本研究探討台灣於 2013 年接軌國際會計準則（IFRS）後，上市公司對於關係人交易揭露情形之改變。整體而言，財務報表附註之關係人交易段落中揭露的文字大幅減少，透過檢視公報規範及 2013 年實務上之揭露情形，可發現揭露方式的改變是導致關係人資訊驟減的主要原因，大部分上市公司不再提供個別重要關係人之交易資訊。 另外，本文實證研究發現，股權的偏離、負債比率及公司的規模，會讓揭露字數衰減的幅度更為嚴重，但是獨立董事比例愈高的公司，衰減的幅度會被減緩。進一步迴歸分析則指出，就交易事項而言，造成揭露字數下降最關鍵的因素是關係人銷貨和關係人應收（付）帳款票據。具體言之，國內採行 IFRS 並未提升關係人交易揭露品質，且公司各層面的因素對其品質有所影響，主管機關應該加強上市櫃公司關係人交易之審查以及個別重要關係人資訊之揭露。

本研究探討我國行政院金融監督管理委員會於2009年5月14日宣布台灣將於2013年全面接軌國際會計準則(IFRS)之市場反應，本文分別從導入IFRS對企業之淨效益以及財務報表使用者之資訊環境兩個觀點檢視資本市場之反應。實證結果顯示整體而言市場認為我國接軌國際會計準則是一項好消息，且金融業受益程度亦高於一般之產業。進一步的迴歸分析則顯示，越有增額吸引外資潛力（以一減外資持股比率衡量）、成長機會（以股東權益市價淨值比衡量）以及增資記錄（過去三年有增資記錄衡量）等因素之企業，股票市場對此事件的正向反應越強。此外，在財務報表使用者資訊環境方面，本研究發現異常應計數越高、應計品質越差與交易者間資訊越不對稱的公司，股票市場則對此事件正向反應較弱，其原因可能為以原則基礎導向之國際會計準則後，使得一般投資者運用財務報表需要的解讀能力與公司可能進行盈餘管理的空間也均提高，造成公司價值的變化與這些因素有關。具體而言，本文證據支持與主管機關對於導入國際會計準則的預期：造成促進國際資金流入以及降低資金取得成本。然而，本文的實證結果也同時顯示，股票市場對於國際會計準則係以原則基礎而非規則基礎之潛在疑慮。 / This study examines market reaction to the announcement of the IFRS adoption in Taiwan by 2003, and finds relationship between abnormal returns and both net benefits of enterprises and information environments of investors. The empirical results show that the announcement is a positive message to capital markets, especially financial services companies. Furthermore, this study finds incrementally positive reaction to enterprises which have one of the following characteristics may proxy of higher net benefit: more potential to gain foreign capital, growth opportunity and recent capital raising record; but companies with worse information environments indicate by higher abnormal accrual, lower accrual quality and higher information symmetry between investors exhibit lower abnormal returns in event periods. Conclusively, our empirical results are consistent with expectations of competent authority which enlarge foreign capital inflow and lower capital-raising cost, but it is worth to note the principle-based accounting standard faces potential concerns by stock markets.

人壽保險業為特許行業，各國基於不同監理目的而有不同會計處理規定，導致各國會計差異問題的浮現。台灣自 2011 年 1 月 1 日起正式 適用國際財務報導準則保險合約第一階段規範與國際接軌，其為過渡性準則，乃說明保險合約之定義、合約之認列與衡量及其揭露等，實施後影響不大。但實施後保險業仍存在對資產採公平價值評價，而對負債 (責任準備金) 採成本法評價之不一致現象。因此，為達資產負債 管理的一致性，將實施 IFRS 4 Phase II，對保險負債採公平價值評價並 規定保險負債須以無風險利率評價。本研究將在 IFRS 4 Phase II 對負債公平價值的規範架構下，以壽險 業商品的準備金為例，評估 IFRS 4 Phase II 實施後其準備金價值及公 司財報損益所會產生的差異。此外，探討 IFRS 4 Phase II 實施後對壽 險業的評價影響，諸如服務邊際、現金價值與風險調整，包含此財務揭露改變是否將對壽險業之商品類型造成影響。 / Life insurance corporation should be granted a franchise by the government in every countries. The purpose of supervision based on different countries have different accounting rules, leading to differences in national accounting problems. Taiwan has officially adopted the framework of International Financial Reporting Standards 4 Phase I since January 1, 2011. IFRS 4 Phase I is a transitional guidelines, which includes some definitions of insurance contracts. The principles of IFRS Phase I doesn’t cause serious effects for life insurance corporations. However, the problem of mismatching between the fair value of assets and the book value of liabilities still exists. Therefore, in order to achieve consistency management in asset and liability, the fair value valuation for liabilities is required under the frame work of IFRS 4 Phase II In our research, we would take a policy for example to evaluate the fair value of liabilities under the framework of IFRS 4 Phase II. Besides, we also analyze the the influences for life insurance companies after applying the IFRS 4 Phase II.

