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法拍屋底價訂定偏誤對拍定價格的影響 / The effect of the mispricing of foreclosure list price upon selling price許舒婷, Hsu,su ting Unknown Date (has links)
法拍屋市場已成為台灣重要的購屋管道之一,然而房地產為異質商品,其價格受到品質差異的影響很大。其中法拍屋底價的訂定方式和一般房屋不同:拍賣底價由公定房屋估價人員根據區域資料使用特徵價格理論方法先訂出初估價格,再與債權人、債務人三方協商討論而訂定。故本論文加入「定價偏誤」因子,以特徵價格模型探究民國八十九年至九十一年間影響台北縣市法拍屋拍定價格的各項因素及影響程度,並得出如下之結論:
1.影響台北縣市法拍屋拍定價格的顯著因子及影響幅度為:定價折價程度(影響幅度0.9798%)、總建物面積(影響幅度0.4709%)、土地持分價格(影響幅度0.4838%)、拍次(隱含價格-17.0308萬元)、競標人數(隱含價格7.611萬元)、房屋現況(非空屋)(隱含價格-18.950萬元)、房屋現況(出租)(隱含價格40.501萬元)、車位(隱含價格80.772萬元)、點交(隱含價格8.8073萬元)、建材(隱含價格69.748萬元)、建物型態(一樓) (隱含價格648.856萬元)、建物型態(大樓) (隱含價格674.94萬元)、建物型態(公寓) (隱含價格464.385萬元)、建物型態(透天) (隱含價格516.971萬元)、房價指數(隱含價格-8.888萬元)、區位變數(台北市) (隱含價格80.429萬元)。
2.分別比較台北縣市法拍屋資料,可以發現持分土地價格(+)、競標人數(+)、車位有無(+)、是否點交(+)對台北市法拍屋拍定價格影響較大;而總建物面積(+)、拍次(-)、建材(+)、建物型態、房價指數(-)對台北縣拍交價格影響則較大。 / Real estate properties are real assets that can produce goods and service in the economy. Among them, the foreclosure market has become an imperative means to acquiring a house. The auction market in Taiwan is composed of non-performing assets. They’ll have a discount up to 20% in every action. Is this a really good target to invest? In fact, houses are heterogeneity assets; they can only be estimated correctly by controlling of variables such as location variables and the physical condition of the property. Moreover, the listing price of foreclosure is quite different from that of an ordinary house. It is first calculated by appraisers, and the final listing price is obtained by the negotiation of the court, creditor and debtor. Thus, there could be mispricing of list price, and this mispricing is expected to have an impact on the selling price.
This study applies Hedonic model and uses data from year 2000 to 2002 of Taipei City and Taipei County to examine the effect of these physical and foreclosure elements on the selling price of foreclosure and thus reach the following conclusions:
1.All the foreclosure and physical condition variables are remarkable in our sample, as well as the location variable. They are degree of underpricing, total building area, holding land price, the bid times, numbers of bidders, current status of this building, parking space, situation of handing over item by item, building material, object type, housing price index and location.
2.It shows that holding land price(+),numbers of bidders(+),parking space(+),situation of handing over item by item(+) have greater influence on the foreclosure selling price in Taipei city while total area(+),number of auctions(-), material used(+),object type, and housing price index(-) weight more on the selling price in Taipei county.
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House Money and Investment Risk Taking / 賭資與投資風險承擔徐苑玲, Hsu,Emma Y. Unknown Date (has links)
We investigate the effect of house money on individual investors. Our empirical evidence suggests that house money effect shows up in real-world financial markets, not just in artificial laboratory experiments.
The results reveal a strong house money effect and show that investors tend to buy up trend stocks once they have experienced a prior gain. Only when a significant gain is being considered, does an individual become more inclined to take a risk. When the influence of a significant gain gradually depreciates over time, the greater tendency to take risk also diminishes. We find that individual investors exhibit the disposition effect— reluctant to realize losses and more willing to realize gains. They frequently realize small gains and less frequently take large losses, such a behavior may hurt their wealth because their gains are lower than their losses.
