本篇主要是依循Allen, Morris and Shin(2003) 的文章脈絡，利用建立一個帶有雜質的(即受供給面衝擊的)理性預期模型，使期貨價格無法完全反映期貨市場中的真實訊息，並將重覆預期的概念套入商品期貨的價格模型當中，討論是否期貨價格會受公開訊息的影響較大，而較不重視貨市場真實情形的私人訊息，進而了解商品期貨市場中的參與者過度倚賴公開訊息做決策時，可能會造成期貨價格偏離其基本價值的情形。 由模型推導結果我們歸納出與Allen, Morris and Shin(2003) 一致的結論－當市場中的參與者對市場的平均作預期，藉以猜測其他人的想法時，其預期受市場公開訊息的影響程度可能較深，反而受較貼近市場真實價格的私人訊息影響較小，產生使市場被公開訊息支配的情形。 / This paper primary follows the methods derived by Allen, Morris, and Shin (2003), using a contaminated, or with a supply shock, rational expectation model to build the linear relationship for commodity futures price. In this way, the price could not fully reflect the true information in commodity futures price. Besides, we also use the notion of iterated expectation in our futures price model, and try to figure out whether the price is influences mainly by the public information, but no the true information in the market. Thus, we can imply form this that when participants excessively depend on public information to make decisions, it may cause the futures price to deviate from its true information and thus its fundamental value. 　　From the derivation of our model, we can have identical conclusion as Allen, Morris and Shin (2003) put it－when participants in the market doing expectations about the market’s average to guess other participants’ opinions, their expectation may be influenced mostly by public information in the market but not the true, or private, information they possess, which may result in futures prices dominating by the public information.

本論文探討2007年中國大陸實施以IFRS為基礎的中國會計準則後，是否因為會計準則要求更多資訊的公開，影響新上市公司股票發行折價的幅度。由於中國大陸資本市場有獨特的機制環境，本研究更進一步探討，中國大陸新上市公司在中國會計準則實施後，新上市公司股票發行折價的幅度，是否會因為各省份機制環境背景有不同的影響。實證結果發現，實施中國會計準則後，新股折價的幅度的確顯著降低，新股上市的蜜月期也會因為準則實施後，資訊不對稱的情形降低，有明顯的縮減。亦發現若中國大陸地方機制環境較進步且發達，該地區市場化的程度愈高，新股折價的幅度會也會因資訊更加公開而降低。 / In 2007, China passed the IFRS-based Chinese Accounting Standards (therefore IFRS-based CAS) to converge with IFRS. This paper examines the effect of implementation of IFRS-based CAS on IPO uncerpricing. In addition, there are different institutional features of transition economy from other countries. This paper also examines the effect of the interaction between implementation of IFRS-based CAS and institutional features of transition economy on IPO uncerpricing. The empirical results show that post-2005 IPOs in China are significantly less underpriced, and IPO honeymoon periods have similar outcomes. Furthermore, the results also show that the magnitude of underpricing will be decreased in those provinces with higher degrees of marketization.

在創投的資金後，通常會影響被投資公司經營的自主權，甚至大規模地置換公司董事與經營團隊。因此本研究透過台灣上市櫃公司內部董事與外部董監事席次的變化，探討對被投資公司上市櫃後長期經營績效的影響。資料期間涵蓋未上市與成功上市櫃後，並考量內部董事與外部董事之間必然存在資訊不對稱的情況，故進一步加入教育連結網絡，控制資訊不對稱干擾效果，以利更深入地檢視董監事的置換對於公司長期經營績效的影響。本研究實證結果發現董監事的置換對於被投資公司的經營績效存在負向的關係。並進一步發現董監事置換的對象以被投資公司的內部董事最為顯著，因此當公司內部的董監事明顯發生更動時，對於公司經營績效而言可能是一個不佳的訊號。而在考量教育連結網絡下，董監事的置換對於公司長期經營績效的表現亦呈現負向關係，表示降低資訊不對稱下，董監事的改變同樣無法能夠對長期經營績效有正向的影響。本研究結果顯示，公司董事會與經營團隊的穩定性，有助公司經營決策上的一貫，使公司經營績效能夠更優異。 / In this research, board turnover is hypothesized as key factors to influence performance of startups. Based on a uniquely contructed dataset recording key information of invested companies, ventural capitals and National Development Fund(NDF) in Taiwan, we create some new variables to this dataset, board turnover, and quantify the effect of board turnover on invested companies’ long-term performance. Our empirical results show that board turnover acts negatively towards invested companies’ long term performance. Besides, by using educational linkage between invested companies and venture capitals as control variables, there is also strong negative relation between board turnover and long-term performance. We thus conclude unstable board members will influence companies’ long-term performance despite of alleviating information asymmertry.

