住宅市場因其內容包括各類住宅次市場，又因為實質住宅單位難以衡量，以及實證資料難以蒐集等原因，使得住宅需求分析較為複雜。 本研究主要在探討何種函數形式較適合使用於住宅需求模型，而該種函數形式必須能對實際的住宅需求變動情形充分說明，並非如一般住宅需求模型之建立忽略了函數形式與模型之間的關連性；以外本文對不同所得階層、不同區位對位宅需求是否有明顯的影響之課題作一深入探討。而值得注意的是，不論對不同所得或位於不同區位的住宅需求來說，利率對住宅消費性需求的影響並不顯著，有別於一般利率對住宅需求有明顯影響力的印象。 本研究共分為五章，摘要內容如下： 第一章：介紹本文的動機、目的，研究限制與架構，並界定本研究之研究對象為住宅消費性、有效需求。 第二章：針對發展較成熟的國外文獻作一回顧整理，藉以發現一般在研究住宅需求相關課題時可能遇到的問題；此外介紹建構本文之基礎理論。 第三章：在對國外文獻進行回顧之後，本研究尚對國內住宅需求模型作驗證分析，探討造成各模型差異甚大的原因；並特別針對住宅價格資料之課題作比較分析。 第四章：在以Stone-Geary 效用函數以及目的變數建立住宅需求模型之後，以台北市為實證範圍，進行縱斷面的迴歸分析，發現以Stone-Geary 效用函數建立的住宅需求模型，頗能說明台北市住宅需求的變動情形。 第五章：針對國內外文獻處理以及實證分析結果，提出本研究之結論建議與後續研究。

本研究所要探討的課題主要有以下三點：1.現行國宅等候制度有何缺失？應如何改進？2.我們由台灣省各縣市等候名冊申請登記戶數情形可以看出，目前國宅需求集中在政府直接興建國宅，而輔助人民貸款自購住宅之需求則相對較少，其背後原因為何？應如何改進？3.各縣市國宅資源是否真的不足？目前以供給面的政府直接興建國宅為主的住宅補貼措施是否適當？應如何改進？ 　　為針對以上問題加以解答，本研究首先以國宅等候制度在實際執行上所應發揮的三項功能：掌握國宅需求、決定國宅資源分配順序與提供人民充分資訊為觀點，對現行國宅等候制度加以檢討，最後並對我國國宅等候制度未來的改進方向提出具體的建議。 　　其次，本文以國宅需求量本身之決定因素（資格、意願、負擔能力）作為研究基礎，以臺灣省21縣市為實證範圍，估計歷年國宅需求量，進而探討影響國宅需求量變動的各種因素，特別強調不同補貼額度對國宅需求量的影響，透過計量經濟分析方法，最後驗證了補貼額度與國宅供給速率對於國宅需求量確實存在有顯著的影響。 　　最後，本研究以資源公平效率分配的觀點，配合國宅供需現況，以模擬分析的方式對臺灣省二十一縣市的國宅資源分配加以試算，結果發現，各縣市國宅供需失衡之主要原因不在國宅資源不足，而是在資源分配之不當，若將供給面補貼的政府直接興建國宅資源部分分配到需求面補貼的輔助人民貸款自購住宅，大部份縣市均能在短期內解決其國宅供需失衡問題，且可有多餘的資源用於增加如出租國宅、租金補貼、售屋不售地國宅及特殊弱勢團體住宅等國宅產品。 / There are three main subjects that we want to explore in this study: 1.What problems exist in the public housing waiting system in Taiwan? 2.What reasons cause the demand of public housing much more than the demand of mortgage subsidy in Taiwan? How will we improve it? 3.Is the housing subsidy policy in Taiwan moderate? How will we improve it? 　　To solve the above problems, we first review merits and demerits of the public housing waiting system. We examine three practical functions of the public housing waiting system. One is having the demand of public housing in hand, the one is deciding the order of public housing allocation, and the other one is providing sufficient information to people. From the review, we suggest the directions to improve the public housing waiting system. 　　Second, based on the factors of demand to the public housing (capacity、 willing、 afford ability), we applied regression analysis on the 21-Taiwan-county data. The regression model shows the main factors are the amount of housing allowance and the speed of public housing construction. 　　Finally, with the view of justice and efficiency on the resource allocation of housing subsidy, we simulate the resource distribution of public housing subsidy in the 21-Taiwan-county. We ascertain the main factor of public housing disequilibrium is inappropriate resource allocation. Have we transferred the resource from the public housing for selling to the mortgage subsidy, most counties could solve the disequilibrium problem in short run. In the long run,there are more resources to increase the supply side.These extra-resources serve the public rental housing, rental subsidy and welfare public housing etc..