近年來，政府會計之改革為各國探討之議題，本研究探討當政府公部門財務報告採用國際會計準則編製，並且經過獨立審計機關查核後，對其發行公債之殖利率利差之影響。本研究從英國債務管理辦公室及倫敦證券交易所之資料庫，蒐集英國中央政府發行公債之資訊，以 2006 年至 2014 間有交易行為之公債為樣本，進行迴歸分析。結果顯示，公債殖利率利差與採用國際會計準則呈現顯著負相關，意即政府報表採用國際財務報導準則，會使市場投資人獲得更透明之財務資訊，而預期公債之無法償還風險降低，且更加願意投資公債。除此之外，當政府提供依國際財務報導準則編製之政府財務報告，再經過會計師查核，審計效果與殖利率利差亦呈現負相關。敏感性測試則指出，當不考慮金融危機的非常規狀況時，同樣可以顯示出相同結果。 / The reform of government accounting systems has become a trend in many countries during recent decades. This study investigates the effect on sovereign bond yield spread of adopting IFRS in government sector, and how yield spreads might be affected after financial reports are audited. Data of tradable UK sovereign bonds are collected from UK Debt Management Office and London Stock Exchange for the period of 2006-2014. Based on the results of regression analysis, the adoption of IFRS by UK governments is negatively associated with gilt bond yield spreads, which means sovereign risk is perceived to be lower by the investors after the adoption of IFRS by central government. When the IFRS-based government financial reports are audited, negative connections between audited reports and yield spreads provide further evidence that investors show higher faith in the sovereign bonds. Additionally, the results remain the same when data of 2009, an abnormal year because of world financial crisis are added back to the regression.

台灣上市上櫃公司從2013年開始依照國際財務報導準則編製財務報告，並依國際會計準則第41號之規定，生物資產原則上以公允價值認列及衡量。本文採用個案研究的方式，探討以公允價值認列及衡量之生物資產是否提供財務報表使用者更為攸關之資訊。 整體而言，本文並未發現我國農業公司採用國際會計準則第41號後，財務報表資訊與股價攸關性顯著提高。其原因可能和實務上普遍存在之契作合約之經營模式有關，導致生物資產佔總資產的比例較低，又樣本公司持有之生物資產生命週期皆短於一個營業週期，因此雖然生物資產以公允價值認列及衡量，對股價的攸關及影響程度有限。 / Listed companies in Taiwan are required to prepare financial reports using IFRS starting in 2013. Therefore, biological assets within the scope of IAS 41 are measured on initial recognition and at subsequent reporting dates at fair value less estimated costs to sell, unless fair value cannot be reliably measured. This study examines whether the fair value of biological assets provide investors with more value relevant information. Overall, this study only finds weak evidence that the fair value of biological assets provide significant explanatory power beyond that provided by historical costs. Leveraging contract farming agreement helps companies transfer the main risk and ownership to a third party and thus weaken the incremental information relevancy of fair value measurements. The short life cycle of the biological assets of the sample may also contribute to the weak results.