本文以臺灣八大類股指數結合分量迴歸模型進行價量關係研究。有別於過去文獻多使用大盤指數進行分析，本文將以產業類股指數作為研究目標。實證結果顯示 : 「價量背離」與「價量齊揚」的效果同時存在於臺灣股市各個類股的價量關係中，且後者的效果普遍高於前者；而在八個產業類股中，尤以金融業在兩側分量的效果大於其他產業。另外，在相同的交易機制下，並非所有產業的價量關係皆會受到漲跌幅限制的影響而改變。本文更進一步選用法人持股佔該類股市值比作為資訊不對稱之代理變數，結果發現資訊不對稱程度較高的產業，在價量齊揚時，法人持股比的係數為負，代表在市場出現正報酬時，會有抑制股價上揚的效果；反之，在負報酬時，會加深股價下挫的力道。 / This research examines the relation between stock return and trading volume of Taiwan’s eight industries using quantile regression model. Our empirical results show that, for most industry indices, both large positive returns and large negative returns are usually accompanied by a large trading volume, with the effect of large positive returns being stronger. Among all industries, the financial industry has the most significant effect in either situation. But for some industries, the price-volume relations change when returns approach the price limits. In addition, we also emphasize the impact of information asymmetry, using ownership share of institutional investors as the proxy variable. The results show that, in the situation of positive returns with large trading volume, the institutional trading variable will restrain stock price from continually rising. In contrast, in the situation of negative returns with large trading volume, the institutional effect will make the stock price overreact.

自從十八世界的自由放任思想興起之後，經由市場價格機能的運作以調配資源的論點 ，已廣植人心。而且經濟學家們根據柏拉圖（Pareto）的判斷準則，所導衍出來的三 個邊際效率條件，剛好和完全競爭的一般均衡解相同。故認為只要在競爭的市場裡， 價格機能就可像一隻看不見的手（Invisible Hnad）指導著經濟活動，從而人們透過 自利的動機，可以達成提高全體社會福利的目標。 但卻忽略了競爭性場存在的真實性，以致忽略了市場機能的不具效率；或稱市場失靈 （Market Failure）的現象。 價格機能的失靈，導因於社會價值和個人價值的歧異，在眾多的原因中，本文將之歸 納成下列五個原因： 一、非凸性（non-convex） 二、非競爭性（non-competitive ） 三、外部性（Externality ） 四、公共財的不具排他性（non-exclusive ） 五、資料的不對稱（Asymetric Information ） 所謂資訊不對稱是指買方與賣方所擁有的市場資訊不一樣。當市場裡有此不對稱現象 時，也就容易造成一方欺騙另一方，這種欺騙行為可能產生逆選擇（Aderse Select- ion ）和道德淪落（Moral Harzard ）的問題。 本文中除針對此一問題加以說明外並擬對此一資訊不對稱的市場，提出一套健全的遊 戲法則以正常市場的運作。另在第四章中欲就資訊不對稱較為嚴重的服務業市場中的 旅行業為例；就其經營環境惡化的癥結所在，配合所提的經濟理論加以分析，並找出 健全市場運作的方法。

本文計分五章十節，共二萬五千字。 轉撥計價制度存在的前提是企業需為高度分權的組織型態，而企業之所以高度分權又 以資訊不對稱（information asymmetry ）為基本理由。因此合理的移轉價格設計應 以資訊不對稱為前提假設。然而，資訊結構（information structure ）這項因素在 過去的論述中並不明顯，因所有的模式均以『完全資訊』（full information）為隱 含的環境假設，所以本文在確定資訊不對稱與組織分權化之關係後，接著就以經濟模 式法之轉撥計價制度為例，解除其完全資訊之假設，以說明：在資訊不對稱情況下， 原設計即無法達到最適之資源分配。是以需將資訊不對稱之現象直接納入考慮。結果 發現，當企業內維持壟斷市場之狀態時，獨占者會因資訊不足而予對方一些誘因，及 在價格上作讓步。

