本文旨在評估中國國有資產監督管理委員會的成立，是否對中國國有企業的生產力造成影響。我們利用中國國家統計局2001年至2007年「製造業規模以上企業年度調查」的數據，先使用Olley-Pakes三階段模型估計企業的生產力，再運用差異中之差異法，把結果分成使用所有樣本、用傾向分數配對法篩選樣本和分成37個行業別三步驟來檢視中國規模以上的國有製造業，其生產力是否因國資委成立(2003年)而有明顯的變化。本研究結果顯示，除了對石油和天然氣開採業為顯著的負面效果，對化學原料及化學製品製造業為顯著正面效果外，整體而言，國資委成立對國有企業的生產力沒有顯著影響，也因此未能達成有效提升國有企業生產效率的預期目標。

本研究嘗試探討國小學童機率判斷能力的發展，想知道是否使用直接估計的方式來增加機率判斷的正確性。其中二個主要的獨變項是：年齡及作業方式，所抽取的三個年齡組分別是國小一、三、五年級的學童，而作業方式則以是否在作機率判斷前對機率的大小作直接估計分成：「量尺估計選擇作業」及「選擇作業」。希望藉由上述變項來了解直接估計方法能否增加國小學童機率判斷的正確性，以及這種直接估計的方法對不同年齡學童的助益是否有所差異。 研究設計採二因子的受試者間設計，研究對象是國小一、三、五年級的學童共96人，以個別施測的方式進行，每名受試都必須接受18個二選一的機率判斷題目，這些題目分由機率差異量大及機率差異量小二部分組成。實驗情境是以故事的方式呈現，要求受試機率題目作大小的判斷並說明判斷的理由。 根據二因子變異數分析結果如下： (1) 機率差異量大時： a)不同年級的學童在機率判斷的表現會不同，其中五年級的表現優於一年級的學童。 b)國小一年級的學童在「量尺估計選擇作業」的表現較「選擇作業」佳。 c)國小三年級的學童在「量尺估計選擇作業」的表現較「選擇作業」略佳。 d)國小五年級的學童在「量尺估計選擇作業」的表現較「選擇作業」相同。 (2) 機率差異量大時： a)不同年級的學童在機率判斷的表現會不同，其中五年級的表現優於一年級的學童。 b)國小一年級的學童在「量尺估計選擇作業」的表現和「選擇作業」一致。 c)國小三年級的學童在「量尺估計選擇作業」的表現和「選擇作業」相同。 d)國小五年級的學童在「量尺估計選擇作業」的表現和「選擇作業」沒有差異。

本研究是針對原產業成長期創業差異化階段的探索性研究。原產業成長期創業可定義為：創業者或團隊離開原來的事業後，在原產業的成長期，獨立創立了一個新事業。例如，華碩、雅姿舞蹈社（亞力山大的前身）都屬於原產業成長期創業。 由於創業開始後，新事業要做出產品，然後才能產生後續績效，因此依照時間軸可以將創業理論分解為：初始因素→新產品→創業績效。現有創業理論對原產業成長期創業現象並沒有提供完整的解答，但已得出的部份結果可以引導我們對此現象進一步聚焦。第一，新事業策略層次的研究已發現，新事業產品的差異性和稀少性顯著影響新事業績效。由於上述因果關係的後段已解決，因此指導我們探索前段的問題：什麼初始因素產生差異性產品？即應該聚焦到產品差異化階段研究。第二，過去創業者層次的研究已發現，以相同產業「工作年數」代替的「產業特殊經驗」顯著影響創業績效的高低。因為經驗是實務的知識，因此這類研究結果顯示知識是一項初始因素，值得進一步研究創業者的初始知識。第三，奧地利經濟學者和一些創業學者指出，創業機會是影響創業成敗的一項初始因素，但迄今沒有學者清楚地描述出創業機會的樣子和它對績效的影響。這些文獻顯示應進一步探索初始創業機會和它對產品差異化的影響。文獻已顯示創業者知識和創業機會是解釋產品差異化的初始因素，但二者下層的因素仍未充分揭露出來。由於過去的創業研究沒有聚焦在差異化階段，仍存在許多未解開的問題，因此本研究聚焦在原產業成長期創業的主要產品差異化階段進行研究。 對於本研究聚焦的現象，本研究問題為：在原產業成長期創業的差異化階段，哪些知識和機會構念下層的因素透過差異化過程產生產品屬性與競爭優勢？本研究的目的為：經由對此現象進行深入的探索，揭露出影響產品差異化的知識與機會的深層原因，建立整合知識與機會解釋產品差異化及利潤的理論。 本研究採用Eisenhardt(1989)描述的探索性個案研究方法，從個案研究建立理論。本研究針對原產業成長期創業現象，聚焦在主要產品差異化過程。總分析單位是在主要產品線層次。本研究接觸到3家原產業成長期創業廠商，取得了3個成功個案和1個失敗個案資料。資料收集包含訪問二位以上創業團隊成員、競爭廠商中的管理者和收集產業次級資料。 本研究經由分析四個個案的主要產品線資料，得出以下命題與發現。 命題一：產品有價值的差異程度愈大、產品稀少程度愈大、產品需求強度愈大，則產品競爭優勢程度愈大。 命題Ⅱ：若創業者的產業內通用知識強度小，則有產品競爭劣勢。 本研究發現，原產業成長期的創業機會為產業環境中存在的一種情境結構，本研究定義並命名為「創業機會結構」，它由以下項目構成：(1) 存在上游差異性新要素；(2) 存在下游市場需求；(3) 存在有利的競爭情勢，包含(a)既有競爭廠商數量小，(b)既有競爭廠商利用程度小，(c)潛在競爭廠商延遲行動；(4)存在功能互補廠商。 創業者知識與創業機會對於產品差異化的影響關係如下： 命題二：在創業者的產業內通用知識強度大的條件下，若創業者有異質的知識，或產業環境中存在創業機會，或二者都存在，則新事業可推出差異性與稀少性的產品。 命題二A：在創業者的產業內通用知識強度大的條件下，若創業者僅有產業內通用知識，且產業環境中存在創業機會，則新事業可推出差異性與稀少性的產品。 