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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

女性私密處保養品廣告中框架與代言人一致性對廣告態度、品牌態度、購買意圖之影響 / The influence towards ad attitude, brand attitude and purchase intention -- from the perspective of the consistency between framing and endorser in female hygiene product ad

李明芬, Li, Ming Fen Unknown Date (has links)
隨著保養的觀念越來越興盛,女性私密處保養品也趁勢而起,向消費者推廣私密處保養的重要性,而在眾多的女性私密處保養品品牌中,不同的品牌存在不同的框架手法與不同的代言人選擇。對於廣告主來說,使用哪一種角度做切入的廣告會較符合台灣女性消費者的偏好,是本研究的研究重點。 本研究從廣告的「框架」與「代言人」角度做切入,探討不同的廣告框架類型、代言人類型以及兩者之間的一致性是否會對廣告態度、品牌態度及購買意圖產生影響;其中,不可忽視的是女性私密處保養品本身的產品特殊性,由於台灣隸屬於華人社會,女性對於性較為保守,故探討此產品時,台灣女性對於性的態度將是影響框架類型與代言人類型效果的重要因素。 本研究以實驗法進行,所得結果如下: 一、比起使用性感框架,健康框架能使消費者對於女性私密處保養品的廣告態度與購買意圖產生較佳的效果,但對於品牌態度則無顯著影響。 二、不同類型的代言人,並不會顯著影響消費者對於女性私密處保養品的廣告態度、品牌態度與購買意圖。 三、廣告框架類型與代言人類型達到一致性與否,並不會顯著影響消費者對於女性私密處保養品的廣告態度、品牌態度與購買意圖。
12

線性迴歸模式中最小平方估計量之收斂速率

李賜郎, LI, SI-LANG Unknown Date (has links)
對於線性過歸模式之參數,一般均採最小平方估計量來估計。最小平方估計量,在適 當條件下有強一致性(Strong consistency),而本文所探討之主題,乃是針對本特 性探討其數歛速率。 本文共分五章,第一章為緒論,含研究動機、研究目的及本文結構,第二章摘介本文 所探討之模式與最小平方估計量之收歛性,第三章為引理,介紹本文所需要之預備知 識及本文所使用之方法,第四章為主要定理及證明,第五章結論。全文共計一冊,約 一萬餘字。
13

會計師事務所審計人員重要性判斷行為之研究

陳正待, CHEN, ZHENG-DAI Unknown Date (has links)
本論文共一冊,約五萬字,分為五章十五節。 第一章緒論: 一、研究動機:重要性之準則建立,忽視了會計師之重要性決策負有風險,欲對會計 師之風險態度,規模大小及職位高低,對判斷決策之影響做一研究。 二、研究目的:研究個人間、事務所間之重要性鄰斷的一致性,且對風險態度加以衡 量及分析事務所間之一致性,驗證Deangelo之理論,以經濟觀點檢查審計判斷行為。 三、研究方法:以問卷為測試工具,以會計師務所之審計人員為對象。 四、研究限制:效用理論下最大化效用值之假設。問題限於假設性的有價證券,或有 事項。 五、定義名詞:風險追求者,風險中立者,風險迴避者,重要性。效用為個人偏好程 度之衡量。 六、假設:規模大小、職位高低,風險態度均會影響重要性及揭露判斷之行為。 第二章理論與假設: 一、理論:分為重要性之實證研究。專業性之判斷及規模大小,職位高低和風險態度 對重要性判斷方面之研究。 二、假設:同前一章第六節。 第三章研究方法: 一、受試者,將事務所分為大、中、小三層,將事務所之會計人員分為高、低兩層, 大事務抽出六家,按職位兩層各抽出六人,其化中、小事務所抽出十二家,各層次職 位均抽出十二人,總共之受試者有六十人。 二、風險態度之衡量:以效用理論之觀點來衡量,設計競局方式來衡量風險態度。 第四章研究結果: 分析重要程度與揭露間之相關,分析規模、職位、風險態度二項自變數是否顯著,分 析淨利百分比,絕對金額顯著否。 第五章結論與建議: 訂定審計政策準則、訓練人員、執行同業覆核。
14

