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美國法上標售公司義務(Revlon Duty)之內涵─兼論在我國法下適用之可能 / Analyzing the Concept of Revlon Duty吳亞儒 Unknown Date (has links)
判斷目標公司董事出售公司或控制權的決策是否符合受任人義務是一個困難且重要的問題,因為此種類型的決策董事有可能是出於自身利益也可能是為全體股東利益而為,在此種利益衝突屬於晦暗不明的情況,法院應該要採取怎樣的審查態度一方面可以尊重董事決策的空間,另一方面又可以確保股東的利益被保全,成為本論文最關心的問題。
以我國為例,近年公股銀行民營化或是私募基金收購案例屢見不鮮,共同引發的擔憂就是目標公司董事同意此項併購案到底是因為併購條件有利於全體股東,還是嘉惠特定合作對象而決定?我國企業併購法第5條及第6條要求目標公司董事為併購決議時應盡其注意義務及忠實義務,然董事到底是為「公司」還是「股東」盡其義務似乎仍有疑義;再者,法院似乎亦尚未發展出在個案中判斷董事具體行為是否符合受任人義務的標準,因此本文擬參考美國法上的相關規範,以期解決我國現狀的困境。
德拉瓦州法院在1980年代提出一項標準,當目標公司董事決定要出售公司或控制權時,董事有義務要為股東爭取最好的價格,又稱為「露華濃義務(Revlon Duty)」或「標售公司義務」,有兩個重點值得關注:第一,目標公司董事同意何種併購交易會觸發露華濃義務?此即露華濃適用範圍的討論;第二,目標公司董事一旦觸發露華濃義務,董事應該要採取何種具體措施以符合要求?此即露華濃義務內涵的討論。對應到我國現況,應不應該在特定的併購交易中限縮董事的裁量空間?或提出可供法院參考之指標?
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新移民子女的雙語教育權 / The Children of New Immigrants' Right to Bilingual Education張立亭 Unknown Date (has links)
近年來,台灣的新移民子女人數遽增,其外籍父母又以東南亞籍最多,如何利用新移民家庭的母語資源,以及處理新移民子女特殊的教育需求,遂成為重要的課題,雙語教育措施可能是重要的途徑之一,目前已經藉由火炬計畫、外籍配偶子女輔導計畫等措施付諸實行。
為了探求雙語教育的憲法定位,本文擬先介紹美國、加拿大的雙語教育學理,將雙語教育區分為若干類型,簡介相關的教育心理學、教育社會學研究,以作為討論法律、憲法爭議的前提問題。
本文以美國法作為主要的比較觀察對象,對移民學生提供雙語教育不論是法律上或社會上,在美國都具有極大的爭議性,本文從歷史脈絡、法律沿革、法院判決中進行爬梳整理,探討美國憲法上雙語教育的定位,發現提供雙語教育可能會遭遇某些憲法上的障礙,人民也有可能依據美國憲法來請求雙語教育,另外有部分篇幅討論國際人權法與加拿大憲法的相關規定,作為比較解釋的參照。
比較法的參照可以給我國憲法若干啟示,本文認為,強勢的雙語教育比弱勢的雙語教育更有利,而憲法平等權之規定將會是新移民子女請求雙語教育的最佳途徑。
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電子書閱讀器借閱服務之使用研究:以交通大學圖書館為例 / Examining the Use of E-book Reader Lending Service in National Chiao Tung University Library張淑娟, Chang, Shu Chuan Unknown Date (has links)
近年來臺灣民眾的閱讀習慣開始改變,透過數位載具進行閱讀的人口逐漸增加。面對數位閱讀時代的來臨,圖書館為了推廣數位閱讀,陸續提供電子書閱讀器借閱服務。由於國內圖書館推動這項服務仍在起步階段,針對電子書閱讀器借閱服務之使用研究有其必要性。
因此,本研究以整合性科技接受模式為理論基礎,探討圖書館讀者對電子書閱讀器借閱服務之使用行為、行為意願及其影響因素,並分析讀者之性別、教育程度、學院別、數位閱讀載具使用經驗、電子書使用經驗等個人特徵,對影響因素與行為意願之調節效果。
本研究以交通大學的學生為研究對象,並以「交通大學圖書館電子書閱讀器借閱服務之使用調查」問卷為研究工具。問卷調查結果以描述統計、相關分析、多元迴歸分析與階層迴歸分析進行分析,研究結果如下:
1.讀者主要透過同儕分享得知電子書閱讀器借閱服務;
2.讀者使用電子書閱讀器借閱服務之主要動機為體驗使用iPad 2;
3.閱讀電子書是讀者使用電子書閱讀器借閱服務之主要用途;
4.網路免費電子書是讀者閱讀電子書的主要來源;
5.讀者主要利用Google或其他搜尋引擎查詢電子書;
6.讀者閱讀電子書時遭遇的困難以眼睛疲倦感與電子書內容不足佔最多數;
7.讀者對iPad 2閱讀電子書的整體經驗多數感到滿意;
8.讀者未借用iPad 2的最主要原因是不知有電子書閱讀器借閱服務,再者是iPad 2數量不足;
9.多數讀者願意使用電子書閱讀器借閱服務,也願意繼續使用該服務,並樂意推薦他人;
10.讀者使用電子書閱讀器借閱服務的行為意願之影響因素包括:績效期望、努力期望與社群影響,其中社群影響最具預測力;
11.讀者的性別、教育程度、學院別、數位閱讀載具使用經驗、電子書使用經驗等五項個人特徵對影響因素與行為意願之關係不具調節效果。