近二、三十年來，台灣在貿易自由化趨勢、產業結構調整以及外勞政策等多重因素的影響下，使得原住民社會傳統封閉的部落生產型態逐漸遭受瓦解，許多原住民因為原鄉欠缺就業機會，紛紛離鄉背井移居至都市謀生，但因競爭力不足、適應力不佳而就業困難，致使原住民失業率大幅提高。為能改善現狀，創業便成為良好的途徑之一。政府雖有提供各項措施扶持原住民創業，然而政府所提供之各項政策措施是否能實質有效地協助原住民創業成功？同時在原住民創業過程中，是否不同原住民的特質會影響創業成功模式？緣此，本研究先從「推拉理論」及相關文獻分析光復後原住民遷移都市之原因，選定台北市原住民企業為主體，採用問卷調查方式，以了解其於創業過程中之困境，並探討政府所提供之創業輔導措施能否有效協助原住民創業。最後歸納台北市原住民創業成功模式之四大面向，分別提出改進策略與建議，希冀由不同面向探悉都市原住民創業成功之內涵，以提供原住民改進內在自我特質、政府相關單位形塑適當之外在環境條件的參考。 要言之，本研究所獲致之結論歸納如下： 一、原住民陷入就業困境之主要原因為︰特殊原住民文化與主流文化應對下之社會歧視、原住民人力提供與社會所期待之人力需求未能符合、外籍勞工大舉入境排擠原住民就業，以及政府長期缺乏積極有效之就業政策。 二、影響台北市原住民創業成功之四大面向，包括：（一）個人特質：舉凡教育程度愈高、原住民在家中的排行或有負擔家計的責任感、以及與原漢接觸的程度高，都有助於創業成功。（二）創業歷程：若在創業前有關工作經驗豐富、取得多項相關證照、自有資金充裕，以及積極拓展人際關係等，都能促使創業計畫順利實現。（三）經營方法：如於行銷、財務、會計、帳務等層面處理良好，且能善用原住民文化資源，凸顯產品的獨特價值，當能彰顯創業績效。（四）政府輔導措施：善加利用政府提供的輔導企業營運措施及原住民族綜合發展基金貸款，有助於創業順遂。 三、此外，本研究發現台北市政府雖針對原住民創業提供多項的輔導措施，然而實際申請相關之原住民企業仍為少數；且原住民族綜合發展基金貸款政策，也因貸款過程及貸款擔保方式有欠妥適，致使原住民創業受惠有限，實有必要進行全面之檢討。 / Over the past 20 or 30 years, Taiwan under the multiple influence of factors in liberalization of trade trend, industrial structure adjustment and foreign labor policy, etc. make Indigenes productive attitude of clan with close social tradition disintegrated gradually. Because a lot of Indigenes are short of employment opportunity in original country, they migrate to the city in order to make a living. But it is difficult to obtain employment because the competitiveness is insufficient, adaptive capacity is not good, cause Indigenous rate of unemployment to improve by a wide margin. In order to improve the current situation, initiating becomes one of he good ways. Although the government offers multiple measures to help Indigenes initiate, we want to know if the measures are truly and effective to assist Indigenes initiate. And if the different idiosyncrasy of Indigenes, it will affect the initiating model. Therefore, this research is based upon “pull-push theory” and the relevant documents to analyze the reasons the Indigenes migrate to city. And select Taipei Indigenous enterprise, with a series of interviews, to understand their predicament met with course of initiating and whether the government offer could help Indigenes to initiate effectively. Finally, four major factors were sum up, and propose improving the tactics and suggestion separately. It hopes to find out the intension that the urban Indigenes initiate successful, and offer some reference of Indigenes to improve inherent self-specially, and the relevant units of government properly. In short, the study results have shown as follows: 1. The main reasons that the Indigenes falls into predicament of obtaining employment are the social discriminate under the specially Indigenous culture and the