本國銀行經營績效之實證研究

劉正威 Unknown Date (has links)
銀行向為金融中介重要的角色,且其經營良窳影響廣大的社會民生,所以銀行的經營績效評估一直是非常重要的議題。但由於銀行業不同於一般產業,若直接採用銀行公開的財務報表將會有誤導作用。於是本研究即試圖以會計原理與邏輯推理還原變數原貌,並以合理的統計方法解讀還原後的財務報表變數,以得出策略涵意供管理當局參考。 銀行經營績效的研究,國內外均有相當多文獻可供參考。在文獻回顧的部份,將以本研究選取的CAMEL指標做為核心,蒐集相關文獻所使用的變數及定義,做重點式的說明與整理。此外,本研究將納入最新的變數調整方法,以作為第三章研究變數選取的依據。 在探討完相關文獻後,即進入研究方法的說明,包括四個重點。其一,確立研究架構之內容,並以其為核心發展後續章節。其二,根據文獻回顧與最新觀念,探討本研究所要選取的變數。其三,說明本研究選取樣本的資料來源和初步分類。其四,根據研究架構,探討本研究所使用的各種統計方法。 在完成研究方法後即可進入實證分析,根據實證分析的結果,本研究對管理當局的建議如下: (1)關鍵變數必須加以調整,以避免銀行權衡性調整的誤導。 (2)評估銀行經營績效可使用本研究所建議的統計架構,以用最小的成本獲致最貼近現實的指標。 (3)要求銀行的經營績效必須達到某一水準,同時不保證政府必然會在危機時介入。 (4)不斷教育各銀行風險控管是投資而非費用的觀念,以期使各銀行由體質出發改善其經營績效。
15

產品類型與新奇屬性類型之產品不一致性對產品再認和態度的影響-以消費者創新性為調節變項 / The effects of incongruity of product type and novel attributes type on product recognition and product attitude: Using consumer innovativeness as a moderator

蘇相穎, Su, Cathy Unknown Date (has links)
市場上新奇的產品層出不窮,廠商想盡辦法要對產品添加新奇的屬性來達到差異化,但是真正能夠藉由添加新奇屬性在市場上找到利基的廠商卻是少之又少。問題是否出在消費者在面對與既有基模不一致的新產品時,無法理解和吸收資訊?上述現象引發了研究者的興趣。本研究藉由操弄不同類型的產品和新奇屬性,觀察其所產生的產品不一致性對於消費者的產品再認和產品態度有何影響;同時也探討消費者本身的人格特質-消費者創新性,會不會影響消費者對產品的態度。 以往研究均認為增加產品不一致性可以提高消費者對於產品的回憶和再認,但本研究卻發現,提高產品的不一致性並無法讓人留下較為深刻的印象,因此產品不一致性與再認之間的關係可能仍有待後續研究做進一步的釐清。另外,雖然產品類型和新奇屬性類型無法產生交互作用,並藉由提升產品不一致性來影響產品態度,但是「產品類型」在影響產品不一致性且進而提升產品態度上的確是扮演著重要的角色。其中「功能性商品」不管是搭配上何種類型的新奇屬性,產品態度都顯著高於「享樂性商品」與新奇屬性的搭配。由此可知,如果廠商想要在市場上推出新奇的產品,選擇功能性的商品來切入可能比較有利,而且在操弄產品不一致性時也必須要格外小心,雖然新奇的屬性可以提升消費者對產品的評價,但是新奇性同時也會增加產品的不一致性,一旦產品不一致性過高,反而會造成消費者對於產品的負面觀感。 / There are numerous novel products in the market; consequently marketers have been fighting their way to achieve product differentiation by adding novel attributes to the products, yet it is still rare to see marketers that can actually discover niche by adding novel attributes to products. Does the problem lies in how consumers percept and absorb the information of advertisements? The phenomenon above arouses my curiosity to delve into the relation between product incongruity and consumer evaluations. This study examines what influences product incongruity has on product recognition and product attitude by manipulating different types of products and novel attributes, and the moderating role of consumers’ personality is also examined to see whether consumer innovativeness have effects on product attitude or not. The past researches tend to believe that raising product incongruity is beneficial to enhancing product recall and product recognition. However, the result shows that raising product incongruity is of no help to leave deep impression in the products. Thus the relation between product incongruity and product recognition needs to be further clarified by future researches. Additionally, although product types and novel attributes do not interact to have effects on product incongruity and further boost product attitude, ‘product type’ indeed plays a crucial role on boosting product incongruity and enhancing product attitude. Not only product type leads to positive effects on the products, but consumers are apt to give more positive evaluations to utilitarian product than hedonic product, regardless of what novel attributes the products have. In that case, it seems to be more profitable to choose utilitarian products if marketers want to launch novel merchandise. In spite of the fact that adding novel attributes leads to positive product attitude, novelty also leads to more product incongruity that may undermine consumers’ attitude toward the product. The result seems to suggest that marketers have to be extraordinarily cautious when manipulating product incongruity.
16

