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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

臺灣英語教學碩士論文中文獻探討章節之語步分析 / Move structure of literature review in Ma theses by Taiwanese TEFL Graduates

蕭政華, Hsiao, Cheng Hua Unknown Date (has links)
在學術論文寫作眾多章節中,文獻回顧章節是讀寫過程中困難度較高的一章節,因此研究生普遍視為畏途。文獻回顧的語步分析在過去文獻中尚未受到重視。因此本論文旨在分析臺灣英語教學碩士論文中文獻回顧章節之語步結構。本論文提出兩個研究問題: (1)臺灣英語教學碩士論文文獻回顧章節之語步結構為何?(2)評選高分與評選低分的文獻回顧差異為何?本論文選出三十篇臺灣英語教學碩士論文中文獻回顧章節做為文本分析並將其評選高分群與評選低分群。本研究以四個主要語步來分析文獻回顧章節的語步結構。這四個主要語步分別為:(1)領域知識觀念介紹,(2)用主題方式整合過去之文獻,(3)聯結過去文獻與將進行之研究之關係,及(4)宣布將進行研究。每一主要語步都有數個次要語步。本論文討論語步出現的頻率,語步發展,語步組合結構及語步循環。 本論文顯示第一語步使用的最為廣泛佔56.96%,第二語步佔22.39%,第三語步與第四語步各為11.74%與8.91%。收集之文獻回顧分為四組,分別為(1)表現最差,(2)表現較差,(3)表現稱職,及(4)表現最好。 結果發現表現最差的一組沒有任何主題發展,表現較差的一組有主題發展但是僅限於整合,表現稱職的一組有運用到四個主要語步,而表現最好的一組發現有數個全部語步的循環。本論文呈現臺灣英語教學碩士論文文獻回顧章節的語步結構。這些結果與討論提供英語教學領域研究生更加了解學術論文文獻回顧之寫作架構。 / Reviewing literature for a research study is a highly complicated reading and writing process, which has been assumed a rather formidable task for many graduate students. In the field of English for Specific Purposes, many scholars have devoted their studies into certain types of genre analysis, particularly research genres. However, the concept of “literature review” (LR) as a distinct type of genre has been constantly overlooked and the move structure of literature reviews unexplored. The move structure of LRs in master theses written by Taiwanese TEFL program graduates was studied. This proposed study included two research questions: (1) What are the move structures of the LR chapters in the master theses of TEFL programs? (2) Do the move structures differ between the low-rated and high-rated LRs? In this study, thirty theses were randomly chosen. Thirty theses were rated and grouped into high-rated and low-rated categories. Based on Kwan’s framework (2006) and the results of pilot study, a new move structure with the four major moves was formulated for this study. The statistical results showed that “conceptualizing themes in a field (Move 1)” takes the largest proportion among the total occurrences, followed by “integrating previous works on the themes (Move 2),” “relating previous works to the current study (Move 3)” and “advancing to one’s own study (Move 4).” It is concluded that LRs composed by these graduates fundamentally serves to present relevant field knowledge. Further, no topic expansion is found in the deficient group. Most of the LRs in the poor group halt at the synthesis though there is some topic development. The competent group has a complete occurrence of the four major moves. Multiple cycles are found per LR in the distinctive group. This study provides insights into the move structure of Taiwanese students’ literature review chapters of master theses.
72

戰後台語歌曲的殖民想像與文化書寫1950~1970 / Colonial imagination and cultural writing of the postwar Taiwanese popular songs 1950~1970