一般研究外匯波動均以現貨的波動為主，但理論上衍生性金融商品由於成本低、市場限制較少，並且隱含波動度為「事前」波動度，隱含「預期」的意涵，因此衍生性金融商品的波動應該比現貨更能反映市場的資訊，市場資訊透過市場參與者的投資策略反映在市場，將會造成市場上的波動，且影響是不對稱和具有反轉現象的，所謂的「反轉」是指當價格變動幅度很大時，負向的價格變動比正向對波動度的影響要大，但當價格變動很小時，影響方向便會出現反轉 (reversal)，即小幅度的正向價格變動比負向價格變動對波動度的影響要大。 本研究以英磅、歐元、日圓及瑞士法郎四種外匯選擇權作為研究標的，探討外匯波動是否具有不對稱效果以及不對稱效果是否因價格變動幅度而有反轉現象，並且發展類似double-threshold GARCH模型的VS-VOLUME-GARCH模型，在控制交易量變數後，檢視不對稱及反轉的現象是否有所改變。實證結果發現市場訊息對英磅、歐元、日圓與瑞士法郎波動具有不對稱效果與反轉，但是方向與影響程度剛好與一般股市波動相反，即小幅度正向價格變動對波動度的影響較負向小，大幅度的正向價格變動對波動度的影響較負向大，其次，交易量的確可以用來解釋波動度不對稱及反轉但是僅能解釋部份原因，並且由實證結果可知交易量的確可以減輕波動度不對稱及反轉的程度，另外，實證結果也指出交易量只是造成不對稱及反轉效果的一個原因，除了交易量之外應該還存在其它重要因素。

提升政府行政效能以滿足民眾的需求，是公共行政的主要課題。稅務行政是政府施政中較為特別的一環，與民眾息息相關，憲法特別加以規範，使「租稅法律主義」成為現代民主國家最重要的行政原則之一。租稅行政救濟是保障納稅義務人依法納稅基本權利義務平衡的一項制度，然而近年來租稅行政救濟爭訟不斷，案件逐年增加，且新制訴願法、行政訴訟於民國八十九年七月一日施行，加上行政程序法於九十年元月一日施行，這一連串保護人民權利的法制在政府行政效能上，尤其是租稅行政上有那些影響，是否可以透過行政組織管理上改進來加以因應；從法律制度變革中，重視法律的經濟分析，使租稅行政救濟業務能夠合理化、有效率且符合公平正義，發揮並提升其效能，讓租稅行政救濟制度更臻完善，是本研究之目的。 本論文之內容係以國稅稽徵之行政救濟來代表租稅行政救濟業務，並以財政部台北市國稅局之組織及其行政救濟業務為例，從學理、組織、權限、救濟等為研究核心，搭配理論、學說與實務，透過實際訪談相關人員，將國稅行政救濟業務在管理效能上的各相關課題，逐一探討。發現（一）由於資訊不對稱，代理人的溝通管理比稅務人員或納稅義務人的直接管理還重要。（二）協議或協談等和解制度的法制化有其迫切性。（三）租稅行政救濟的最終結果證實稽徵機關依法行政的績效，已近二年的分析顯示，納稅義務人的勝率約為百件僅一件多，值得提供給他們在評估是否提起行政救濟的參考。 從這些重要的發現，本研究提出幾項建議供相關機關及人員做為參考，並提引出未來待更進一步研究的方向。 / The enhancement of government administrative efficiency to satisfy public demand has been of paramount concern to public administration. Tax administration is a very special part of government work because of its close connection to the general public. This is why the constitution has been particularly designed to make tax legal positivism, one of the most important administrative principles in modern democratic Taiwan. Tax administrative remedy is a balancing measure between the fundamental rights and obligations of taxpayers. However, in recent years, disputes over tax administrative measures have become commonplace, with the number of cases still on the rise. The new laws-the Petition law and the Administrative Litigation Law-went into effect on July 1, 2000, and the Administrative Procedure Law was Promulgated on January 1, 2001. How such laws, designed to the rights of citizens, will affect government administrative efficiency, especially in tax administration, is worth pondering, Whether disputes can be resolved through improved management remains to be seen. The aim of this study is to provide an economic analysis of tax administration from a legal viewpoint and suggest ways in which it may to rationalized according to the evolution of the legal system, of what is to make the tax administrative remedy effectively meet the principles of fairness and justice while developing and enhancing efficiency so as to make the tax administrative remedy system more comprehensive. This thesis uses the remedy of national tax collection as a proxy for tax administrative remedy. Furthermore, the organization of the National Tax Administration of Taipei, Ministry of Finance and its administrative remedy are cited for examples. This study course scientific principle, organization, authorization, and remedy, collocated with theory, scientific principle and practice. It includes information gleaned from interviews with concerned personnel and explores issues related to management efficiency concerning the tax administrative remedy of national tax collection. The findings include the following: 1) Due to information asymmetry, communication with and management of agencies are more important than direct management of tax collection personnel or taxpayers; 2) There is an urgent need for legalizing the arbitration system in areas such as compromise and negotiation; and 3) The ultimate results of the tax administrative remedy show improvement in the enforcement of the law by administrative units. An analysis of a 2-year period indicates that taxpayers win approximately one out of 100 cases. This serves as a good reference as taxpayers must first evaluate whether it is necessary to file an administrative remedy petition. From these important discoveries, this study raises a few suggestions for the reference of related government agencies and staff. In addition, this study points out the possible direction of future studies.