調節導向在比較性廣告的應用

張翔任, Chang, Hsiang Jen Unknown Date (has links)
今日企業經營,無法單單使用易衡量觀測的人口統計變數便可有效區隔顧客,必須再加上心理變數的使用,而調節焦點是一個不錯的選擇。另一方面,伴隨著市場競爭日益激烈,有越來越多的企業採用比較性廣告策略,他們企圖從為數眾多的競爭者中脫穎而出。 因此本研究結合調節焦點與比較性廣告,試圖了解消費者的調節焦點表現在一致性偏好的特質差異,並反應在閱覽比較性廣告後,對目標品牌態度和比較品牌態度的變化,同時觀察調節焦點的配適「正確感」體驗能否延伸至關鍵字搜尋意願。 本研究共分實驗一與實驗二,實驗一結果發現,預防焦點者有較高的一致性偏好,相對來說,促進焦點者有較低的一致性偏好,而表現在比較性廣告中的目標品牌態度和比較品牌態度的關係評價中,預防焦點者呈現負相關性,而促進焦點者呈現無相關性;而當促進焦點者閱覽比較性廣告之比較品牌為虛擬的新品牌時,於正、負框架的比較性廣告中,對比較品牌態度無差異,但在面對比較品牌為市場知名品牌時,促進焦點者在正向框架的比較性廣告,相對負向框架的比較性廣告,有較高的比較品牌態度;當預防焦點者閱覽比較性廣告之比較品牌為虛擬的新品牌時,於負向框架的比較性廣告,相對正向框架的比較性廣告,不見得有顯著最低的比較品牌態度,但在面對比較品牌為市場知名品牌時,預防焦點者於正、負框架的比較性廣告中,對比較品牌態度並無差異。實驗二結果發現,當促進焦點者閱覽正向框架的比較性廣告,且使用促進焦點訴求時,有最好的目標品牌態度,但預防焦點者閱覽負向框架的比較性廣告,且使用預防焦點訴求時,未有最低的比較品牌態度,且促進焦點者在達成調節配適時,未能有最高的關鍵字搜尋意願。
17