本研究針對上述結果加以討論,並提出相關建議,提供圖書館推行該服務,以及未來研究之參考。 / In recent years people's reading habits have begun to change, and the population of digital reading device users has been growing gradually. Face with the coming era of digital reading, libraries provide e-book reader lending services one after another in order to promote digital reading. Since the library services in Taiwan are still at the initial stage, it is necessary to examine the use of e-book reader lending service.
Therefore this study was based on UTAUT(Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology). The purpose of this study was to investigate reader's behavior, intention and determinants toward e-book reader lending service, and examine moderators of the relationships between determinants and intention, including gender, education, academy, digital reading device experience and e-book experience.
In this research, students at National Chiao Tung University were chosen as the testing participants. The instruments used in the study was the National Chiao Tung University Library E-book Reader Lending Service Use Survey. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, multiple regression analysis, and hierarchical regression. The findings of the study were as follows:
1.Most readers know about e-book reader lending service by peer sharing;
2.The motivation of most readers using e-book reader lending service is to try iPad 2;
3.Majority of readers use e-book reader lending service for reading e-books;
4.Most readers read e-books that are from internet and for free;
5.Majority of readers find e-books on Google or other search engines;
6.Most readers have difficulty with reading e-books because of eyestrain and lack of content;
7.Most readers feel satisfied with the e-book reading experience on the iPad 2;
8.Majority of readers have not borrowed the iPad 2 because of not knowing the service and lack of iPad 2;
9.Most readers willing to use e-book reader lending service and use the service continuously. They also willing to recommend others to use the service;
10.The determinants of intention to use e-book reader lending service among students at National Chiao Tung University include performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence. The predictive power of social influence is highest among all determinants.
11.Personal characteristics of the readers including gender, education, academy, digital reading device experience and e-book experience don't moderate the relationships between determinants and intention.
According to the findings above, this study provided some suggestions for libraries to promote the service, and future research suggestions.