major culture, Indigenous manpower offers can’t accord with the society need, foreign labors of manpower demand that the society expects on a large scale , and the government lacks the positive and effective employment policy for a long time. 2. Influence Taipei key factors of successful initiation, including: (1) Idiosyncrasy: The higher education degree, the first kid of a family, the responsibility for home, and high degree contracted with original Chinese, contribute to starting an initiating successfully. (2) Course of initiation: If it is abundant to work relevantly experienced, obtain multiple relevant certificates, own enough fund and actively expand interpersonal relationships, etc., can all impel the plan of initiation to realize smoothly. (3) Management method: Dealing with such aspects as marketing, financial affairs, accounting, account, etc. well, and make the best use and the unique value of Indigenous culture resources can reflect the performance of initiation. (4) The government’s coaching measure: Exploiting enterprise’s operation measure of coaching offered by government and the loan of Indigenous comprehensive expansion funds properly, will contribute to initiating smoothly. 3. Besides, the study shows that the government of Taipei offers multiple coaching measures to the Indigenes, but enterprises are still minority to apply to the coaching measure of government. In addition, the policy of lending of Indigenous comprehensive expansion funds cause Indigenes receive benefits not proper and rightly limitedly, due to its loan course and loan guarantee way. And it carries on overall self-criticism really and necessarily.

1980、90年代是台灣原住民族自覺的關鍵，亦是台灣「民族化」運動的開端。長達20年的時間脈絡下，台灣原住民族知識份子藉著政策反思而批判時政；控訴社會歧視而喚起民族運動；為維護山林生態而力抗強權；更為延續民族文化而重現主體。如此的發展明顯呈現出「第四世界」原住民族的自覺意識。 本論文試著透過「民族自覺」的代表性素材—「民族文學」，結合國家發展政策演變與歷史演進之脈絡，以「國家政策—民族自覺—民族文學—民族運動」多層關係探討台灣原住民族的民族自覺脈絡、基本自覺模式、影響層面與自覺「實踐」強度等，並試圖建構其理論，進而分析台灣原住民族與其他民族相異同之處。 本論文章節安排除緒論與結論以外，共分為五章。第一章著重於研究素材之討論，定義與界定台灣原住民族的文學特色與創作風格。第二章探討「民族自覺」的背景因素，醞釀自覺之因，以及黨外運動所扮演的角色等。第三章分別就時代下的文學特色，探討民族權益自覺萌芽的諸面向與其脈絡，並試圖理出民族自覺的模式雛形。第四章著重探討民族文化、歷史、語言等權益還「原」的現象，分析此時自覺意識所代表之時代意義。第五章則分別理出「族語書寫文學」、女性覺醒意識以及重建部落等的主體復「原」意識，並針對此時自覺意識之發展論述其意義與特殊性。 本研究結果發現，台灣原住民族的民族自覺脈絡呈現出「社會反思」、「權益抗爭」、「根基還『原』」與「主體再現」四項過程。其模式包括「受刺激」、「事件反思」、「文字抒發」、「自覺實踐」與「自覺目的」此五項因素，彼此間不斷進行循環的發展。此外，自覺的位置可發現由城市逐漸移往部落，自覺的意識也由1980年代的個體（知識份子）自覺逐漸發展至1990年代以後的整體（原住民族）覺醒。至於，民族自覺的關鍵則是分析出與國府政策、政府回應、文學輿論、民族運動有關，其中國家政策扮演刺激民族自覺出現之主因，而民族自覺則是化作帶動國家政策發展之源頭。本論文的主要研究貢獻在於為台灣原住民族自覺建構理論化之論述，並初步理出民族自覺的基本模式。