朱介英, Chu, Chieh Ying Unknown Date (has links)
台灣這一塊土地基於數百年來獨特的移民與殖民交相混融的歷史,形成多元文化共時性社會意識結構,二戰以後,面臨殖民帝國崩解、移民母國恐怖統治以及民主與共產兩大陣營對壘的冷戰局勢,遲緩了後殖民論述的建立,1960~70年代的紛擾與不確定因素形成庶民族群在工業化現代都會發展與資本主義勃興社會秩序重整夾擊下,巔巍巍地步入殖民想像與後殖民錯縱複雜的意識形態交織轉型網絡中,正如俄國學者巴赫汀(Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin)所提出的社會文化變遷導致的深刻社會危機、文化斷裂、歷史轉折、命運門檻的生存災難,以台語流行歌曲的文化書寫形式,記錄了一段模糊的生活血淚,為戰後台灣歷史定位劃出鮮明的符碼。 本論文嘗試以當前對峙分明的台灣兩極意識型態之最大公約數 ── 移民與殖民的大眾文化書寫文本「1960年代台語流行歌曲」內容,以班雅明(Walter Benjamin)的城市觀看、列斐伏爾(Henri Lefebveur)的日常生活批判、索雅(Edward W. Soja)後現代地理學空間編碼等觀點,參考一般歷史學(historicism)、法國學者傅科(Michel Foucault)提出的考古學(archeology)及系譜學(genealogy)等三個方法論層次,探討戰後二十幾年間這一群經歷殖民與再殖民雙重衝擊下,福佬移民族群生活及集體血脈中奔騰、交織的多元混融深層文化脈息,印證了巴赫汀社會與文化發生劇烈動盪與變遷的時期所呈現的社會言說「眾聲喧嘩」(raznorechie, heteroglossia)現象。 / Based on the theories of “Critique of everyday life” suggested by Lefebvre, and “City gazing” by Walter Benjamin, and “Post-modernity geography space-encoding” by Edward W. Soja, the purpose of this study aims at explicating the deeper bruise of Taiwanese in their existence, mingled with the state of colonization and re-colonization through the local popular songs in the phase between 1950s and 1970s. Taiwan is an island which has a history of alternate hybridization between immigration and colonization since five hundred years unceasingly. People reflect their everyday life through creative art works, such as popular songs. Those days of disorder and disaster will be floating to the present days via the cultural writings of the Taiwanese popular songs. In view of methodology, this study uses three layers of concepts, namely, theory of historicism, and Foucauldian theories of archeology and genealogy. This study also employs Bakhtin’s theory of heteroglossia for further discussing. Study findings would be able to signify a vivid picture of colonial imagination and cultural writing in Taiwanese collective unconsciousness through popular songs after World War II.
73

台灣原住民族漢語文學中的祭儀書寫-以奧威尼‧卡露斯、霍斯陸曼‧伐伐為例

余順琪 Unknown Date (has links)
原住民族文學必須擺脫原運附屬品的角色,抹去抗議與控訴的色彩,才能夠擁有獨立存在的生命,因此原住民作家漸漸開始將筆尖掉頭、反身向內勇敢地面對母體文化流失的焦慮,積極深化主體認同,嘗試把口傳知識吸納成為文學創作的養料與靈魂。與傳統信仰有關的祭典儀式,本身就是部落整體傳承歷史文化經驗、知識及各種禮俗的重要憑藉之外,亦為凝聚集體記憶不可或缺的媒介與活動,足以代表一個族群觀看世界的方式與角度,但是卻因為整個台灣原住民族「生活世界」的喪失,支撐言說智慧的知識體系行將斷裂,部落原鄉也紛紛面臨潰散崩解的危機。在這種情況之下,挪用祭儀文學來進行創作恰巧是個兩全的方法,向祖靈回歸的文字一方面可以為漢語文學開拓嶄新的創作方向,另一方面也使祭儀擁有跳脫口傳限制的機會,並且進一步凝聚族人的情感與認同。 本文選擇長期關注祭儀書寫的兩位作家作為範例進行論述,試圖探究祭儀傳統與文學創作之間究竟擁有什麼關聯?展現了何種獨特的姿態?作家為什麼要進行祭儀書寫?以什麼文學技巧來呈現?又彰顯出什麼樣的意義與價值?魯凱族作家奧威尼‧卡露斯及布農族作家霍斯陸曼‧伐伐,兩人的知識養成背景雖然大不相同,但社會現實都引導他們走上背對家鄉的那條路,離自己的族群越來越遠,當他們費盡九牛二虎之力、轉了一個大彎回歸主體認同時,對文化流逝的危機感受特別深刻,強烈的焦慮促使二人懷抱神聖的使命感,不約而同地選擇以文學創作的方式積極維護傳統、為歷史留下見證、也尋回了第一人稱的發言權利,雖然他們書寫祭儀的方式同中有異、異中有同,各自發展出不同的迷人風景,卻都在文本中建構了一個令人嚮往的桃花源,也成功地開啟了族群對話的天窗與平台,使珍貴的祭儀文化重新獲得一個充滿活力的生命,並且有機會以書面形式永遠流傳下去。
74