We investigate the trading strategy of the insider and propose two models to describe the insider’s behavior. Comparing with previous studies, we add insider stockholdings as a variable to the extension of information asymmetry. In our setting with information asymmetry between outside investors and the insiders, the insiders could obtain more inside information via increasing their stockholdings. When the insider with large stockholdings purchases more shares, outside investors would take this as a positive signal that the insiders regard the performance of the company in the future as optimistic. On the other hand, when the insider stockholdings is large, outsiders would worry that inside trading may become more. The insider would deliberate upon the quantities traded at period one and two, which have different impact in stock price. If the insider buys more stocks at period one, he could improve his information precision. However, if the insider buys large stocks, the market makers would take into account the insider’s function of information precision and thus the insider may impact on the stock price. Therefore the insider would evaluate market makers’ pricing rule. Since increasing stockholdings enhances precision information, intuitively, earlier stage the insider submits a large order. Nonetheless, our study shows that when the insider stockholding is extremely large, then the increasing of information precision is limited because the information precision is increasing with insider stockholding at a decreasing rate. Besides, when the insider stockholdings is large enough at period one, he would place a small order at period two.

過去有關最適所得稅理論、所得稅逃漏問題、以及政府最適稽查策略的研究文獻，主要多建立在政府與納稅人間存在著資訊不對稱的假設下。本文將此處所謂資訊不對稱，區分為兩種類別的問題：第一種類別是指政府對納稅人獲取所得的能力與勞動供給皆無法得知，但卻可以在無需花費任何成本的情況下，完全掌握到納稅人的所得水準。第二個類別則是指政府不僅無法掌握納稅人的能力與勞動供給，也必須透過查核方能掌握到納稅人的所得水準，而查核工作通常必須付出稽查成本。 本文主要的研究目的，在探討前述第二種類別的資訊不對稱問題 ，如何影響最適所得稅理論、政府稽查策略、以及納稅人逃漏行為等。至於研究架構則分為兩大部分，第一部份是將第二種類別的資訊不對稱問題納入最適所得稅的研究之中。我們主要的重點在於探討當稽查機率並非政府事前政策變數，且政府的稽查策略與納稅人的逃漏稅行為是互為影響時，最適所得稅理論的分析結論，究竟如何改變。第二部分則是探討實務上常見的兩階段查核方式，對政府稽查策略與納稅人申報行為的影響，並比較其與直接隨機查核策略的差異。在此所謂的兩階段查核，是指政府在第一階段先根據以往稽查經驗，分析具逃漏稅傾向者的所得來源或特徵，並藉此建立篩選標準，以對納稅人進行選案分析，俾篩選出具有較高傾向可能從事特定逃漏稅行為的納稅人。其次，再從第一階段篩選出的納稅人，以不同機率或查核方式來進行第二階段的隨機查核。