電子童書與幼兒閱讀理解之研究

徐韶君, Hsu,Shao Chun Unknown Date (has links)
本研究採實驗研究法,旨在探討電子童書中,動畫與文本一致性及年齡對幼兒閱讀理解的影響。實驗採用的研究工具為Living-books系列之「小馬斯特上學去」的電子童書,研究樣本以台北縣市四所公私立幼稚園中大班幼兒為實驗對象,中班受試樣本30人,隨機選取各班人數分派至實驗二中;大班受試樣本60人,隨機選取各班人數分派至實驗一與實驗二中,實驗一分為實驗組(30人)與對照組(30人),實驗組閱讀動畫與文本一致之電子童書,對照組閱讀動畫與文本較不一致之電子童書。 本研究之實驗研究分為實驗一與實驗二,實驗一旨在分析大班幼兒閱讀動畫與文本一致性與否對閱讀理解的影響;實驗二旨在探討中班與大班幼兒閱讀電子童書時,其閱讀理解的差異。 閱讀理解評量以個別施測方式進行故事回憶測驗及故事理解測驗,其中故事理解測驗分為文意理解測驗及推論理解測驗。將所得的資料以單因子變異數及二因子混合設計變異數進行統計分析,以了解研究之結果。 研究結果顯示: 一、在閱讀動畫與文本一致性高之電子童書時,對於故事回憶測驗的得分,實驗組得分顯著高於對照組得分。 二、在閱讀動畫與文本一致性高之電子童書時,對於故事理解測驗的得分,實驗組不論在文意理解或推論理解上,得分皆顯著高於對照組得分。 三、大班組幼兒在故事回憶測驗上的得分顯著高於中班組幼兒的得分。 四、大班組幼兒在故事理解測驗上的總分顯著高於中班組幼兒。在文意理解測驗中,大班組得分顯著高於中班組得分,而推論理解的得分則未達到顯著性的差異。 五、故事回憶與故事理解的相關,在實驗一與實驗二中,不論是文意理解或推論理解,與故事回憶皆呈現顯著正相關。換句話說,閱讀動畫與文本較不一致之電子童書時,故事回憶量低,故事理解得分亦較低;而閱讀動畫與文本一致之電子童書時,故事回憶高,故事理解得分則較高。 研究者根據研究結果與限制,提出對教師、父母、出版商及未來研究方面的建議。 關鍵字:閱讀理解、動畫與文本一致性、電子童書、幼兒 / This study has two parts: one is to research the impact of coherence between text and animation on children’s reading. The other is to analyze the effect of ages on children’s reading comprehention while they read electronic story books. The research adopted one of a series of Living-books, called Little Monster At School. 30 aged 4 and 60 aged 5 children from public and private kindergartens of Taipei city and County participated in the study. There were 2 tasks. Tesk one was coherent text for experimental group. Task 2 was incoherent text for control group. The content of the two tasks was the same. After reading the electronic book, all children took memory test and comprehension test which was devided into 2 sub-score: fact comprehension and inference comprehension. Results are: 1. Memory test’s scores of experimental group is obviously higher than that of control group. 2. Reading comprehension scores of experimental group is also higher than that of control group. 3. Memory test’s scores of age 5 children is higher than age 4 children. 4. Age 5 children get higher total reading comprehension scores than age 4 children. Furthermore, they get higher score on fact questions. Scores of inference questions however, do not show age difference. 5. Memory and story reading comprehension scores have positive correlation. It reveals that children reading coherent animation and text have higher memory scores and higher comprehension scores. On the other hand, children who had the incoherent text had poor scores of both. Based on the results, researcher provides suggestions for teachers, parents and book publisher. Key words: reading comprehension, animation of electronic storybooks, coherence of text, kindergarten children.
18

聽其所見,觀其所聞:以眼動探討口語與場景互動的跨感官理解歷程 / Look while listeng : using eye movements to investigate the interaction between spoken language and visual scene during cross-modal comprehension

游婉雲, Yu, Wan-Yun Unknown Date (has links)
在人類溝通及語言使用行為中,口語和場景是構成人類跨感官理解歷程的兩項重要成分。究竟兩類資訊如何共同改變理解歷程仍待檢驗。本論文旨在探問四項研究問題:一,過去文獻對理解期間的視覺注意力運作提出兩類觀點。階層取徑主張口語優先並決定視覺表徵的處理,互動取徑則認為口語和視覺表徵可獨立影響視覺注意力。二,口語可促進指涉物體的凝視行為,然口語指涉效果是否受作業目標影響的本質仍不清楚。三,以複雜場景作為視覺情境,探討視覺複雜性和語義一致性表徵如何影響理解歷程。四,檢驗視覺刺激的預覽時間如何改變口語和場景表徵因素對理解歷程的影響。   本論文透過一系列視覺情境典範實驗探討以上研究問題。在每ㄧ項嘗試次中,參與者在聆聽中文語句期間同時觀看包含包含兩項物體的圖片:一為鑲嵌在一致(例如:原野)、不一致(例如:天空)和空白背景的口語指涉目標物體(例如:老虎),另一項則為口語未指涉且與背景一致的非目標物體(例如:禿鷹)。其次,四項實驗直交地操弄「作業目標」(「口語理解作業」或「場景理解作業」)和「預覽時間」(「一秒預覽」或「無預覽」)因素。   實驗結果發現:一,無論作業目標為何,所有實驗皆出現穩定的口語指涉效果。二,場景的視覺複雜性和語義一致性表徵不僅可獨立引導物體凝視行為,也可和口語共同決定理解期間的視覺注意力運作。三,作業目標對口語指涉效果及場景一致性效果產生差異化的調節作用。四,預覽時間有效促進口語理解作業的口語指涉效果,場景理解作業則不受影響。   整體而言,本論文的實驗證據支持互動取徑觀點。換言之,在跨感官理解的過程中,人類認知運作可透過協調語言、視覺和記憶等次系統,快速整合口語和場景所提供的物理和語義表徵,並依據當下情境動態地改變人類對外在世界的感官經驗。 / In human communication and language use, both speech and scene constitute the cross-modal comprehension process. However, how these two elements combine to affect human comprehension process has not yet been fully resolved. Four research questions will be examined. First, two approaches can account for the comprehension process: the hierarchical approach asserts speech plays the main part whereas the visual feature has only a supporting role, while the interactive approach states that both speech and visual feature combine to determine the comprehension process. Second, despite the speech can cause the spoken reference effect on having more fixations on its visual referent, the nature of this effect is still unclear. Third, most past studies adopted simple object array as visual context, little is known about the impact of real world scenes on the comprehension process. Fourth, whether the preview time could alter the influence of speech and scene on comprehension will be tested. A series of visual world paradigm experiments were conducted. Factors of task demand (speech comprehension vs. scene comprehension) and preview time (1-second vs. none) were orthogonally manipulated in four experiments. In each trial, participants listened to a spoken sentence in Chinese while viewing a picture with two critical objects: one is the mentioned target object (e.g., tiger), which was embedded in either a consistent, inconsistent or blank background; the other is an unmentioned non-target object (e.g., eagle) that was always consistent with its background. Several findings were found. First, the reliable spoken reference effect were shown regardless of the task demand was given. Second, the visual complexity and scene consistency not only can individually guide fixations on objects, but can work together with the speech to determine the visual attention during comprehension. Third, task demand could differently modulate the spoken reference and scene consistency effect, respectively. Fourth, preview time significantly enhances the spoken reference effect in the speech comprehension task, whereas no impact was observed in the scene comprehension task. These evidence supported the view of interactive approach. In conclusion, human’s different cognitive systems, including language, vision and memory, can interact with each other and cause the moment to moment experience of how we understand the complex world around us.
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在地化行不行? —影視消費與身份認同之關係探討 / Does Localization Work? An Exploration into Relationship between Media Consumption and Identity