Analyses of portfolio holdings reveal that individual investors hold relatively few different stocks and focus on a small number of stocks with which they are familiar. Their investment choice is driven by familiarity bias which diminishes the strength of the house money effect. When evaluate an investment gain, investors’ reference points adapt over time and the currently-salient reference point is the highest stock price attained some time ago.
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高社交焦慮者在指示遺忘作業之回憶表現--從遺忘觀點探討記憶偏誤 / Memory Bias in Socially Anxious Individuals: A Perspective from Directed Forgetting林肇賢, LIN, CHAO-HSIEN Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要目的在於運用指示遺忘作業探討高社交焦慮者是否有記憶偏誤現象。高社交焦慮組24人與低社交焦慮組20人參與正式實驗,受試者被要求依據指示記住或忘記三種類型刺激詞(社交威脅、中性、社交正向)。作業結果未發現任何顯著之組間差異,但進一步分析發現,在指示記住項目的回憶上,所有受試者皆回憶出較多的社交正向詞(相對於中性詞以及社交威脅詞),顯示記憶的正向偏誤,然而,在指示忘記項目的回憶上,正向偏誤的現象僅出現在低社交焦慮組,不見於高社交焦慮組。此外,相關分析顯示,高社交焦慮組的FNE量表(Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale)得分與指示記住的社交正向詞回憶量成正相關,與指示忘記的社交威脅詞回憶量成負相關;低社交焦慮組的FNE量表得分與指示記住的社交正向詞回憶量成負相關。這些結果顯示高社交焦慮者可能缺乏正向偏誤的保護機制,較一般人更容易遺忘正向評價訊息,因而更容易受到負面評價的影響,於是他們傾向抑制負向評價訊息的回憶,將注意力投注在非威脅訊息,並努力記住正向評價,換言之,他們透過逃避負面評價的方式來維持良好的自我形象。 / The purpose of the present study was to utilize the directed forgetting task to investigate the memory bias in socially anxious individuals. Performance on a directed forgetting task was assessed in socially anxious (n=24) and nonanxious (n=20) individuals. Participants were presented with three types of words (negative social, neutral, positive social) and were cued to either remember or forget each word as it was presented. There were no between-groups differences on a free recall task for words in both remember and forget conditions. Follow-up analyses demonstrated that all subjects recalled more positive social words than either neutral words or negative social words in the remember condition, revealing the positive memory bias. However, only nonanxious individuals showed such positive memory bias in the forget condition, while high-social-anxiety individuals did not. Moreover, in the social anxiety group, the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNE) scores were positively related to the recall of positive social “to-be-remembered” words, and negatively related to the recall of negative social “to-be-forgotten” words. In the control group, FNE scores were negatively related to the recall of positive social “to-be-remembered” words. These results suggest that the protective positive bias was absent in socially anxious individuals. Thus, they were more likely than nonanxious individuals to forget positive evaluative information; therefore, they were vulnerable to negative evaluation. Furthermore, people with excessive social anxiety might try hard to inhibit the recall of negative evaluation and to remember positive evaluation. In other words, they made an effort to maintain a good impression by avoiding negative evaluative information.
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健康風險評估中的樂觀化偏誤現象-台北市六所幼稚園家長對腸病毒問題之解讀陳麗萍 Unknown Date (has links)
據衛生署疾病管制局的統計資料顯示,在1998年時,共有四百多位重症病例,其中74位死亡。至此之後,每年都有相關的重症病例及死亡人數傳出。因此,每年到了流行的高峰期,政府相關單位即透過各種管道來傳遞腸病毒的相關知識,然而,這真的促使學童家長正視疾病發生的可能性嗎?