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容積移轉接受基地居住環境品質改變認知與政策滿意度之研究-以新北市中和地區為例 / A Study of Cognitive and Policy Satisfaction of the Residential Environment Quality Changes in the Transfer Development Right Receiving Area - A Case Study of Zhong He District in New Taipei City高筱菁, Kao, Hsiao Ching Unknown Date (has links)
在都市發展環境當中,居住環境品質取決於居住者本身之感受程度,可分為內部環境及外部空間結構,內部環境係指針對居住者本身所在的生活圈裡,外部空間結構則多半為公共設施的鄰近程度、交通便利性及嫌惡設施等因素,世界衛生組織曾於1961年世界衛生報告中提出理想居住環境為安全性、健康性、便利性、舒適性等基本理念,經由探索性、驗證性因素,分析彙整出解釋社區居民對居住環境品質之衡量著力點在於實體性、社區服務與管理、現代化等三大方面,因此居民感受度是與前開四種基本理念相呼應的。
在針對居住環境品質與社區滿意度相關文獻探討後發現,居住環境品質多與社區滿意度有關聯,顯示在建構生活品質模式應先將領域分群,透過客觀、認知及評估因子,即可呈現各領域的滿意度。
為解決公共設施保留地取得、歷史建築物保存及公共開放空間之提供等議題,我國開始實施容積移轉制度,主要目的為追求環境寧適、健全實質建設、保留彈性立法規則及民眾參與,惟接受基地在注入原基準容積後,其鄰近居民之居住環境品質是否受到影響及衝擊,為本研究所關注之重點;本研究係探討容積移轉制度實行迄今,接受基地容積移轉案件在興建完成後,對週邊土地所帶來之影響。
本研究以容積移轉接受基地興建前後對居住環境品質之問卷調查,以新北市中和地區之接受基地周邊住民作為受訪對象,以因素分析、結構方程模式為分析方法,以五大變數-接受基地興建前既有環境滿意度、接受基地興建後正面環境改善、接受基地興建後負面改變影響、容積移轉政策修正建議及其政策滿意度進行模式驗證;研究結果發現既有環境滿意度對負面改變影響、政策修正建議呈正向影響,對正面環境改善、政策滿意度呈負向影響,另負面改變影響、政策修正建議則具有著之中介效果,該研究可作為未來推動容積移轉制度辦理之修正建議。 / In the urban development environment, living environment quality depends on how residents feel. It can be divided into internal and external spatial structure environments. The internal environment refers to living areas where the residents themselves reside; the external spatial structures are mostly the proximity, accessibility and distaste factors of public facilities. The World Health Organization’s 1961 World Health Report proposed the basic concept of the ideal living environment for safety, health, convenience, comfort, etc. They compiled an analysis of the environmental community to explain the measure of the quality of living through exploratory, confirmatory factors. The analysis compiled an explanation of the way community residents measure environmental quality. The focal point lies in the three aspects of modernization: physical properties, community service and management. Therefore residents' susceptibility echoes the former four basic philosophies.
In regards to the quality of living environment and community satisfaction, after disscussing relevant literature, we found that the quality of living environment correlate with community satisfaction interaction. This shows that during the construction of life quality models, domain clustering should first take place, then go through the analysis of objective factors, perceived factors, evaluated factors before presenting various domains of satisfaction.
However, to address topics on land reserved for the public infrastructure, topics on historical building preservation and public open space topics, Taiwan began to implement transferable development rights control. The main goal of this system was to pursue environmental quality, improve substantive construction, maintain the flexibility of legislative rules and promote public participation. However, the main concern of this study is whether or not the environmental living quality of nearby residents' was affected after the development rights of the receiving area received incremental development rights and built high-rise buildings. This study mainly dicusses ways to implement the so far accepted transferable development rights case after construction is complete, and the effects brought on by the surrounding land.
This study looks at environmental quality before and after transferable development rights acceptance and construction. A questionnaire was designed for this study and was administered to local residents of the Zhong-he, New Taipei City development rights receiving area as target respondents. This study was conducted by way of factor analysis and structural equation modeling analysis. Five variables were proposed, which are variables of nearby residents of the development rights receiving area regarding environmental satisfaction before construction; variables of nearby residents having positive evaluation after construction; variables of nearby residents having negative evaluation after construction; variables of nearby residents regarding transferable development rights policy amendment; variables of nearby residents regarding transferable development rights policy satisfaction, to conduct a model confirmatory.
The results show that environmental satisfaction variables have a positive impact on negative evaluation variables and policy amendment variables, but have a negative impact on positive evaluation variables and policy satisfaction. In addition, negative evaluation variables have indirect effects on policy amendments. This study can be used as a reference for the implementation of the transferable development rights system in handling amendments in the future.