日治時期「台灣寫真帖」研究 / The study of "Taiwan Shashin Cho" during Japanese colonial period

徐佑驊, Hsu,You Hua Unknown Date (has links)
本論文的研究主題在於:透過分析日治時期的「台灣寫真帖」中的視覺圖像,釐析「台灣」如何被觀看?編者如何編排一套「應該觀看台灣的方式」?在此視覺論述中,什麼被選擇?什麼被捨棄?相較先行研究者以後世眼光所分類之「類型」,可能切斷寫真既有的編輯思維及脈絡,本文乃將寫真帖重新置回原初的時代脈絡來觀察。   經由本文的分析,有以下幾點發現。首先,攝影傳入台灣及其發展情況,由辭彙轉譯的過程及拍攝、出版者來看,本文論析之「台灣寫真帖」可視為殖民者眼光所看見的「台灣」。而寫真帖的台灣視覺論述,可歸納以下幾項特性:(一)地理空間架構下的台灣,將台灣編制為北而南、由西向東的觀看順序;而東、西台灣的差異,呼應統制者經營台灣的態度及政策。(二)時間遞延下的台灣,歷經明治、大正、昭和不同時期各有不同的時代特性。(三)蕃族、自然資源、台灣風俗等視覺元素,並不特定被擺置於某一地理空間或某段時代,但依舊隱含殖民的凝視。綜論之,台灣寫真帖可以巨視和微觀的角度切入:巨視者與1908年縱貫鐵路通車密切相關,微觀則以1934年《台灣教材寫真教科書》分類框架最具代表性。   將寫真帖與其他文類對比參照後發現,其間多有互相複製、挪用的情形,可見殖民者建制台灣視覺論述的用心,並不僅見於寫真帖,亦以各種綜論性的台灣相關論著、教育讀本、美術作品的視覺圖像,相互作用以「召喚」個體(被觀看的「台灣」)進入主體(殖民者的知識體系)。「台灣」在殖民論述下如何被操作及轉化,本文以北白川宮、新高山、香蕉為例討論,援引羅蘭巴特的神話學概念,分析各樣文類構築的「台灣神話」。最後,從「觀看」到「觀光」的實踐,將觀光指南中的「台灣」與寫真對照,以「日月潭杵歌」與「台灣神社」為例,試論神話形構後,傳遞過程中可能的變異性。 / This research aims to interpret how Taiwan was observed by analyzing the visual icons in the “Taiwan shashin cho (Taiwan photo albums/台湾写真帖)” during the Japanese Colonial period. In addition, we will discuss about the way to see Taiwan arranged by the editor, and which factors was chosen or abandoned in the editorial process. Regarding prior researches, the classifications of former researchers possibly break both the thinking and the context of photo-album editors in later versions. We purpose to place the “Taiwan shashin cho” in the original context of the old times.   With our analysis, our research findings are: First of all, based on the development of photography in Taiwan, the Taiwanese translation of photography as well as the photographers and publishers, the “Taiwan shashin cho” in this research can represent the “Taiwan” image in the colonial perspective. We generalize three characteristics in the basis of the “Taiwan shashin cho”: A. Geographically, the order to view Taiwan by region was arranged from the north to the south and then the west to the east. The differences between western and eastern Taiwan corresponded to the colonial attitude and policy in this era. B. Chronologically, the “Taiwan shashin cho” implicated individual temporal characteristics in each section of the Japanese Colonial period, respectively. C. Generally, the visual factors such as aborigines, natural resources, and the customs and traditions cannot be categorized into specific regions and period, though they still implied the gaze of the rulers. In summary, there are two kinds of perspectives to analyze “Taiwan shashin cho”: macro and micro. The macro perspective is closely related to the operation of the North-South Railway. On the other hand, the category framework of the “Taiwan kyozai shashin kyokashu (Sources of Photography for Taiwan Textbook/台湾教材写真教科書)” in 1934 is the most typical micro perspective.   Secondly, to compare with other archives, numerous visual icons are reproduced and appropriated from the “Taiwan shashin cho”. Thus, we can conclude that the rulers spare no efforts to build up the visual discourse of Taiwan images with the “Taiwan shashin cho”, those treatises, educational textbooks and fine art works. By these archives, the individual (the Taiwan observed) is interpellated to the subject (the knowledge of the rulers). Based on the Mythologies by Roland Barthes, this thesis take the “Kitashirakawa-no-miya Yoshihisa-shinno (Imperial Prince Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa/北白川宮能久親王)”, the “niitakayama(former name of Yushan/新高山)”, and the “bananas” as examples to understand how “Taiwan” was operated and transformed. Furthermore, how the forecited archives constructed the “Taiwan Myths”.   Finally, this research compares the “Taiwan shashin cho” with the “Taiwan ryoco annai(Guidebooks of Taiwan Railway Tour/台湾鉄道旅行案内)” in the practice of transforming “seeing” to “sightseeing” for discussing about the divergences in the process of propagating myth with two illustrations, “ Zizugezu tan kineuta(Pestle Dancing in Sun Moon Lake/日月潭杵唄)” as well as “Taiwan Zinzha(Taiwan shrine/台湾神社)”.
75

