欲透過口碑工具,邀請特定口碑寫手或消費者於試用產品後討論引起注意的廠商,在策略擬定之參考。建議行銷人員規劃行銷手法時多考慮「性別一致」引發之影響,讓消費者提升對於產品的態度與行為。
22

組織表現歷史、和解與防衛策略及回應一致性對組織形象修復之效果研究

張硯迪 Unknown Date (has links)
台灣地區的公共關係學界相當缺乏效果研究之文獻,故本研究嘗試以實驗法進行危機溝通之效果研究。本研究採2(組織表現歷史的正/負)X 2(和解/防衛策略)X 2(回應的一致/不一致)三因子受試者間設計。研究發現,組織表現歷史的正/負,在組織遭遇危機時對於,組織聲譽會有很大的影響,擁有越正面的組織表現,則組織越易修復形象;另外,當組織分為兩階段回應時,第二階段的回應策略,將對組織聲譽產生較大的影響;回應的一致性之主效果在本研究中則為產生顯著影響。 除了三自變項的主效果外,本研究亦探討變項間之交互作用,研究發現組織表現歷史將調節第一階段的和解/防衛策略對組織聲譽的影響,此外,組織表現歷史也會調節回應一致性效果對於組織聲譽的影響。
23

品牌人格與自我一致性及消費幻想對於消費者品牌偏好度影響之研究 / The Effects of Congruity between Self and Brand Personality and Consumer Fantasy on Brand Preferences