在Weinstein的一系列研究中發現,人們有一種傾向,那就是在經驗不幸的事物時,我們會有所謂不切實際的樂觀。傳統上,對於上述現象的產生,大都僅從心理學層面來做探討。但研究者認為這樣的解釋過於單純,因為其並沒有進一步考慮到,健康資訊在傳遞的過程中,可能因為傳播管道的不同及個人間不同的社會人口特徵,而造成不同的個人對此健康資訊的解讀有差異,並影響其對健康風險的評估。
因此,本研究想探討的是,腸病毒相關的健康資訊在透過不同的傳播管道傳遞時,如何影響學童家長來評估家中學童的健康風險?是否有所謂樂觀化偏誤現象出現?學童家長及學童間,不同的社會人口特徵,像是學童家長的性別、.學童家長的教育程度、學童本身是否曾罹患腸病毒,及學童本身的健康狀況,是否也會影響學童家長對健康風險的評估?是否有所謂樂觀化偏誤現象出現?
從實證資料中發現,在自覺健康風險層面上,受大眾傳播管道影響的學童家長較受人際傳播管道影響的學童家長高。從這其實可以看出,大眾傳播媒體在提醒學童家長注意腸病毒問題時,的確有很大的功效。但受大眾傳播管道影響的學童家長,在評估家中學童的健康風險時,確實存在樂觀化偏誤現象,這也證實了Tyler所說的,大眾傳播媒介僅對評估他人風險有影響,但在評估己身的風險上,大眾媒介就顯得較無影響力。而學童家長的教育程度,及學童本身是否曾罹患腸病毒等社會行為層面,研究者證實教育程度愈高的學童家長,其自覺健康風險程度愈低,其樂觀化偏誤現象也愈明顯。這證實過去研究所指出的,高教育程度者或許對許多議題都自認為自己是專家,容易低估他人對訊息的判斷力,並因而認為他人比自己容易被傳播訊息說服。家中學童曾罹患腸病毒者,雖有較高的自覺健康風險,但也出現了所謂的樂觀化偏誤現象。
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英美學生華語時間表述方位詞之第二語言習得 / L2 Acquisition of Spatial Words in Chinese Time Expressions by English-speaking Learners吳品嬅 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在探討母語為英語之外籍學生華語時間表述方位詞之第二語言習得,藉由實證研究發現結果,瞭解外籍學生之時間表述方位詞習得順序,進而歸納出所可能出現之偏誤及其他影響因素。其主要研究議題包括「時間表述方位詞之習得順序」、「母語對外籍學生習得之影響」、「不同程度學習者可能出現之偏誤類型」、「習得發展之趨勢」、「理解層面與應用層面之差異」。本研究採取質性研究方法,以六個月時間觀察外籍學生之第二語言習得。研究對象主要為三名來自初級、中級及中高級之英美學生,每個月進行一次測驗,共計六次。測驗題型含兩大類:「文法選擇」及「看圖說故事」。
研究結果顯示,對母語為英語之外籍學生而言,「上下類」表時結構較「前後類」表時結構容易習得,因其母語並無「上下類」相應用法,導致出現偏誤次數較「前後類」來得低。而分析四個方位詞時,亦發現「下>後>上>前」之順序,說明了對母語為英語之外籍學生而言,表「未來」概念之方位詞較為容易掌握。其次,外籍學生易出現之偏誤類型可分為「錯序」、「誤代」、「誤加」、「遺漏」四大類,其中,初級程度出現偏誤以「誤代」為主,中級程度則是以「誤加」出現次數較多,而中高級程度雖是以「誤代」為主,但出現次數明顯降低許多。第三,由測驗結果可看出,外籍學生在理解及應用層面之發展不一,學生在理解層面掌握較快,應用層面則是相對較晚。
本研究同時依據實證結果提供教學活動設計,並提出相關教學建議,以作為日後教師教學時之參考。 / The purpose of the thesis is to conduct a qualitative study to investigate the L2 acquisition of spatial words in Chinese time expressions by English-speaking learners. The major issues addressed include: the acquisition of Chinese spatial words, L1 transfer, L2 error types, L2 learners’ developmental sequences, and differences between comprehension and production. Three subjects were selected from different proficiency levels: beginning, low intermediate, and intermediate. Each subject was observed and assessed monthly for six months. A comprehension task (i.e. a grammatical judgment task) and a production task (i.e. a picture-cue description task) were employed to examine the subjects’ L2 acquisition of Chinese time expressions and their responses were compared with the findings obtained from 12 native controls.