順應國際會計準則發展趨勢，我國於2008年12月發布財務會計準則第40號公報「保險合約之會計處理準則」，並自2011年1月1日施行。面臨第40號公報與過去截然不同的會計處理程序與財報揭露要求，本國保險公司是否已有足夠的準備與專業足以應付這項保險會計作業轉換所帶來的衝擊？ 　　本研究透過問卷調查從業務執行者之角度分析第40號公報對本國外商保險業者之影響。研究發現本國外商保險公司雖然已具備依據IFRS 4或US GAAP編製財務報表之經驗，但受訪人員一致認為第40號公報的實施將導致整體作業成本增加，而相關法令及緩衝配套措施未及時修訂係導入作業面臨的最大障礙。此外，IFRS 4第二階段以公平價值衡量保險負債的要求影響重大，風險資本適足性及增資壓力成為適用該號公報首要挑戰，業者甚至考慮變更保險商品的設計以因應之。 　　據此，本研究建議保險業由董事會高層授權成立專案小組統籌導入計劃及委任外部專家協助，並且進行全面試算與分析供決策參考。主管機關將保險財務與監理會計分離並及時修訂相關法令及緩衝的配套措施，以減緩保險業者所受之衝擊；並及早評估第二階段的影響，以緩和漸進的方式達到IFRS 4第二階段之要求。 / Vow to adapt accounting standards with IFRS, Taiwan issued GAAP No.40, the Accounting Standards for Insurance Contracts in 2008, which will be effective starting from 2011. With different accounting and disclosure requirements GAAP No.40 requires, are Taiwan insurance companies capable and ready to implement the new standards without any impact? 　　This research tries to study and analyze survey from staffs of foreign insurers in Taiwan regarding impacts of adopting the new accounting standards, although almost foreign insurers in Taiwan are capable of compiling their financial reports in accordance with IFRS or US GAAP requirements to their parent company. The questionnaire results indicate that all respondents agree that overall costs will increase due to adopt the new standards and lacking of the related regulations and supporting measures to the new standards will be a major challenge in operating levels. Furthermore, using fair value to measure insurance liabilities in phase II of IFRS 4 will cause huge impact for all insurers. The critical challenges of the new standards are the adequacy of Risk-Based Capital and additional capital requirements, which might even force the insurers to resign the products in order not to fail to comform RBC ratio. 　　Therefore, this research has 3 suggestions for insurers and 3 suggestions for authorities, respectively: 1.to be fully authorized by Board of Directors to set up IFRS 4 project team to implement the stardard as soon as possible; 2.to look for outside experts supports; 3.to make pre-test of the impact of the new stardard as the reference for insurers’ business plans and strategies; 4.to separate insurance financial accountings with insurance regulatory requirements; 5.to provide supporting policies or amend regulations to mitigate negative impacts from the new standards; 6.to make an overall study and analysis on phase II of IFRS 4 to ensure insurance companies can implement phase II smoothly and successfully.

文獻顯示存貨對於銷售和盈餘具有預測能力（Bernard and Noel 1991）。本文進一步探討比較後進先出法和國際會計準則允許之存貨計價方法所揭露之存貨，對於銷售和盈餘之預測能力。2003年發布之國際會計準則第二號公報「存貨」，禁止公司採用後進先出法衡量存貨，本研究擬觀察後進先出法和非後進先出法存貨對公司銷售與盈餘的預測能力是否有所差異。 本研究選取採用後進先出法並且揭露後進先出存貨準備之公司做為樣本，計算出樣本公司在國際會計準則規定下應有之存貨水準，測試與比較後進先出法之存貨與依國際會計準則揭露之存貨，孰者對銷售與盈餘之預測更具攸關性。實證結果顯示，後進先出存貨與國際會計準則存貨代理變數之實證結果並不顯著，顯示存貨在銷售與盈餘之預測迴歸模型中為一雜訊，存貨對銷售和盈餘之預測並不具有增額資訊，也說明存貨生產平穩理論與避免缺貨理論無法解釋存貨對銷售和盈餘預測之關聯性，因此無法判斷採用何種存貨計價方法所揭露之存貨，對銷售與盈餘較具預測能力。 / In economic literature, production smoothing model and stockout model address the predictability of inventory disclosure on sales and earnings. Based on these models, Bernard and Noel (1991) show that inventory disclosure predicts sales and earnings. This study further investigates and compares the predictability of the sales and earnings by inventory reported under last in, last out (LIFO) and that under International Accounting Standard 2 (IAS 2). Thus this study compares the predicting ability of inventory on sales and earnings under IFRS and non-IFRS. This study selects the companies adopting LIFO and disclosing LIFO reserve, calculates the inventory reported under IFRS, and determines the inventory’s ability to predict future sales and earnings under different inventory valuation methods. The empirical results show that the coefficients for the unexpected inventories under LIFO and IFRS are both statistically insignificant, suggesting that the unexpected inventories are merely noises in the models, and that the effects of production smoothing model and stockout model are not prevailed. Thus, it is difficult to determine which inventory valuation method can generate the inventory that leads to better sales and earnings prediction.