張惠涵, Chang, Hui-Han Unknown Date (has links)
本研究探討真實自我、理想自我與品牌人格的一致性以及消費幻想,對於消費者品牌偏好度之影響,並將真實自我、理想自我與品牌人格的一致性分為五大構面,探討各構面對於消費者品牌偏好度之相對影響。採用Aaker (1997) 所發展出來的品牌人格量表來衡量真實自我、理想自我以及品牌人格,消費幻想的衡量則是採用黃依婷 (2006) 所發展之幻想程度的量表。 本研究選擇進行問卷調查的品牌包含象徵型及功能型兩類型,且具高知名度、不同來源國、消費者使用目的及產品價格等特質,經由與專家討論,選出台灣的宏碁 (Acer)、法國的路易威登 (LV)以及美國的星巴客 (Starbucks),並將問卷以品牌分為三類,採隨機發放,共收集428份有效問卷,其中Acer品牌問卷有134份、Starbucks品牌問卷有143份、LV品牌問卷有151份,透過一般線性模式分析,驗證品牌人格與自我一致性以及消費幻想,對於消費者品牌偏好度之影響。 研究結果顯示,真實自我及理想自我與品牌人格的一致性、消費幻想及品牌對於消費者品牌偏好度均無影響,但是真實自我及理想自我與品牌人格的一致性與消費者品牌偏好度間的關係,會受到消費幻想及品牌的影響。對於象徵性品牌而言,消費幻想高的人並不在意品牌與自己之真實自我或是理想自我有無一致,只要品牌的象徵性意涵豐富,能夠滿足其幻想,消費者就會對品牌有較高的偏好,消費幻想低的人比較務實,所以對於象徵性品牌的偏好度較低;就功能性品牌而言,消費幻想高的人除了產品基本的功能性訴求之外,還希望品牌能夠用來表達真實自我或是理想自我,但是消費幻想低的人比較實際,較注重產品的功能面,所以比較不在意品牌是否能展現自己。若將真實自我一致性分為五個構面來看,真實領先自我一致性對於消費者品牌偏好度有影響,且此關係亦會受到消費幻想的影響,真實誠懇自我一致性與消費者品牌偏好間的關係,會受到消費幻想及品牌的影響。 對於廠商而言,若其品牌屬於象徵性品牌,應該將品牌之象徵性意涵更為突顯吸引更多消費幻想高的人,不需在意品牌人格是否與消費者之自我一致,若其品牌屬於功能性品牌,廠商對於消費幻想低的人應該著重加強品牌功能的宣傳,對於消費幻想高的人要使得品牌具有人格特質以表達消費者的自我。對於消費者而言,若能先瞭解自己消費幻想的程度,將有助於選擇適合自己的品牌。消費幻想高的人,在選購象徵性品牌時,可選擇象徵性意涵豐富的品牌,在選購功能性品牌時,建議選擇符合自己所追求人格特質的品牌;若為消費幻想低的人,不建議購買象徵性品牌,在購買功能性品牌時,要特別注意其功能的表現。 本研究將品牌人格與自我一致性分五大構面,探討其對於消費者品牌偏好的影響,確實瞭解真正影響消費者對於品牌偏好度之品牌人格與自我一致性的特質,能夠給予廠商明確的建議。在本研究之前,對於消費幻想的研究僅止於理論的發展及量表的建構,本研究將消費幻想進行品牌偏好度的實務驗證。 / The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of real-self congruity, ideal-self congruity, and consumer fantasy on consumers’ brand preferences. Furthermore, the research divided real-self congruity and ideal-self congruity into five dimensions to discuss the effects of each dimensions on consumers’ brand preferences. The American brand personality scale proposed by Jennifer Aaker in 1997 was used to measure brand personality and self congruity, while consumer fantasy was measured using the fantasy scale by Huang, Yi-Ting (2006). Brands in the research included both symbolic brands and functional brands, that are well-known, come from different countries of origin, used for different usage purposes, and carry different prices. After discussions with a professional, Acer, Louis Vuitton (LV), and Starbucks were selected. Questionnaires for each brand were developed and were distributed randomly. 428 valid questionnaires were collected, among which 134 were Acer brand questionnaires, 143 were LV questionnaires, and 151 were for Starbucks. Data was analyzed by general linear model. The results of the research are in the following. 1. There were no effects of real-self congruity or ideal-self congruity, consumer fantasy, and brands on brand preferences. 2. The relationships between real-self congruity and brand preferences or ideal-self congruity and brand preferences are affected by consumer fantasy and brands. 3. For symbolic brands, consumers with high fantasy don’t care whether the personalities of the brands are consistent with their real-self or ideal-self concepts. As long as the symbols of the brands can satisfy their fantasy, they will have high brand preferences. 4. For functional brands, consumers with high fantasy still hope that the brands can express their real-self or ideal-self concepts. In contrast, people with low fantasy are realistic so they focus a lot on the function that the brands can provide them and don’t care whether the brands can express themselves. 5. The relationship between real-leading-self congruity and brand preferences is affected by consumer fantasy. 6. The relationship between real-sincere-self congruity and brand preferences is affected by consumer fantasy and brands. Businesses whose brands are symbolic ones should emphasize the symbols of their brands to attract more consumers with high fantasy levels but don’t need to be as concerned with whether the personalities of the brands are consistent with consumers’ real-self or ideal-self concepts. On the other hand, businesses whose brands are functional brands should emphasize the great functionality of their brands to attract consumers with low fantasy and make the brands have personalities to express consumers’ real-self or ideal-self. Moreover, consumers should understand the degree of their fantasy to help them purchase suitable brands. When purchasing symbolic brands, consumers with high fantasy can select brands with rich symbols, while when purchasing functional brands, they should buy brands with personalities that fit their real-self or ideal-self. Consumers with low fantasy should buy less symbolic brands and should pay attention to the functions of the brands when purchasing functional brands. This research contributes by dividing the real-self congruity and ideal-self congruity into five dimensions and discussing the effects of each of them on brand preferences. This can lead to a better understanding of how the real personalities of brands and consumers’ self concepts affect brand preferences which will be useful to help companies form branding strategies. In addition, prior to this research, the studies about consumer fantasy were limited to the development of theories and the construction of the scale to measure consumers’ fantasy. This research connects consumer fantasy and brand preference to study the relationship between them.
24

以隨時間改變向量自我回歸模型分析--台灣與國際股市間的市場效率程度 / Time varying VAR model -- Degree of market efficiency between Taiwan and International stock market

游書豪 Unknown Date (has links)
本文有別於傳統效率性的計算方式,改採用 Ito Regression 估計單一市場的效率程度。實證結果發現,在各個單一市場皆看到市場呈現無效率的狀態,因此再用 VAR 的架構檢驗多國市場間的效率程度,結論明顯指出組合市場比單一市場還來的有效率,但同時考慮多個市場的有效率性必須在嚴謹的挑選市場下才能達到效率市場的目標。
25

動畫電影品牌商品化與購買意願之研究 / Effects of Brand Avatar on Purchase Intention─A Study of Animation Industry