近年來，國內房價飆漲，自民國93年以來國內房價所得比自民國93年第1季為4.7倍成長至民國103年第1季為7.51倍，尤其台北市自民國93年第1季為6.14倍成長至民國103年第1季為14.6倍最為嚴重，住宅負擔能力成為社會大眾所關注之議題。本文探討住宅負擔能力與購屋自備款資金來源種類互動關係，以及房價或租金負擔與消費行為間關聯性。 對於購屋自備款資金來源與負擔能力，由二元羅吉斯特迴歸模型分析不同購屋自備款資金來源選擇與負擔能力之關係，再採複迴歸模型分析購屋自備款資金來源對購屋負擔能力造成之影響。透過二元羅吉斯特迴歸模型分析，在購屋自備款資金來源無須或須償還選擇中，以不同購屋者選擇之有顯著影響因子分別為購屋區位、家戶月所得、貸款負擔率。複迴歸模型分析影響貸款負擔率，顯著影響因子分別為購屋區位、購屋面積、家戶月所得、購屋決策者年齡、購屋自備款資金來源。 另外，房價或租金負擔與消費行為關聯性分析，本文將消費行為分為居住及生活行為，以複迴歸模型分析影響因子，再以次數分配分析減少生活支出項目及影響程度，發現因購屋或租屋支出，而減少生活支出項目，相同支出為基本日常開支、休閒娛樂(如旅遊)等2項；不同支出項目，購屋者為減少投資理財及儲蓄，租屋者以購物及奢侈品支出減少，兩者消費行為不同，購屋者較重視投資理財及儲蓄；然由影響程度大小觀察，得知租屋者影響程度較大，其經濟能力通常較差。 / In recent few years, the housing price grows rapidly. Since 2004, the growth of housing price was 470% in the first quarter of 2004 and 751% in the first quarter of 2014. In Taipei city, the growth of housing price was 614% in the first quarter of 2004, and it was the worst with growth rate of 1460% in the first quarter of 2014. Therefore, the ability of mortgage loan is the top focusing topic around the country. In our study we discusses the association of the ability of mortgage loan and the source of down payment; the association between housing price versus buying consumption behavior and rental fee versus buying consumption behavior. In our study, we discuss three topics. First, the association of the ability of mortgage loan and the source of down payment is analyzed by using logistic regression. In the logistic regression, the response variable is the down payment with or without second mortgage. The significant variables for impacting the sources of down payment are the location of house, the monthly income of household, the percentage of mortgage loan to household income. Second, the impact of mortgage loan is analyzed by multivariate regression. In multivariate regression for the impacting of mortgage loan, the significant variables are the location of house, the size of house, the monthly income of household, the age of housing buyer, and the source of down payment. Third, housing price or rent burdens associated with consumption behavior analysis，This article will be divided into residential consumption behavior and lifestyle behaviors. The analyzing methods are multiple regression and frequency distribution analysis. The most important finding is that people with mortgage loan or rental fee have lower down their living expense. The same expenditures for these two groups (homeowner and renter) are grocery expenditures and entertainment expenditures. The difference expenditures are the reduction of investment and savings for homeowners; the reduction of shopping expenditures and purchasing luxury products for renter. The buying powers are different between homeowners and renters. The homeowners are more focus on the investments and savings. However, the buying power has more impact for renters, who have poor economic status.