張家誠, Chang, Chia Cheng Unknown Date (has links)
2014年,台灣FOX頻道播出美國長青諷刺卡通《辛普森家庭》,以其台味十足的配音風格而紅極一時。台灣《辛普森家庭》揉合了在地當時流行的時事話題,與原版內容大相逕庭,卻深受台灣觀眾喜愛。然而,即使廣受歡迎,台版《辛普森家庭》也為部分觀眾所批評,認為其喪失原版樣貌,在網路上亦興起一波攻擊與護航熱議。過去研究指出,人們傾向接觸與自己相近的事物,也比較喜歡這樣的內容(Markus & Wurf, 1987; Chang, 2002, 2005, 2008a, 2011)。 據此,本研究以雜揉兩種文化的影視文化產品出發,試圖於自我一致性理論(Self Congruency Theory)版圖中加入影視消費一環。因此,本研究以「知覺影片文化」與「既存文化認同」之交互作用切入,欲了解兩者之間的關係。此外,本研究亦試圖剖析閱聽人觀影時的心理機制,加入閱聽人觀影後的認知反應(自我參照、自我-影片連結、心理距離)與情感反應(正向情緒、觀影享受),測試其對於影片態度的效果。 本研究採單因子實驗設計,以「知覺影片文化」為自變項,以「文化認同」為調節變項,兩者之交互作用項作為分析之用;此外,亦探討自我參照、自我-影片連結、心理距離、正向情緒、觀影享受等五概念對於影片態度之中介效果。研究結果指出,知覺影片文化與文化認同之交互作用並未能顯著預測影片態度,文中討論研究限制所在與未來研究建議。
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華語學習者對聲旁表音一致性的認知處理: 漢字聽讀的眼動研究 / Cognitive processing of phonetic consistency by second language learners of Chinese: an eye-tracking study of listening and reading Chinese character