張雅絜, Chang, Ya Chieh Unknown Date (has links)
商品上隨處可見形形色色的的知名動畫電影角色肖像在上面。動畫電影原本所要吸引的消費族群是以孩童為主,然而,仍有許多青少年族群以及成年人會購買動畫角色的周邊商品。本研究試著以成人消費者的角度,探討不同類型之動畫電影角色吸引消費者的原因所在,以及購買動畫電影角色授權商品的消費者又具備何種特性? 本文研究架構包含喜愛度、熟悉度、相似度等與動畫電影角色吸引力有關之變數,以及個性一致性、認同效果、參考群體等與購買動機有關之變數。本研究將利用問卷調查與統計分析探討消費者對動畫電影角色的品牌態度、產品態度與產品購買意願之關係。 研究結果顯示:消費者對於角色喜愛度與相似度較高會產生較佳的角色品牌態度。而消費者對動畫電影角色的品牌態度,會透過影響產品態度進而影響產品的購買意願。影響產品購買意願的另一因素為消費者對於授權產品的認同效果。另外,本研究發現,消費者對產品態度與購買意願,會受到非人類與虛構人類的角色類別差異的影響。
26

吸菸者多重自我概念與品牌人格之一致性對香菸品牌態度之影響

倪培軒 Unknown Date (has links)
一致性理論源於心理學中自我概念的延伸,其主要論點便是人會選擇與己之自我概念趨同的物、事、或人;並且極力避免與己之自我概念不同的物、事、或人互動。其道理來自於自我的穩定性及避免矛盾,自我往往讓自己處於一種習慣的狀態,並不希望改變。 自Grubb and Grathwohl(1967)透過Rogers(1951)的個體自我增強理論(theory of individual self enhancement)為基礎,假設自我概念對個體而言是一種價值,並且個體的行為會朝向增強或保護他們的自我概念為方向,因此購買、展示行為或商品使用,皆會透過購買符號商品的過程來加強自我概念後,將此理論運用到廣告行銷領域的研究便開始蓬勃發展。本研究即是透過一致性理論來觀察吸菸者與其所喜好的香菸品牌間之關係,並輔以Aaker,J的品牌人格理論做為觀察面向。最後在本研究架構上將吸菸動機及吸菸行為一併納入其中討論。 根據本研究對吸菸行為的觀察,認為吸菸行為是一種社會性行為,因此決定探討自我概念的三個面向,分別為真實自我、理想自我、及社會自我。自我概念及品牌人格的測量,則同時使用Aaker(1997)的品牌人格量表測之。 研究結果發現:自我概念與品牌人格越趨同者,確實較自我概念與品牌人格不趨同者,會對品牌產生較好的態度。並且三個面向的自我概念在皮爾森分析下皆與品牌態度呈正相關,最後再經由迴歸分析後得知具有預測能力的變數則是理想自我。 吸菸動機對品牌態度也同時具有影響力,但較理想自我概念一致性來得弱。而吸菸行為則是發現使用頻率與理想自我概念一致性有不相上下的正向影響力;而菸齡在檢測上則是發現對品牌態度呈現負向影響;最後每日吸菸量對品牌態度則是毫無影響力。
27

搜尋結果之預期一致性與關聯性對關鍵字廣告效果之影響 / The Influence of Expected Consistency and Relevancy of Search Results on the Effects of Keyword Advertising

郭怡吟, Kuo, I Yin Unknown Date (has links)
隨著消費者對網路使用習慣與依賴度提升,網路廣告目前在消費者端的發展日趨成熟,尤其是關鍵字廣告;因其更能精準的鎖定目標顧客,以及成本相對低廉,受到廣告主的青睞與重視,在廣告市場的規模明顯成長。近年來更有許多企業藉由搭便車(piggybacking)的關鍵字廣告方式,購買競爭對手、通路品牌或非企業本身的產品名稱等關鍵字詞組,作為自己的關鍵字廣告,增加企業廣告的曝光機會。 本研究以實驗法操弄消費者使用不同的搜尋策略,產生的搜尋結果與品牌預期一致性及類別關聯探討關鍵字廣告的效果,共計發放642份問卷經由多變量變異數分析等方法,得出研究結論如下: 1. 以產品名稱搜尋,消費者對知名品牌的廣告產品態度與廣告品牌態度明顯優於不知名品牌。 2. 以品牌名稱搜尋,消費者對與預期一致的品牌的廣告注意、正面廣告態度、廣告產品態度、廣告品牌態度皆明顯優於非預期的品牌。 3. 關鍵字廣告產品與消費者預期搜尋的產品關聯高時,則消費者對廣告注意與瞭解程度顯著高於產品類別關聯低之產品;同時,對關鍵字之正面廣告態度、產品及品牌態度皆優於產品關聯低的廣告。 4. 認知需求會增強消費者對廣告產品類別關聯高的關鍵字廣告的瞭解能力與提升對廣告產品的態度。 5. 認知需求對搜尋結果是否與預期一致或知名品牌之廣告效果的調節效果不顯著。 / As consumers are relying more and more on the internet, web advertising has become more mature on the consumers’ side, especially for keywords advertising. Advertisers have favored keywords advertising due to its ability to precisely target its customer and relatively low cost, which resulted in a significant growth in the advertising market. Recently, many companies started to use piggybacking as a keyword advertising method, buying keyword phrases of competitors, channel brands or product names to use as their own keyword advertisement, in order to increase the exposure of their corporate advertisement. This study used an experimental method to manipulate consumers using different search strategies, and investigated the influence of brand expected consistency and category relevancy. A total of 642 questionaires were analyzed by using MANCOVA analysis, and resulted in the following conclusions: 1. Search by product name: Consumers’ attitude toward advertising product and advertising brand were significantly better for well-known brands compared to unknown brands. 2. Search by brand name: Consumers’ advertising notice, attitude towards positive advertising, advertising product and advertising brand attitudes were significantly better for the expected consistency brand compared to inconsistency brands. 3. Consumers’ advertising notice, understanding, attitude towards positive advertising, advertising product and advertising brand were significantly better for highly relevant product categories compared to low relevant product categories of consumers’ search. 4. Consumers’ need for cognition enhanced the ability for consumers to understand the keyword advertising and raised their attitude towards the advertised product. 5. Consumers’ need for cognition regarding search results on the brand expected consistency or brand familiarity towards advertising effect was not significant to become a moderator.
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以事件相關電位探討中文語音辨識中的字形一致性效應 / Event-Related Potentials studies for the Orthographic Consistency effects on Chinese spoken word recognition