旅遊圖像的建構與複製— 以「北歐旅遊書籍」為例 / The reconstructed picture images in Taiwan’s tourist books of Northern Europe

陳宜君 Unknown Date (has links)
隨著旅遊人口的持續增加,新的旅遊地也不斷被發現,旅遊圖像因而被大量建構並隨著媒體充斥於日常生活。經由意象與符號等意義的累積過程,各個景點的旅遊框架集結起來逐步建構出大眾對某個抽象「地方」的印象,進而產生「標準版」與「類型化」的旅遊圖像。 旅遊圖像的建構實是繞著特定空間的想像以及與此想像相關的社會實踐詮釋架構。然而旅遊實踐雖然發生在具體社會空間卻也涉及想像建構面向,藉由身體的移動而將特定旅遊圖像的想像連結到具體空間。 由是觀之,旅遊書籍常成為介紹旅遊景點、提供資訊的媒介,作/旅者陳述旅遊經歷的同時當也強化、再製了特定的旅遊圖像,提供讀者觀看世界的視野與角度。換言之,人們不僅通過圖像瞭解其它地方的生活方式與文化內容,也藉此建構了對他方的認知與想像。 / New tourist attractions are being discovered continually with the increase of touristic population, therefore, tourist images are constructed and being full of daily life along with media. Though the accumulative process of image and symbol, tourist frameworks create the abstract impression of “ Place” gradually, and then generate the edition of “Standard” and ”Typed ”. The construction of tourists image is indeed related to the imagination and social practice of framing around a specific space. Tourism practice, however, occurs in a concrete space but also involves imagine-constructed, with the movement of the body connect a link between imagination and a specific space. Therefore, travel books are the medium which introduce the tourist attractions, while author/ traveler describe their own experience, meanwhile, they are strengthening the vision and perspective for readers to watch the world. In other word, people not only learn the life style and cultural content by tourist images, but also construct the cognition and imagination of the place.
76

心遊於物:席慕蓉、舒國治、鍾文音的旅行書寫

林大鈞 Unknown Date (has links)
筆者發現在台灣當代的旅行文學發展中,作品大多呈現「心遊於物」的主觀心靈活動,且較具個人特色,並值得深入研究的旅行文學作家為:席慕蓉、舒國治和鍾文音。在他們的旅行散文作品中,不但都有自己的表現方式,且含有心物交融的特質,而顯得不同於一般浮泛記實的遊記,能呈顯出特殊的風貌。因此乃激發筆者想深入探討席慕蓉、舒國治、鍾文音三位作家在「心遊於物」類的旅行文學作品上所呈現的最大特色以及貢獻與地位。 本論文主要分為五章: 第一章 緒論:主要說明本文的研究動機、研究範圍與研究方法。 第二章 席慕蓉──鄉愁之心:主要藉由席慕蓉的生平、文學創作與成就,以及「心遊於物」類的旅行文學作品特色,從主題、題材、形式和語文風格等四個面向來探析席慕蓉的旅行書寫特色。 第三章 舒國治──滄桑感懷之心:主要藉由舒國治的生平、文學創作與成就,以及「心遊於物」類的旅行文學作品特色,從主題、題材、形式和語文風格等四個面向來探析舒國治的旅行書寫特色。 第四章 鍾文音──自我追尋之心:主要藉由鍾文音的生平、文學創作與成就,以及「心遊於物」類的旅行文學作品特色,從主題、題材、形式和語文風格等四個面向來探析鍾文音的旅行書寫特色。 第五章 三家旅行書寫作品之比較:筆者欲針對三家旅行書寫作品的主題、題材、形式和語文風格來進行比較,以突顯出三家旅行文學作品的異同之處。 第六章 結論:主要總結整體研究,藉由三家各別和綜合的分析,呈顯出他們在「心遊於物」類作品裡的特色與貢獻,然後進一步說明「心遊於物」類作品在台灣旅行書寫中的地位。 關 鍵 詞:旅行書寫、旅行文學、心遊於物、席慕蓉、舒國治、鍾文音
77