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政治受難者之受害地志工參與歷程—國家人權博物館個案研究 / The transformation and transcendence of the traumatic memories of White Terror as the surviving victims returned to the sites of terror to work as volunteer narrators. - the National Human Rights Museum for Case Study.王逸群, Wang, Yi Chun Unknown Date (has links)
本論文探討的是,六十五年前台灣受過苦難的白色恐怖政治受難者重回受害地,成為人權博物館兩園區志工之傷痕記憶轉化歷程。此歷程從個人傷痕記憶著手,含括他們參與人權館說故事後的自我轉化,及轉化後對該館於臺灣社會實踐轉型正義中的角色扮演期待。探索個體與集體記憶是件困難的事,是故起點回到綠島、景美兩處受難地,幽暗無聲卻蘊含飽滿故事的場所,參觀者在此可認識歷史並感受他們受過的苦難。
研究動機肇始於,研究者觀察到不是每位經歷過苦難的人都能重回曾經的受害地,更遑論驅離自己內心的黑暗,點亮傳遞人權之火。很多人仍噤聲不語的生活,惟卻有幾十位受難者志工願意回到園區,說出自己的經歷。國家暴力導致之歷史事件,讓他們成為監獄受害地的一部分,監獄經過社會政治制度的轉變成為博物館,出獄多年後或遺忘或埋藏的人與事,當再進入博物館重見押房牆面留存舊時斑駁痕跡,便即喚起他們內心的傷痕記憶。情境讓記憶甦醒,園區成為說故事場所,他們說故事也觸動個人生命轉化。
研究對象以1950~1970年代十位不同意識型態受難者志工為主,研究者經過近兩年多長期間的相處觀察,與兩個多月訪談分析,看見與熟悉著不同受訪對象的情緒風貌,瞭解他們傷痕記憶的異與同,經歸納分析後,提出不同年代他們有所差異的傷痕記憶建構模式。
研究者更透過該等模式深刻瞭解,十個故事中個體與集體,彼此記憶交錯的幾種複雜情緒,與情緒及內心正面力量的交互作用;也分析不同傷痕故事中隱存之歷史脈絡,與脈絡及個體在過去所想、所看的當時集體社會狀態之關連。更獲知,另有一群受難者,有別於當下臺灣社會認知主流冤錯假案外之另類記憶。人與空間的複雜關係,在過去,如暗室囚禁的恐懼,強化傷痕記憶深植於受難者心中,此記憶並與實質囚房空間密切聯結著;時空改變後,現在,監獄囚室的受害場所內涵轉化為展示歷史的博物館,空間與傷痕感受聯結之記憶,便以故事形式於人權館再現。人權館成為受難者生命質變的場所,它讓他們說故事的意義變得不一樣,產生自我傷痕解構後的療癒結果,也對不同年代他們,不僅對自我,也對參觀者、更對台灣社會產生正面影響。
本研究發現,轉型正義必須從人開始,積極實踐的基礎則是,賦予社會生活中的每個人應重視人權教育,與點燃其探詢歷史真相的熱忱,及擁有維護社會公平正義的態度。除了前述實踐基礎發現外,受難者與人權館又促成另者改變,個體轉化後對群體社會狀態的正面影響,即參觀過該館的年輕人開始關注阻止身邊不正義的現象,與挺身制止違反公共道德的主動行為。此等個體與群體行為的改變,更強化受難者更積極投身人權館,促成該館公共性價值的形成,此價值是民主制度構成之關鍵核心原點,即是公民參與由下而上的集體動能。此動能再促使該館運作更符合社會各界期待,令它在台灣實踐轉型正義失落中,扮演還原歷史真相、教育思想傳遞的關鍵角色。 / This research was aimed to live through and to record the transformation and transcendence of the 65-year-old bitter, traumatic memories of White Terror as the surviving victims returned to the sites of terror, namely Green Island and Jingmei, now both divisions of Taiwanese National Human Rights Museum, to work as volunteer narrators. The records of this sublimation process started with the victims’ memories of sufferings, and as they began to voluntarily tell their own stories, they turned their personal traumas into eager expectations for the National Human Rights Museum to trigger the practice of transitional justice in the entire Taiwanese society. To explore every piece of individual as well as collective memory, both sites of terror, where gloomy silence used to haunt with heart-breaking stories untold, were repeatedly visited so that the painful history could be relived.
For the rest of their lives, many victims of White Terror could only live in total silence, never to bring themselves back to the place of sufferings again, let alone lighting up the dark corners inside their hearts and passing on the torch of human rights. However, this study was motivated by the observation that several dozens of White Terror victims did come back to where they had been tortured to tell people their sad stories. In the Museum, every little trace on the walls of the preserved prison cells brings back these victims’ traumatic memories. As these victims relive their painful years in prison and share their stories, the Museum becomes a place where history is passed on and life is lifted up to a higher level.
The subjects of this research were ten volunteers, each with a different ideology, who had been prisoned for political reasons during the 1950~1970 period. Through more than two years’ close observation as well as intensive depth interviews that spanned more than two months, the researcher was able to depict these storytellers’ deepest emotions and form a time-bound traumatic memory construction model after analyzing the similarities and differences of the interviewees’ traumatic memories.