中國自第十一屆三中全會朝改革開放發展，住房制度改革前以前蘇聯為目標，透過工作單位制實施福利分房制度，然而實物配給制發展產生諸多問題，如：收租失衡、分配不公、住房存量不足等制度運作結果，因此隨著經濟改革的同時，住房制度也朝向透過商品化與市場化解決住房問題。中國於1998年正式停止福利分房制度，朝市場化轉型過程中，亦同步發展住房保障制度，包括：建設廉租房及經濟適用房等保障性住房、建立多層次保障性住房體系、推廣公積金制度等措施，試圖在市場運作之外保障人民安居權利。在中國住房制度轉型過程中，重慶於2010年以公共租賃住房為核心，建立一套保障性住房體系，整合既有的商品房市場，試圖保障性住房與商品房市場雙軌並行的體制，並在制度運作上以國有資產投入建設、由土地儲備中心提撥建設用地，透過諸多政策手段快速發展住房雙軌制，重慶的住房制度設計亦被稱為住房的「重慶模式」，在政策設計上體現「具有中國特色的社會主義市場經濟」的目標。 重慶的住房模式在短短幾年間引起學界關注，主因在於近年中國城市面臨高房價的困難，雖自1998年即開始推動各種保障性住房，但在各城市的運作中面臨許多困難，對社會弱勢保障效果有限。重慶近年在住房制度設計上形成住房保障與商品住房雙重運作體系，透過各種推動公共租賃住房及其他保障性住房，為中國各城市乃至世界各國面臨居住問題者所關注。有鑑於目前尚未有完整探討重慶住房制度改革的文獻，對住房的重慶模式也未有完整的討論，因此本文以中國住房制度改革做為背景脈絡，探討重慶住房改革歷程，分析重慶保障性住房政策與商品房市場的政策設計，進一步聚焦住房的「重慶模式」運作內容，整理分析重慶住房制度超越其他城市建立雙軌制的因素，並探討重慶住房保障體系能在幾年內快速建設的關鍵，為後續研究中國住房改革及重慶住房雙軌制者提供研究發現。 / As China went through the progress of economic reform during late 1980’s, the housing policy also started to change. It was used to be welfare housing distribution system in the past years, however, many problems raised in practice, such as insufficient charge in rent, unfair distributions, or insufficient housing units. Therefore, the housing policy started to practice commercialization and marketization, in order to resolve the old problems. Chinese government officially stopped the welfare housing policy in 1998. During the transformation to commercialized housing market, the Chinese government also developed indemnificatory apartments with multilayer protections, including the construction of low-rent housing, affordable housing and public housing accumulation fund. The government attempted to provide dual housing system by investing constructions, providing land for housing and other policies. The most well known case is the “Chongqing model” The goal of their policy is to realize “the socialism market economy with Chinese characteristics”. The “Chongqing model” drew a lot of attention in academia in very few years. The main reason is the rising housing price in the cities in China. Although indemnificatory apartments project formed since 1998, the practical operation is problematic with limited protection for people with lower social status. By having public rental housing and other secured housing, the city government of Chongqing has developed a dual system with both secured housing and commercialized housing. Their achievement is known by other Chinese cities and the rest of the world. This thesis will address the background of the reform of Chinese housing policy, the progress of the reform of the housing policy in Chongqing , the analysis of the policy design and the operation of their policy. The reason why the “Chongqing model” is better than other cities in China will be discussed as well. We hope that we will provide the key of the fast and growing development of the Chongqing’s housing system, to people who are interested in reform of Chinese housing policy and the dual housing system in Chongqing.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第16504号 / 工博第3497号 / 新制||工||1529(附属図書館) / 29161 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙田 光雄, 教授 林 康裕, 教授 小林 正美 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第17544号 / 工博第3703号 / 新制||工||1564(附属図書館) / 30310 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙田 光雄, 教授 門内 輝行, 教授 山岸 常人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19679号 / 工博第4134号 / 新制||工||1638(附属図書館) / 32715 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)教授 鉾井 修一, 教授 原田 和典, 教授 吹田 啓一郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

本研究は、現代日本における留学生の雇用政策と、留学後に高度人材として留学生を活用する際の問題点との関連性について考察したものである。本稿では、留学生に関する高等教育政策、労働移住政策、移民問題が複雑に絡み合っている状況を分析しているため、短期雇用ではなく主に長期雇用の可能性に焦点をあてている。そのため、同論文は高等教育における留学生の移住を移民問題として再考しようという挑戦的な論考となっている。 / This study critically investigates the relationship between international student recruitment policies and issues about utilizing students as a pool of skilled migrants after graduation in the context of contemporary Japan. In this regard, examining the overlapping complexities between higher education policies related to international students, labor migration policies, and immigration issues, this study mainly explores the possibility of the long-term settlement of international students rather than thinking of them as temporary sojourners. In doing so, it attempts to radically rethink international student migration in higher education as an immigration issue. / 博士(現代アジア研究) / Doctor of Philosophy in Contemporary Asian Studies / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University