黃懷萱, Huang, Huai Shiuan Unknown Date (has links)
漢字對於拼音語言背景的華語學習者而言,一直是較難掌握的內容,他們在初學華語的階段,很快就需要記認與書寫與母語文字系統差異極大的漢字,所以經常遇到困難。正由於缺乏相關背景知識,華語學習者的漢字識別和心理認知歷程必然與母語者有所差異。然而語言離不開書寫與閱讀,若要增進中文能力,就必須提升本身的字彙量。漢字總數以形聲字數量最多,形聲字主要可以拆解為聲旁及義旁兩個部分,功能上多以表音及表義區分。關於母語學童的識字研究,常以「聲旁一致性」作為討論主題,透過唸名作業探討學童的識字過程,學者發現這種中文的形音對應關係是隨著學習歷程發展出來的,年級越高的學童,越能看到顯著效果,與識字量和閱讀能力的關聯密不可分。至於成人華語學習者,是否也能在學習經驗中累積出這種形音一致性的對應概念,是以往較少細究的內容。本論文關注此一議題,進行記錄眼動的心理學實驗,探討形音一致性高低對不同程度華語學習者在辨識單字的處理效率和其背後的認知意義。   論文實驗採用漢字聽讀整合的作業形式,請受試者聽取經由耳機播放的語音訊息,在電腦螢幕上點選對應的字形,藉由眼動儀器的記錄,分析眼睛對於目標字和無關字的凝視比例變化。實驗操弄目標字的聲旁一致性,並依照中文能力將受試者分成高、低程度二組,高程度組12人,低程度組10人。除了聽讀作業以外,另外採用語言水平問卷、漢字學習策略問卷、中文年級認字量表以及短文閱讀的眼動實驗做為額外的評量工具,以量測受試者主觀和客觀判斷的中文程度,提供後文討論對外漢字教學的實際建議。   實驗結果顯示中文能力高低與聲旁一致性高低對凝視比例具有影響。高程度組呈現預期的聲旁一致性效果,於目標字語音播放後的300至500毫秒之間呈現顯著差異,高一致目標字的凝視比例顯著高於低一致目標字。這個結果表示隨著學習經驗的積累,即使是拼音文字背景的學習者,也會因為識字量增加而逐漸具備形聲字聲旁一致性的認知能力。低程度組雖然未獲得如預期的一致性效果,但卻發現聲旁結合度效果,受試者對於同一聲旁越多的字,其凝視比率高於同一聲旁較少的字,足見低程度組雖然字彙量遠不如高程度組,但已經掌握部分漢字結構表徵,只是更加仰賴字形訊息,所以聲旁結合度影響較大。本文結果顯示,對拼音語言的華語學習者而言,形聲字的辨認也並非絕對的一字一音,而是受到語音成分介入。本文最後提出如何利用此研究結果於對外漢字教學及教材編製上,以供後續教學研究參考。 / Learning to read and write Chinese characters is hard for CFL (Chinese as a foreign language) students, especially for those whose native languages are alphabetic languages, would face to a totally different writing system-“Hanzi” at the beginning stage of learning; therefore, it would be a real challenge because of the complexity. Due to lack of background knowledge, CFL students may have a different cognitive process from Chinese native speakers. Nevertheless, to improve language skills and abilities, it is necessary to raise the amount of their Chinese lexicon. Phonetic compounds comprise most of the Chinese characters and can be divided into two parts-a phonetic radical and a semantic radical, which denote the character’s possible pronunciation and meaning. Researchers have found that “phonetic consistency” affects the latency of naming from Chinese native speakers. For elementary school children, the higher grade they are in, the consistency effect is more significant, which related to their learning process of word-recognition. As for CFL learners, we know few from them. The present study focuses on the topic of phonetic consistency, manipulating the eye-tracking methods to investigate the processing efficiency and cognitive meanings from CFL learners of two different levels. The study utilized visual world paradigm of eye tracking methods through a reading and listening task. Subjects would hear a sentence and would be asked to choose the target character from the four on the screen. Fixation proportions of target and unrelated characters were counted in each time bin. The experiment manipulated phonetic consistency value and two groups of subjects participated in this research: the high level group (12 people) and the low level group (10 people), whose native languages were all alphabetic languages. Except for the listening and reading task, we used questionnaires, character recognition test and reading comprehension test to judge subjects’ Chinese reading ability. Results showed that Chinese ability and phonetic consistency affected fixation proportions. For the high level group, the proportion of target was higher in high consistency condition than the low consistency condition after the target onset. Significant consistency effect was found between 300 milliseconds and 500 milliseconds as expectation. For the low level group, there were opposite results compared with high level group and tended to show “phonetic combinability effect” between 300 milliseconds and 500 milliseconds. Subjects had more fixations on those characters with the amount of the same phonetic radicals. It seemed that the visual information attracted more than sound information. These results implicated that CFL students with alphabetic language background have accumulated the phonetic consistency concepts of Chinese phonograms after years of learning; in other words, the phonetic information of Chinese characters also involved in the word-recognition processing for CFL students. At the end, we provided some advices for teaching Chinese as a foreign language based on the present findings.

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