林文月散文研究

張少明 Unknown Date (has links)
林文月有三種不同的文筆,發展依序是學術之筆、創作之筆,以及翻譯之筆。學術方面,她專攻六朝文學;創作方面主要在散文;翻譯則以日本古典文學為主。這三種文筆相互滋養,充實她散文獨特的美學。 從1971年第一部散文集《京都一年》開始,三十多年來,林文月至今有十一本散文集。由於學術、創作、翻譯三種文筆,構成林文月散文獨特風味,因此林文月的散文,和許多名家相比,數量雖不多,但質精。 本論文共分為六章。第一章首先概述研究動機與目的,次就研究範圍與研究方法作釐清說明,最後整理前人對林文月散文相關的評論,做一檢討,並指出各章重點。第二章分析林文月生命各階段的重要事件、經歷對其內心世界與創作所造成的影響,以此作為進一步分析其散文創作的基礎。第三章探討林文月散文創作的歷程,依其書寫的風格特色予以分期探討。從散文創作的進程,進而觀察探究其創作觀的形塑與內涵。第四章對林文月散文作品做全面的解讀與觀照,經由主題內容的分類與探究,進而了解其散文作品所顯露的思想 內涵和風格特色。第五章深入文本,並參考當代散文理論,萃取出林文月散文的藝術性,並且歸納分析其散文書寫的策略,以觀察林文月在長期的散文創作實踐中,所形塑的個人風貌。第六章總合各章所獲致的研究成果,對林文月的散文作綜合評述。指出林文月的散文融有「白馬湖」的風格,並且透過林文月散文作品的特質,歸納其在現代散文史上的意義與成就。
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盧那察爾斯基之藝術思想探源 / On the Origins of Anatoly Lunacharsky’s Thoughts about Art

吳岱融, Wu, Tai Jung Unknown Date (has links)
盧那察爾斯基(Anatoly Lunacharsky, 1875-1933)於1917-1929年間擔任蘇聯教育人民委員部(Narkompros)首任委員,在任期間發表了大量關於藝術的文章及報告,其在蘇聯藝術發展史中扮演極為重要的角色,然而他以藝術達到社會主義理想的主張與正統馬克思主義的經濟決定論十分不同,他相信群眾意識才是推動革命的必要條件。而他從在俄國十月革命之前就抱持這種想法,因此曾一度主張將宗教與社會主義結合,使革命意識成為一種宗教情感而深植人心,而這種想法受到被極度反對宗教的列寧的嚴厲批評,隨後這種想法才轉向以藝術來實現。 在盧那察爾斯基思想中可見到實證主義(Positivism)、費爾巴哈(Ludwig Feuerbach)宗教哲學、尼采(Friedrich Nietzsche)哲學與華格納(Richard Wagner)的色彩,這使盧那察爾斯基的藝術理論在眾多馬克思主義美學家中顯得獨樹一格,本論文主要透過盧那察爾斯基的著作,並加上中西學者對於盧那察爾斯基的研究,不以馬克思主義為中心來理解盧那察爾斯基的藝術思想,探討盧那察爾斯基對於藝術與革命的認知與實踐。 / Anatoly Lunacharsky(1875-1933) was the first Commissar of The People's Commissariat for Education(Narkompros) from 1917-1929. During his tenure, he published many articles and reports about the arts and played a very important role in the history of artistic development in the Soviet Union. However, his proposal to achieve the ideal of Socialism through the arts was very different from the orthodox economic determinism of Marxism. He believed that mass consciousness was a must to promote the revolution. He already held this idea long before the October Revolution in Russia. Thus, he once advocated combining religion and Socialism, making revolutionary consciousness into a religion deeply rooted in everyone’s mind. Nevertheless, this idea was severely criticized by Lenin, who was very opposed to religion. Afterward, Lunacharsky’s thoughts changed, turning instead to realize ideals through art. The influences of Positivism, Feuerbach’s philosophy of religion, Nietzsche’s philosophy and Wagner’s concept of art can be seen in Lunacharsky’s thought, making his views on art unique among Marxist aestheticians. In this paper, instead of understanding Lunacharsky’s theory of art in the context of Marxism, discussion will focus on Lunacharsky’s works and Chinese/Western scholars’ studies on Lunacharsky in order to learn more about Lunacharsky’s thoughts and practice of art and revolution.
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教師回饋對台灣高中EFL低成就學生段落寫作之效用:「直接訂正法」與「語意重述法」 / The Effects of corrective feedback on Taiwan high school EFL low-achievers' paragraph writing: “direct correction” vs. “reformulation”