By applying the model developed, the researcher was able to detect several complicated emotions hidden behind intertwined individual/collective memories as well as some conflicting interactions between those dark emotions and certain positive energy inside. Meanwhile, the historical context could also be revealed by studying those traumatic stories, and so could the relation between the social status perceived by the individuals and the historical context at that time. Notably, this study also discovered that a certain group of White Terror victims actually bear in mind some alternative memories of fear that are off the mainstream and are distinct from the so-called cases of injustice. Dynamic relationships have always existed between human beings and space. In the past, fears towards the dark prison cells were planted deeply in the victims’ hearts. Yet, as the very site of persecution has been turned into a window for history display, the memories that used to connect the fear and the prison cells have now become stories that are passed on and on for the sake of human rights enhancement. The storytellers’ lives have thus sublimed, for the repeated actions of storytelling have been decomposing and healing the traumas inside their hearts, and having positive influence to the visitors of the Museum and to the whole Taiwanese society as well.
This study has confirmed that transitional justice has to start with people. To actively put transitional justice in practice, every individual in the society has to be well educated to cultivate a good sense of human rights, a positive attitude towards social justice, and enthusiasm for the exploration of historical truths. In the Human Rights Museum, the volunteer narrators have not only transformed their lives from miserable victims into determined social justice promoters but have also influenced and encouraged young visitors to start paying attention to incidences of injustice happening around them and to take actions against them. The positive influences form a cycle and reinforce one another, helping to shape a collective, bottom-up value system that is the very core of democracy.
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簽訂自由貿易協定對產業衝擊之因應策略:以韓國對美國簽訂FTA為例 / The Countermeasures to the Affected Industries when Signing FTAs: A Case Study of KORUS FTA劉偉辰, Liu, Wei Chen Unknown Date (has links)
自由貿易有利有弊,一方面為國內經濟的出口優勢產業開拓新市場,另一方面伴隨著撤除各種貿易壁壘措施,將會使國內弱勢、內需產業遭到衝擊,無法避免國外進口不斷增加帶來的傷害。因此在自由貿易過程中,政府如何制訂對進口競爭引起衝擊的相關救濟問題與貿易調整協助措施,或是補償措施逐漸受到重視,例如美國自1962年開始採取的貿易援助法案(Trade Adjustment Assistance, TAA),後改為貿易調整協助方案,旨在透過協助方式協助貿易自由化下容易受到衝擊的產業與勞工,而韓國也因簽訂美韓 FTA 而制定相似的救濟政策。
本文以韓美FTA作為個案討論,研究發現以韓國角度來看,韓美FTA簽訂快速的原因包含政府及人民的大多數支持、韓國政府對受衝擊產業制定各項因應措施等因素。而這些因應措施無論是在談判階段或是協議簽訂後,都不斷在修正與制定,以達到符合協助受衝擊產業之目的。 / Free trade is accompanied by advantages and disadvantages, it could expand new markets for the export advantageous industries; on the other hand, it could affect the disadvantageous minority industries while removing trade barriers. Thus, it is important how the government sets up the countermeasures or the indemnify measures to ease the harm that foreign import products bring. For instance, the United States have adopted Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) since 1962, it is meant to assist industries and workers that are affected by free trade. South Korea has established similar countermeasures since KORUS FTA was concluded.
This study is a case study of KORUS FTA . It shows that from South Korea’s perspective, it has support among government and people, Korean government has established countermeasures for the affected industries, and all these factors made KOURS FTA took less time to sign than South Korea’s most FTAs. These countermeasures were being amended during the negotiation process and after the FTA was concluded, in order to achieve the goal of assisting affected industries.