陳薇帆, Chen, Wei Fan Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以事件相關電位方法,探討中文字在進行聽覺詞彙辨識的作業中,分別受字形表徵的同音字密度多寡、以及字音-字形對應一致性的影響。首先 進行中文字的字音-字形一致性語料庫的建立,量化中文字的音形對應一致性程度。透過明確的定義並操弄中文字的音形對應一致性,以及中文字同音 字密度的特性,探討在進行中文字聽覺詞彙辨識歷程中,字形表徵屬性如何對語音辨識作業產生影響的認知歷程。實驗分為三種情境(1)同音密度低 (low HD)、(2)同音密度高/音形對應一致性高(high HD/high P-O)、 (3)同音密度高/音形對應一致性低(high HD/low P-O)。前兩項的比較為高同音字密度下的音形對應一致性效果,而後兩項的比較則為在高音形對應一致性下的同音字密度的效果。實驗一採語意判斷作業,研究結果顯示,在高同音字密度時,高音形對應一致性的字引發較大的 N400;而在高音形對應一致性時,同音字密度效果在 LPC 得到顯著的差異。反應中文字在聽 覺詞彙判斷作業上,字形可自動被激活,進而影響語音的辨識。實驗二採押 韻判斷作業,研究結果同樣發現高音形對應一致字引發較大的 N400,實但同音字密度效果性效果在判斷押韻作業上並未達顯著效果。另外,在高音形對應一致性情形下所得到的押韻效果最大,尤以同音字密度高且音形對應一致性高的情況下,押韻效果出現的時間較早。本研究結果支持雙向交互激發模型(BIAM)的假設:中文口語詞彙辨識的歷程中,也會自動激發字形訊息,而語音、字形、語意之間的對應一致性越好,口語詞彙辨識及其整體處理的效能也越高。
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中華民國(臺灣)參與APEC政策倡議研究(2000-2016) / Policy Initiatives of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in the APEC (2000-2016)

洪欣隆 Unknown Date (has links)
綜觀陳水扁與馬英九政府參與APEC之政策倡議,均以呼應APEC歷年主題以及亞太區域發展需求為主,與國內政黨輪替並無顯著關係,甚至可延續前任政府之倡議提出進階性的計畫,國、民兩黨在務實參與APEC上具有兩黨一致性(Bipartisanship)。另藉由制度、國際與國內層次分析可發現,臺灣參與APEC之重大倡議,明顯受到APEC制度性規範、區域治理關切議題、以及國內外重大事件之影響。在APEC既有建制規範下,臺灣得以憑藉專業考量與自身專長來因應國際社會需求,進而提出相對應之政策倡議。
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品牌自我概念一致性類型對於品牌態度與品牌情感依附的影響—時尚產業位階的干擾效果 / The Impact of Brand Self-Congruence on Brand Attitude and Emotional Brand Attachment: The Moderating Effect of Fashion Hierarchy