國內壽險公司面臨資金不斷累積與同業間激烈競爭，加上全球經濟動盪不安，國際金融偶有黑天鵝事件發生，尤以2008年金融海嘯重創全球產業為最，壽險業亦難以倖免，肇致壽險業者經營益顯艱困。因此，為維繫公司永續經營，規劃長期財務穩健性至關重要。是故，如何訂定投資策略與妥適資產配置，並兼顧風險管理，為當前壽險公司重要課題。 本研究分析郵政壽險資產配置行為，歸納影響公司資產配置之內、外在因素，例如流動性風險、利率風險、信用風險、資本適足率、匯率風險及法令規範等因素，皆影響資產配置策略。另為建構最佳資產配置，提升獲利，逐步改善財務結構，在現行法令限制下，運用Markowitz之投資組合理論為分析工具，導出效率前緣線，再運用夏普指標績效分析，來建立最佳投資組合。 另外分析壽險公司必須正視未來「國際會計準則」（International Financial Reporting Standards, IFRS）IFRS 4第二階段適用公平價值評估負債，利差損問題會更加嚴重，對業務發展與負債評價將產生巨大衝擊。尤其我國壽險業發行商品大都以長年期終身險為主，若壽險商品負債評價與資產不一致時，其缺口將因利率變化影響損益波動。 / Abstract Domestic life insurers are in a challenging environment with increasing asset size to manage and fierce competition within the industry. Moreover, the world economy is going down a bumpy path. Every now and then in the global financial system, we encounter a black swan event. Among them, the financial tsunami of 2008 hit global industries most severely. The financial tsunami of 2008 also left life insurers having an increasingly difficult time running the business. It is crucial to have sound long-term financial plans in order to ensure business sustainability. Therefore, how to form an investment strategy, determine asset allocation and manage risks at the same time becomes a critical issue for life insurers. The research studies the asset allocation behavior of Chunghwa Post insurance sector and lists both the internal and the external factors affecting asset allocation. Factors like liquidity risk, interest rate risk, credit risk, capital adequacy, currency risk and regulations all have some influence on the asset allocation strategy. Meanwhile, the research constructs efficient frontier with Markowitz Portfolio Theory and adopts Sharpe ratio as the performance measure to build an optimal portfolio under current regulations with the goal of optimizing asset allocation, boosting profits and gradually improving the financial structure. The research also studies the tremendous impact of IFRS 4 on business development and liability valuation of life insurance companies. The implementation of IFRS 4 Phase II will require fair value measurement of liabilities, which will exacerbate the negative interest spread problem. When the liability valuation approach of insurance products is not in line with asset valuation, the gap will intensify the income fluctuations from interest rate movements, especially for domestic life insurers whose main products are long-term whole life policies.