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控制權溢價之研究—從凱雷收購東森媒體科技一案出發 / Discussion on control premium – the carlyle group cash-out the Eastern Media international corporation case report陳盈良 Unknown Date (has links)
近年來國內之併購事件隨世界之潮流日趨普遍,然於併購交易中常伴隨著控制權之交易,而我國法規對於控制權和控制股東之定義未明,因而常有不同之解釋空間而有諸多疑問,更遑論進一步討論控制股東之責任或義務。因此,於西元2006年所發生之凱雷收購東森媒體科技一案,論者雖多側重討論所謂「控制權溢價」是否應由全體股東均享,或得由控制股東獨享之議題,然本案實則牽涉議題甚廣,包括控制股東或經營階層的受託義務、公平價格之決定與少數股東之保護等相關問題。
本文認為,控制權之交易在追求效率極大化之同時,仍須於法律追求公平正義下之框架中進行,凱雷收購東森媒體科技案探討的「控制權溢價」存在與否,應僅為評估公平價格的其中一個考量因素。此外,控制權溢價實為一模糊之概念,從經濟學或法律學之角度觀察,其定義與計算方式或有不同,將會有不同的邏輯結果發生。因此,本文將以「控制權溢價」之概念為主軸,貫穿各章節探討控制權交易各層面之問題,並以歐盟與美國德拉瓦州之控制權交易的概念相互比較之,兩者對控制權交易所持立場之不同,因而有不同之法規建構。如歐盟採行之強制公開收購原則,雖直接防堵控制股東利用控制權不當攫取私利,然卻增加了收購成本,從而有礙有效率之控制權交易的進行;反觀美國德拉瓦州,雖允許控制權私利之存在,但亦強調交易程序之公平性,並以各種事前與事後機制,衡平控制股東與少數股東之權益。
本文認為,美國德拉瓦州關於控制權溢價之相關法規範設計較為可採,意即在控制權交易中,應肯認控制權私利的存在以及控制權溢價應可由控制股東獨享之原則,但必須同時強調控制股東之資訊揭露義務以及受託義務之履踐,以確保公平正義之結果。觀察美國法於控制權交易透過法院於具體個案中之細緻處理,我國法規範以及司法實務在相關議題上之論述則似有不足。本文期透過凱雷收購東森媒體科技一案為例,以控制權溢價與控制股東以及小股東之權益衡平為核心,分析美國法院判決及學說理論,並提出本文建議,以作為我國司法實務之基礎。
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慢性疼痛或壓力情境對於類鴉片delta受體的調節與其抗憂鬱功能的改變 / Effects of chronic pain or stress on the modulation of delta opioid receptor and its mediated antidepressant-like effect陳昶名 Unknown Date (has links)
憂鬱症是盛行的精神疾病之一。慢性疼痛或是處在長期壓力情境的患者常與憂鬱症產生共病。在動物研究中,類鴉片delta受體制效劑能產生抗憂鬱效果,並且在發炎性疼痛的研究也指出類鴉片delta受體制效劑能展現抗痛覺過敏的效果。本研究主要利用大白鼠腦室內給予類鴉片delta受體制效劑SNC80以及三環抗憂鬱劑amitriptyline,來探討並比較其所產生的抗憂鬱效果在發炎性疼痛或長期壓力情境下與正常情境下的異同。大白鼠強迫游泳試驗被用來比較測試藥物的抗憂鬱效果;佛氏完全佐劑經由皮下注射至大白鼠右後腳掌底板來產生發炎性疼痛;腎上腺皮質酮經由皮下注射且持續21天來產生長期性壓力;西方墨點法用來檢驗在發炎性疼痛或長期壓力下,類鴉片delta受體蛋白質在大白鼠海馬迴的細胞膜上的改變。另外,拮抗劑實驗則用來確認類鴉片delta受體所產生的抗憂鬱效果。實驗結果顯示,大白鼠在正常情境下,SNC80及amitriptyline皆能產生抗憂鬱效果;然而在發炎性疼痛下,SNC80所產生的抗憂鬱效果有提高的表現,並且類鴉片delta受體蛋白質的數量在海馬迴的細胞膜上也隨著疼痛的時間增長而增加,amitriptyline則跟正常情境下的效果相似。另外,大白鼠在長期性壓力下,SNC80的抗憂鬱效果則沒有提高的表現,並且類鴉片delta受體蛋白質的數量在海馬迴的細胞膜上也未受到改變。本研究透過行為實驗提出類鴉片delta受體制效劑的藥理特性,並用分子生物學的方法來對應行為實驗的結果。本研究可做為未來類鴉片delta受體制效劑在治療慢性疼痛的憂鬱症患者上,可能發展為抗憂鬱藥的一個證據。 / Depression is one of the most prevalent mental illnesses all over the world. Patients with chronic pain or stress often have depression. Previous studies have shown that delta opioid receptor (DOR) agonists produced antidepressant-like effects in animal models and that antihyperalgesic effects of DOR agonists can be enhanced in rats under inflammatory pain. The aim of the study was to investigate and compare the antidepressant-like effects of a DOR agonist, SNC80, and a tricyclic antidepressant, amitriptyline, following intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration in rats under different states. The forced swim test was used to determine the antidepressant-like effects of test compounds. Complete Freund’s adjuvant was injected subcutaneously into the right hind paw of rats to elicit inflammatory pain. Corticosterone was injected subcutaneously once per day for 21 days to induce chronic stress. The western blot was used to quantify the levels of DOR protein on plasma membrane in the hippocampus of rats under inflammatory pain or chronic stress. In addition, antagonist experiment was conducted to verify the receptor mechanism underlying the antidepressant-like effects of DOR agonist. Results indicated that i.c.v. SNC80 and amitriptyline dose-dependently produced antidepressant-like effects in rats under normal state. More importantly, the potency of SNC80-induced antidepressant-like effects, but not amitriptyline, was enhanced in rats under inflammatory pain. In addition, up-regulation of supraspinal DORs was time-dependently associated with enhanced antidepressant-like effects of SNC80 in rats under inflammatory pain. On the other hand, SNC80 did not produce enhanced antidepressant-like effects, and DOR density was not changed in rats under chronic stress. This study provides evidence of the DOR agonist’s state-dependent effects and suggests that DOR agonists may be more effective as potential antidepressants for patients with depression comorbid with chronic pain.