王瑾容, WANG, Chin-Jung Unknown Date (has links)
行銷上,我們可以看到有許多品牌透過與消費者建立關係,來創造其與消費者之間更緊密的連結。這種策略的其中一種做法,便是為品牌塑造一種個性,使品牌與消費者之間建立關聯。而品牌個性的概念乃是基於消費者對於品牌的知覺,將人類的性格與特質加諸在該品牌上。消費者傾向透過在品牌當中尋求自我表達的功能,因此如果個人能夠認同該品牌,將會經驗較高程度的自我概念一致性,從而正向影響他對該品牌在理性和感性上的評估。 時尚產業的服飾、配件等主要產品具有外顯的性質,在消費者使用這些產品的時候,得以藉此表達自我的形象、特質,因此,在時尚產業的行銷當中,品牌與消費者的自我概念一致性被視為扮演重要的角色。然而,時尚產業當中不同的產業位階,如傳統精品、快速時尚,兩者即有諸多面向的不同,在不同位階之間,究竟品牌應塑造與其目標客群在真實自我,或是理想自我上的一致性,才能成功創造消費者對品牌較好的態度,甚至產生情感依附呢? 本研究旨在分析品牌個性與消費者的真實與理性自我概念一致性在傳統精品、快速時尚品牌之間,是否存有適用性上的差異。研究首先回顧過去相關研究之文獻,了解品牌自我概念領域的研究進程,並探討自我概念一致性類型、時尚產業位階之間的特性,以及消費者在理性與感性上評估品牌的指標。接著訂定研究方向,以人物個性和品牌個性共同組成真實、理想自我一致性的不同情境,從而探討當品牌在提升消費者品牌態度與品牌情感依附時,在傳統精品和快速時尚之情形下,品牌自我概念一致性的適用性各自為何。 本項研究實驗採用情境故事法進行,並以2(人物個性:真實外向理想內向、真實內向理想外向)x 2(品牌個性:外向、內向)x 2(時尚產業位階:傳統精品、快速時尚)的二因子實驗設計,將實驗總共分成八組。 本研究發現,不同的時尚產業位階在真實、理想自我概念一致性並無顯著適用性的差異,反而在整體而言,皆以真實自我概念一致性對於品牌情感依附具有顯著較好的影響。 因此,對於時尚產業之行銷規劃上,無論傳統精品或快速時尚,皆應以其目標客群之真實自我為其設計品牌個性之主要依據,並強調品牌貼近、表達,並能體現消費者之真實狀態與價值,從而成功提升消費者對品牌之情感依附,加深消費者與品牌之心理層面連結。 / In today’s marketing world, it is commonly seen that certain brands are trying to build up relationships with their consumers in order to create a stronger connection with them. Among the many tactics of this strategy is to match the brand’s personality with that of the consumers’, in turn generating a linkage in between. The concept of brand personality is to have the brand endowed with a personality which is usually found in humans. A consumer tends to seek and pursue within the brand the function of self-expression, since if a consumer can identify with the brand, he will experience a higher level of self-congruence, which then leads to positive impacts on his perception and evaluation of that same brand. The conspicuousness of apparels in the fashion industry implies the fact that consumers use these products as a means to express their self-images and personality traits. Therefore, brand self-congruence plays an important role in the marketing of such an industry. Nevertheless, since characteristics vary greatly within the fashion industry due to the existing hierarchy among brands, there remains the question whether a fashion brand should create a personality to fit the actual or ideal self-congruence of its target audience to successfully generate better brand attitude and even form stronger relationships as emotional brand attachment. The objective of this study is accordingly to analyze whether the application of actual and ideal self-congruence differs within the fashion industry. The study first reviews previous literatures related to the topic to understand the progress having been made to date, and researches on the topic of types of self-congruence, the fashion industry, and the predictors of consumer evaluation of brands. The study then moves on to setting the conceptual framework, where scenarios were designed to understand the application of actual and ideal self-congruence of luxury fashion and fast fashion. The study adopts a scenario approach to manipulate self-congruence, and has a 2 (personality of the person: actually extrovert-ideally introvert vs. actually introvert-ideally extravert) x 2 (brand personality: extravert vs. introvert) x 2 (fashion industry: luxury fashion vs. fast fashion) between-subjects full factorial design, generating eight experimental conditions. The study found no significant difference between luxury and fast fashion in terms of the application of two self-congruence types. In contrast, a generally better influence is seen for the actual self-congruence in generating consumer emotional brand attachment. Therefore, the study attempted to suggest that actual self-congruence should be used to build brand personality both for luxury fashion and fast fashion through expressing and performing consumers’ authentic self and value, so as to successfully increase emotional brand attachment which in turn deepens the psychological connection.

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