許凱絨, Hsu, Kaijung Unknown Date (has links)
本研究針對台灣EFL低成就學生之段落寫作,比較「直接訂正法」與「語意重述法」兩種寫作回饋之成效。本研究對象為台北市某高職學生,共56名學生全程參與這項從2009年9月到2010年1月的研究。進行修改寫作時,教師對實驗組使用「語意重述法」,學生比較原稿與老師保留學生原意但改寫成符合英文語法的段落,並將發現的文法錯誤記錄並自行訂正;對照組則運用「直接訂正法」,學生審視老師直接在上面訂正的原稿。經過看圖英文段落寫作的前測與後測、實驗組與對照組後測結果比較、以及針對實驗組的訪談,研究結果如下:(1)整體性評量上,「語意重述法」對學生改進寫作較為有效;(2)兩組中程度較差之低成就學生進步程度均優於程度較好之低成就學生,尤其實驗組之程度較差者進步程度猶勝於對照組的;(3) 「直接訂正法」對減少學生文法錯誤之功效優於「語意重述法」;(4)絕大多數參與者認為「語意重述法」有助增進寫作能力。論文最後討論此研究在教學上的意涵與提出對之後研究的建議。 / This study aimed to compare the efficacy of “direct correction” with that of “reformulation” on Taiwan EFL low-achievers’ paragraph writing. Fifty-six students in a vocational high school in Taipei City participated in this study from Sep. 2009 through Jan. 2010. When conducting revision activities, the teacher implemented the “reformulation” technique in the experimental group. The students compared the originals with the reformulated versions given by the teacher, and detected, recorded, and corrected all the grammatical errors mainly on their own. The control group received the “direct correction” treatment, examining their originals with the teacher’s corrections on them. With the pre-test and the post-test on a paragraph-length English picture description, the comparison of the post-test results between the experimental and control groups, and interviews with the experimental group, the results are as follows: First, in holistic rating, “reformulation” was more helpful than “direct correction” in improving the participants’ writing performance. Second, the low-achievers with lower proficiency benefited more from “reformulation” than those with better proficiency. Third, “direct correction” was more effective than “reformulation” in reducing the participants’ grammatical errors. Fourth, the majority in the experimental group were positive of “reformulation” as a way to improve writing. Finally, some implications for pedagogy and suggestions for future studies were made.
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英雄建構--六朝筆記小說中的譙國龍亢桓氏人物書寫研究 / Hero Construction: A Study of Writing of Qiao Gua Long Kang the Huans Member in Anecdotal Novel of Six Dynasty