The overall results are as follows: First, for English-speaking learners, the shang-xia ‘up-down’ type of time expressions was easier than qian-hou ‘before-after’ type. This is because there are no corresponding “up-down” expressions in the subjects’ mother tongue. Moreover, a hierarchical sequence of L2 time expressions was found: xia ‘down’> hou ‘after’> shang ‘up’> qian ‘before,’ implying that future time expressions were less challenging than past time expressions. Second, it was found the subjects’ common errors included “wrong omission,” “wrong addition,” “wrong substitution,” and “wrong word order.” The beginning and low-intermediate L2 learners’ major errors were of the “wrong substitution” type, but the intermediate L2 learner’s error was of the “wrong substitution” type. Third, there was a significant difference between the subjects’ comprehension and production. The subjects performed better on the grammaticality judgment task than on the picture description task.
Finally, given the developmental order found in the present study, a lesson plan is designed for teaching Chinese time expressions to foreign students in the L2 Chinese classroom.
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利用神經心理作業初探臺灣地區海洛因戒治者之認知功能研究 / The cognitive function research of the abstinent heroin users in Taiwan by using neuropsychological task黃華妮 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要是利用國內的海洛因戒治者,透過神經心理作業探討長期使用海洛因對於個體在注意力偏誤、轉換彈性和抑制能力上的影響。
根據Robinson和Berridge(1993, 2003)的理論認為成癮嚴重度越高,藥物相關線索的注意力偏誤越明顯;然而,根據Di Chiara(2000)提出關於整合誘因和習慣的觀點,認為成癮的注意力偏誤和趨向行為會受到不同的成癮嚴重度(輕度或重度成癮)或成癮階段(早期或習慣化後期)而有不同的結果,另外,以往的執行功能損害也支持Robinson和Berridge(1993, 2003)成癮嚴重度的觀點,因此本研究企圖同時檢驗上述兩者觀點。
本研究篩選111名台中戒治所和看守所的海洛因戒治者,分別根據不同的成癮嚴重程度分類方式分組(依賴嚴重度量表、不同頻率、施用方式),加上29名健康對照組,共140名受試均需完成自陳氏量表、紙筆測驗和各項神經心理測驗(Stroop叫色作業、威斯康辛卡片分類測驗、Go/No Go作業)。
研究結果指出海洛因戒治者相較對照組確實在注意力偏誤、認知彈性轉換、以及反應抑制能力有損害的趨勢,而且似乎較符合Di Chiara(2000)提出整合誘因和習慣的觀點,認為成癮者的認知功能會與成癮嚴重度成負向關係。
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不動產估價人員估值決定行為之研究李易璇 Unknown Date (has links)
不動產的高度異質常使得市場參與者蒙受相當大的不確定性,若不動產市場參與者能對於不動產價值有效預測與掌握,將可以減少所面臨的風險。因此,不動產估價人員提供的專業服務-估價訊息,逐漸形成市場運作的一環。而估價(valuation)除了是一種技術過程之外,也是一種「行為」過程,終究離不開人的執行問題。