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市地重劃效益與負擔之研究謝靜琪 Unknown Date (has links)
市地重劃是目前落實都市計畫的重要工具之一透過市地重劃可取得十公共設施用地及部分設施之建設經費。在地方政府財源短絀的情況下,市地重劃不啻是為優良之地方建設工具之一。
市地重劃運用使用者付費之觀念,將開發利益以公共設施用地及建設經費的內容,轉換成抵費地之方式回饋社會,目前依法令規定此回饋比例不得超過市地重劃總面積之百分之四十五。然而如何適當地評估開發利益(即市地重劃效益),並依此獲利負擔回饋(即市地重劃負擔)是本研究所欲了解的。本研究藉由地價理論,確定市地重劃效益主要是因為公共設施投資建設所產生之寧適性與可建性,資本化為每宗土地之土地價值一部分而得;其次依分配價值理論與使用者付費方法,確定市地重劃負擔具有類似稅捐性質,其意為每宗土地支付重劃負擔所繳納之土地比例。由此觀點,本研究藉由市地重劃地價函數之建立,依特徵價格法( Hedonic Price Method)建構實證模型,並且選定臺中市第七期及第八期重劃區為實證地區,以討論公共設施投資建設對市地重劃後土地價值的景響程度,2重劃負擔法定比例的經濟意義及土地所有權人對重劃負擔的真實負擔能力,以及3以個體經濟之觀點,衡量土地所有權人對重劃之利益與負擔,願意支付之價格。最後再進一步檢討1現行市地重劃分配計算方式之缺失,2以抵費地支付重負擔之問題,以及3重劃估價方式之間題,並提出改進方向。
本研究經以理論及實證分析,獲得之主要結論為:參與市地重劃之住宅地,透過地方性公共建設投資資本化作用,可獲得相當利益,此時以抵費地方式回饋部分利益是極可行的方式,且依實證結果可知,目前地主支付重劃負擔之實力仍大於法規要求之百分之四十五。因此,若再考慮土地使用變更所獲之超額利益,則回饋利益之比例應遠大於百分之四+五。
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大學生網際網路使用行為、性別、社會焦慮與網路諮商意願、生活適應問題接受網路諮商意願之研究王郁文 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在瞭解台灣地區大學生的網際網路使用行為、性別、社會焦慮與網路諮商意願、生活適應問題接受網路諮商意願之關係。首先,瞭解大學生之網際網路使用行為、社會焦慮、網路諮商意願、生活適應問題接受網路諮商意願之現況,以及其間之性別差異。其次,在瞭解網際網路使用行為與網路諮商意願、生活適應問題接受網路諮商意願之關係;性別與網路諮商意願、生活適應問題接受網路諮商意願之關係;社會焦慮與網路諮商意願、生活適應問題接受網路諮商意願之關係;性別與匿名與否之交互作用;社會焦慮與匿名與否交互作用。
本研究受試者透過網路收集,國內外各大學院校之大學生共484位(國內大學院校學生人,在國外唸書的中國學生人),男性大學生247位,女性大學生237位,所採用之工具為「網際網路使用行為問卷」、「互動焦慮量表」、「網路諮商方式意願調查表」、「生活適應問題接受網路諮商意願調查表」四種。研究中所採用之統計方法包括皮爾森積差相關、多變量變異數分析、典型相關。
本研究之主要結果如下:
一、大學生上網找尋資料、閱讀文章或發表文章的頻率以每天一次以上的人數最多(64.9%),上網與他人交談或寄信回信的頻率,以每天一次以上的頻率最高(48.8%)。每次上網找尋資料、閱讀文章或發表文章的時間,以每次一小時至一小時59分最多(42.1%)。每次上網與他人交談或寄信回信的使用時間,以每次一小時以下最多(45.7%)。對整體網際網路使用滿意度上,逾半數表示滿意,各項網際網路功能中,E-mail、WWW、BBS為大學生的最愛。
二、男性大學生的網際網路使用率高於女性大學生。在每次上網找尋資料、閱讀文章、發表文章、與他人交談、寄信回信的使用時間上,女性大學生平均使用時間皆高於男性大學生。整體網際網路使用經驗滿意度,女性大學生高於男性大學生。
三、全體大學生在面對權威人物與陌生情境時,皆易感到社會焦慮,社會互動情境易覺得緊張、不自在。男性大學生在面對權威人物、陌生情境及社會互動情境焦慮,較女性大學生易有焦慮的情形。
四、不匿名網路諮商與需要見面網路諮商,大學生接受意願最低。匿名且不需見面網路諮商,男女大學生接受度最高。不匿名且需要見面網路諮商,接受度最低。需要見面網路諮商在匿名與不匿名兩種情況下,男性大學生接受意願皆高於女性大學生。
五、大學生對生活與生涯適應問題,願意採取不匿名網路諮商,在性、愛、人際關係、家庭關係、身心困擾,皆傾向匿名網路諮商。男女大學生在生活與生涯適應,願意採取不匿名網路諮商,其餘皆傾向匿名網路諮商。
六、大學生網際網路使用行為的不同,並未在匿名情況下之網路諮商意願達到顯著差異。
七、大學生在網際網路使用次數、每次使用時間等各行為上的不同,在不匿名情況下之網路諮商意願,並未達到顯著差異,但對網路使用經驗滿意度高之大學生,對網路諮商的接受意願較高。
八、大學生在網際網路使用行為上的不同,在生活適應問題接受網路諮商意願上,並未達到顯著差異。
九、在匿名情況下,男性大學生在「需要見面網路諮商」的網路諮商意願上,較女性大學生有較高的意願。
十、在不匿名情況下,男性大學生在「需要見面網路諮商」的網路諮商意願上,較女性大學生有較高的意願。
十一、男性大學生在面臨「性、愛、人際關係」生活適應問題時,較女性大學生願意採取匿名的方式接受網路諮商。
十二、大學生的社會焦慮,匿名情況下,在接受網路諮商的意願上,並未有顯著正相關。
十三、越具有「權威人物與陌生情境焦慮」與「緊張彆扭」社會焦慮大學生,越不傾向接受,在不匿名情況下之「不需見面網路諮商」與「需要見面網路諮商」的網路諮商。
十四、大學生的社會焦慮,與生活適應問題接受網路諮商意願,並未有顯著的正相關。
十五、大學生的性別與匿名抑否未呈現顯著交互作用,匿名抑否達顯著差異。在「不需見面網路諮商」,大學生在接受網路諮商意願上,接受匿名方式的意願,高於不匿名方式。在「需要見面網路諮商」,大學生在接受網路諮商意願上,接受匿名方式的意願,高於不匿名方式。
十六、大學生的社會焦慮與匿名抑否未有顯著交互作用,匿名抑否達顯著性差異。在「不需見面網路諮商」,大學生在接受網路諮商意願上,接受匿名方式的意願,高於不匿名方式。在「需要見面網路諮商」,大學生在接受網路諮商意願上,接受匿名方式的意願,高於不匿名方式。
十七、全體大學生其性別、網際網路使用行為、社會焦慮、網路諮商意願、生活適應問題接受網路諮商意願之間,顯著的具有典型相關,較常使用Netmeeting的大學生,不論在匿名或不匿名情況下之「需要見面網路諮商」,有較高的接受意願,對「性、愛、人際關係」之生活適應問題,對網路諮商也有較高的接受度。
本研究根據上述結果加以討論,並提出若干建議以供未來研究及教育與輔導工作之參考。
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