葉柏奕 Unknown Date (has links)
本文的研究東晉時的士族--譙國龍亢桓氏家族人物,探討六朝筆記小說是用特殊書寫方式,來描繪這一個歷史上的世家大族。本文以六朝時期的志人、志怪小說,以及正史〈五行志〉的讖緯紀錄作為使用文獻,透過文本細讀等方法,對桓氏人物進行分析研究。「英雄」是本文設定的一個觀察點,探討深具英雄色彩的桓氏人物,小說以什麼樣特殊的書寫方式,建構、揭示、描繪著此人物群體。最後也呈顯出,於東晉、南朝時局之下的英雄觀,政治環境丕變的影響之下,與漢、魏時期的英雄觀有顯著的不同,即是從個人的英雄轉變到家族的英雄,這一個文化現象的演變脈絡。 譙國龍亢桓氏家族是歷史上真實存在的群體,東漢初年,第一世桓榮以儒學傳家,此後五代顯於東漢當朝。第六世桓範因高平陵事件罹難,桓氏家族淪為刑家,此後二世不顯。到了九世桓彝,積極與東晉初期重要人物周旋,在晉室渡江後初步建立家族聲望。十世桓溫,以天生的英雄氣息,領導家族縱橫東晉中期政局,權傾一時幾近問鼎皇位。桓溫死後,其弟桓沖維繫著家族聲望,並順利讓桓溫之子桓玄接掌家族事業。十一世桓玄,是具有文、武雙美的英雄人物,趁著機運與膽識,篡奪了東晉的政權,然而在位後德行不修,百日而敗亡,也為桓氏家族帶來了滅亡的命運。桓氏家族從東漢的儒學家族,到曹魏成為刑家,東晉初、中期為寒門武人家族,最後到了東晉末期,終於成為高門士族,體現了中國歷史上世族演進的軌跡。 桓溫具有天生的英雄氣息,我們從他的外貌特質,即可看出他的英姿。桓溫對樗蒲特別地喜好,這種具有風險的賭博遊戲,也顯示出桓溫個人的冒險者特質與行事風格:喜好冒險犯難,又不盲目地衝鋒陷陣。他與東晉貴族名士的交遊,兩者之間的衝突,都顯示了時代對桓溫英雄氣質的抵抗與否定。此外,桓溫的英雄特質,也可與歷史上的英雄人物互相比擬。我們從姿貌、遊戲、交遊與比較這四個方面著手,可以建構出桓溫的武人英雄樣貌,但小說故事也不斷透露出,桓溫的武人英雄,基本上是被時代所抗拒的,這就帶出了小說建構與解構的二重書寫筆法:小說故事一方面可以建構桓溫的英雄樣貌,另一方面也可以解構、否定著桓溫的英雄形象。 桓玄自幼就是一個神童式的孩童,他繼承了良好的家世背景,自己也是個文武雙美的英雄人物。但是在位後的德行不修,加上日後政治上的失敗,使得後來的正史與志怪小說,對他的評論是一片撻伐,但是基於桓玄優秀的才能,所以他呈現出的是一種失敗英雄的樣貌。除此之外,《世說新語》記載了許多桓玄在文學、玄學、書畫藝術方面的風流韻事,以正面的書寫方式建構出桓玄「文人英雄」的樣貌,因此桓玄與桓溫相比,英雄面貌較為複雜,呈現了「失敗英雄」與「文人英雄」兩種英雄面相。 桓氏家族的其他重要人物,如桓彝,他利用人倫品鑒的長才,在東晉初期的政局中有一席之地。桓沖是桓溫最賞賜的弟弟,基於性格上的溫和沈穩,也影響到了他的施政風格較為和緩,不如桓溫積極猛烈。桓沖也帶領家族回到荊州故地,成功地維繫、延續了家族的產業與聲望。桓豁、桓石虔、桓振、桓謙,他們勇武戰鬥的精神,支撐著整個家族事業,是桓溫、桓玄兩個家族中的主要人物之外,不可或缺的重要成員。 桓氏家族人物,在歷史論述與小說書寫當中,呈現了諸多的差異點,如《世說新語》中,就對桓溫與桓玄有很大落差的書寫。這種現象與小說文本的立場相關,劉宋時,沒落士族為緬懷往日士族的榮景,就寫出了《世說新語》這部歌頌士族美好的著作,因此對寒門武人的桓溫,與高門士族的桓玄,就呈現出截然不同的書寫面貌。志怪則站在史書的立場,對桓玄大加撻伐。英雄觀念演變到了六朝,與士族政治緊密的扣合,成為了家族式的英雄觀。一個英雄人物無法單獨縱橫當代,必須凝聚、統合整個家族的力量,才能與其他門閥士族抗衡,我們在六朝時的各種文獻裡,看到了桓氏人物,呼應著這一英雄觀念,不斷地與時代風氣戰鬥與抗衡。

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