本論文嘗試以認知心裡學中肯證偏誤角度,探討不動產估價人員於決定估值時可能發生的偏誤,藉此瞭解估價人員是否會於必要的估價程序前,一個不容易改變的自信估值已經決定;而這樣提早產生估值的行為,是否足以影響估價結果。
本論文採取問卷調查方式進行課題之實證,問卷預試方法則以認知訪談予以修正。結果得到台灣估價人員並非依照理論模式決定估值,隱含採取捷思法的價格決定方式;而且越早決定估值的估價人員對於認知合理區間越大。另外,發現年資兩年以上與所處公司或估價部門規模越大的估價人員,其估值決定較早,這可能來自於可靠交易資訊不足之下估價必須大量倚賴經驗以及大規模公司可接觸的訊息多樣之緣故。
關鍵字:不動產估價、估價程序、行為研究、肯證偏誤
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衡量公帑節省價值評估中的風險移轉:樂觀偏誤估計方法之初步研究 / Measurement of Risk Transfer in Value of Money Assessment: Preliminary Study on Estimation of Optimism Bias何俞賢 Unknown Date (has links)
鑒於財政負擔加重以及對政府服務效率之檢討,歐美各國逐步發展出以民間融資創建 (Private Finance Initiative, PFI) 之方式提供公共服務。為判斷由政府自辦或PFI 何者較具效益,英國政府提出公帑節省價值 (Value for Money, VfM) 評估。經考量專案全生命週期之成本,並調整風險與折現後,若公私協力較政府自辦在相同服務水準下所需成本較少,則稱其具備VfM。公私協力主要效益之一在於將部分建造及營運之風險由政府移轉予民間。因此,如何量化可移轉之風險對VfM的評估結果影響甚鉅。英國提出以「樂觀偏誤」 (optimism bias, OB) 量化由政府自辦須承擔的追加預算、延遲完工或利益短少之風險,並委託 Mott MacDonald 研究過去重大公共採購案件,得出樂觀偏誤之參考值,提供評估者合理估算樂觀偏誤的基準。本文研究英國的評估方式及經驗,針對 Mott MacDonald 之研究方法作進一步研討。接著以臺灣機場捷運建設案為例,計算其樂觀偏誤,並嘗試運用 Mott MacDonald 之研究方法加以分析。最後探討 Mott MacDonald 之研究方法在臺灣運用的適切性,且對樂觀偏誤之研究方法提出建議。
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非抽樣誤差之推測與控制之研究馬德人, Ma, De-Ren Unknown Date (has links)
第一章為緒論, 將偏誤的影響作一討論。第二章為無反應誤差, 研究其效應並利用訪
查法以減少誤差。第三章為測量誤差, 先建立模型, 將均方誤分解, 再討論測量誤差
對於均方誤各分量之影響, 最後為測量誤差之研究方法—貫穿子樣本法及比較法。第
四章為敏感問題, 敏感問題甚易造成非抽樣誤差, 故建立隨機反應法及無關問題法 ,
以推定母體之比例或平均數。第五章為實證分析, 將第四章的方法應用於實際問題—
求台北市內兒科醫師每月平均收入, 並和傳統直接問題法比較分析, 最後作檢討與改
進。第六章為結論, 將上述各種方法予以綜合說明並加以補充。
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選樣偏誤模型在選舉預測上的應用周應龍, Chou, Ying-Lung Unknown Date (has links)
本研究認為,在調查訪問中,選民是否表態並不是隨機產生的,一旦不表態的選民是因為某些因素而導致其不表態,只以表態者所建立的模型便存在選樣偏誤的問題。因此本研究便是希望經由處理「選樣偏誤」的問題之後,可以得到一個足以代表母體的正確投票模型,筆者將之稱為「選樣偏誤模型」,再利用「選樣偏誤模型」中校正後的參數估計值去推估未表態選民的投票意向,以得到更準確的選舉預測結果。
針對五次選舉(2001年台北縣長選舉、2002年北高市長選舉、2000年及2004年總統選舉)所進行的研究結果發現,當我們未校正選樣偏誤時,我們可能高估給予不同候選人較高評價者之間的差距、藍綠政黨認同者之間的差距、統獨支持者之間的差距;同時也高估了政府首長施政滿意度與省籍的影響。因為願意回答自己投票對象的受訪者,往往是政治偏好相當確定且較強烈的選民,當我們在建構模型時,若只掌握了這些政治偏好較強或較確定的表態者,而忽略政治偏好較弱或較不明確的不表態者,我們極可能高估自變數對應變數的影響。
整體來說,本研究所設定的選樣方程式能夠在勝負差距較小的選舉中,掌握到影響選民是否表態的因素,進而使得選樣偏誤模型發揮校正的功能,在勝負差距較小的選舉中,選樣偏誤模型所預測的候選人得票率,比傳統probit模型來得準確,四個模型的預測得票率與實際得票率的誤差,最小為0.59%,最大也只有1.16%而已。
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