企業因為經濟自由化、貿易國際化潮流之影響，逐漸成為資本集中與技術密集之經營型態。為求擴充生產規模、增加產品種類、分散投資風險、拓展國際市場等目的，因而成立新公司或兼併其他公司，或購買其他公司之股份，或母公司與子公司交叉持股，而形成關係企業之組織型態，已成為普遍趨勢。職是，關係企業之經濟發展與經營模式，已然占有重要之地位。 關係企業具有特殊屬性，舉凡管理組織、生產規劃、人事制度、市場行銷、財務風險、獲利能力、公共事務與社會歸屬，均有相當程度之影響力。我國公司法對於關係企業專章之規範，仍有不足之處，導致受一九九八年亞洲金融風暴影響所及，爆發若干關係企業之經營弊端，其中以股票流通市場之證券交易違法行為，最為嚴重。綜觀其原因，除肇始於東南亞金融危機及國際不景氣環境外，亦顯示關係企業在股票市場存有許多問題，諸如負責人欠缺誠信、掏空公司資產，造成企業發生危機，發生多起上市或上櫃公司之經營弊端，嚴重損害公司、股東權益與債權人利益，並衝擊社會投資人與整體經濟，值得探討研究。 本論文研究方向，以法制理論、比較法學及實證案例為基礎，論述關係企業證券交易之違法行為，以股票流通市場為中心，並闡述近年來若干重要之關係企業案例，分析法院裁判之論處法律邏輯。包括關係企業之市場操縱行為（違約交割、沖洗買賣、相對委託、連續交易炒作行為）、關係企業「護盤」之違法性、關係企業之內線交易行為，等重要項目。亦討論關係企業藉由無形資產之高估或低估而買賣有價證券之非常規交易行為，兼述國際會計準則公報之規範，佐以實際案例研究。此外，亦闡論關係企業財務預測制度與證券交易違法行為之牽連、證券投資人之保護。 本論文內容之參考文獻資料，包括學位論文（例如前輩先進之博碩士論文）、教授學者之著作書籍、著名期刊與國內外網站資訊。所參考資料則以我國與美國法制文獻為主，至於其他國家之部分，則略以要旨參酌。最後，再針對作者執業律師參與關係企業案例之辯護瞭解，提出若干防弊機制之建議，俾供各界參考。 / UNLAWFUL ACTS BY AFFILIATED ENTERPRISES RESPECTING SECURITIES TRANSACTIONS WITH A FOCUS ON THE STOCK EXCHANGE MARKET Abstract Due to the impact of economic liberalization and trade internationalization, operations of enterprises have gradually become capital-intensive and technology-intensive. In order to increase production, expand product line, spread out investment risks, and develop international markets, enterprises have established new companies, merged with others, and purchased shares of other companies, or have engaged in cross-holding of shares between parent companies and subsidiaries. As a result, the formation of affiliated enterprises has become a popular trend. The economic development and business model of affiliated enterprises have likewise become important issues. Affiliated enterprises have their unique attributes; their management organization, production planning, personnel policy, marketing, financial risks, profitability, public affairs, and social affiliation have significant impact on enterprises. Due to inadequacies in the regulations on affiliated enterprises in Taiwan’s Company Law, several affiliated enterprises were exposed to have engaged in fraudulent business operations as a result of the 1998 Asian financial crisis. Among these, most serious were cases involving unlawful securities transactions in the stock market. An analysis of the factors leading to such anomaly shows that in addition to the Southeast Asian financial crisis and international economic slowdown, problems caused by of affiliated enterprises in the stock market, such as integrity and credibility issues on the part of the persons-in-charge and their swindling of company assets, resulted in corporate crises. Many incidents of business malpractices in public or OTC companies occurred, severely undermining the interests of companies, shareholders, and creditors, as well as those of the public investors and the overall economy. All these are worthy of further exploration and study. This paper uses legal theories, comparative jurisprudence, and empirical studies to discuss the unlawful activities in securities transactions by affiliated enterprises. This paper focuses on the stock market to explain the major cases involving affiliated enterprises in recent years and to analyze the legal grounds in the court’s decision on punishment. The cases covered include market manipulation by enterprises, default of securities delivery, wash sales, matched order, manipulation of series of transactions, the unlawfulness of stock market intervention by affiliated enterprises, and insider trading by affiliated enterprises. In addition, this paper discusses the transaction anomalies resulting from overvalue or undervalue of intangible assets by affiliated enterprises. Regulations on the International Accounting Standards gazette are explained and supplemented by actual case studies. In addition, this paper explores the inter-relation between financial forecast systems in affiliated enterprises, unlawful activities in securities transaction, and investor protection. Reference literature used in this paper includes academic dissertations, publications by professors and scholars, periodicals, and information from local and foreign Web sites. Reference materials are based primarily on literature on Taiwan and U.S. laws, supplemented by summary of information from other countries. Finally, recommendations of mechanisms to prevent malpractices are put forward, drawing on the author’s experience as defense lawyer for affiliated enterprises.