命題二B：在創業者的產業內通用知識強度大的條件下，若創業者僅有產業內通用知識，且產業環境中不存在創業機會，則新事業不能推出差異性與稀少性的產品。 命題二C：在創業者的產業內通用知識強度大的條件下，若創業者有異質知識，且產業環境中存在創業機會，則新事業可推出差異性與稀少性產品。 命題二D：在創業者的產業內通用知識強度大的條件下，若創業者有異質知識，且產業環境中不存在創業機會，則新事業可推出差異性與稀少性產品。 創業者異質知識屬性對產品屬性的影響關係如下： 命題三A：異質知識有價值的差異程度愈大，則產品有價值的差異程度愈大。 命題三B：異質知識稀少程度愈大，則產品稀少程度愈大。 命題三C：異質知識難以模仿程度，正向調節產品競爭優勢程度與產品利潤間的正向關係。 命題三：創業者知識的有利程度愈大，則產品利潤愈大。 創業機會結構中各項目的屬性程度對產品屬性的影響關係如下： 命題四A：要素有價值的差異程度愈大，則產品有價值的差異程度愈大。 命題四B：整體市場需求強度愈大，則產品需求強度愈大。 命題四Ca：既有競爭者的數量愈小，則產品稀少程度愈大。 命題四Cb：既有競爭者資源利用程度負向調節，整體市場需求強度與產品需求強度的正向關係。 命題四Cc：潛在競爭者行動延遲程度，正向調節產品競爭優勢程度與產品利潤的正向關係。 命題四：創業機會結構的有利程度愈大，則產品利潤愈大。 本研究對創業理論的貢獻包含以下幾方面。主要貢獻包含：第一，建立了整合理論。本研究在原產業成長期創業情境對交集現象，建立了以創業者知識、創業機會解釋產品差異化與利潤的整合理論。本研究針對創業最核心的差異化階段，建立了整合理論，使創業理論有了核心。第二，發現了創業機會結構。本研究經由探索發現了創業機會結構，描述出了創業機會的樣子，並分析清楚了構成它的項目對差異化相關的產品屬性和競爭優勢的影響。第三，橋接了創業與策略，引導二個領域的學者對話。本研究運用策略理論觀引導分析資料與建立理論的過程，因此本研究橋接了創業與策略，引導二個領域的學者對話。次要貢獻包含：第一，釐清了產品層次的構念和構面。第二，本研究以資源基礎觀引導，釐清了創業者知識下層的概念，並分析清楚了它們對產品屬性和競爭優勢的影響。 本研究建立的理論有實務含義，可以使產業成長期的潛在創業者（既有企業管理者）的策略思考更有效，因此對企業實務界人士有價值。概括而言，本研究對實務人士的啟示如下：(1)創業者擁有夠強的產業內經營知識是能夠創業成功的基本條件；(2)在產業內通用知識強的條件下，若創業者有異質知識或外部存在創業機會能使差異化成功，因此值得投入創業；若創業沒有異質知識及外部不存在創業機會，則創業者不應投入創業(3)本研究提出的創業機會結構，可以協助潛在創業者在創業決策階段辯認是否存在創業機會，避免創業時沒有機會或利用的不是創業機會。 / Starting new businesses in the growth stage of an industry is a special type of entrepreneurship as identified in this study. The same industry-growth stage entrepreneurship is defined as the following: after an entrepreneur (or entrepreneurial team) leaves a prior business, he/she then founds a new venture in the same industry which his prior work is in and is in the growth stage. The cases of ASUS(?) and Alexander are examples. The life of a start-up, as depicted by entrepreneurial studies, can be decomposed as: initial factors→product→performance. Current entrepreneurship studies have offered some answers to this phenomenon. First, studies have shown that a product’s extent of differentiation and rarity can predict performance. These findings prompt us to explore the question of which initial factors producing differentiated products (i.e., focusing on the product differentiation stage). Second, previous studies have found that an entrepreneur’s industry experience or industry-specific experience (using the years of work as a proxy) significantly affects performance. Because experience is a kind of knowledge, these results point out that knowledge can be regarded as an initial factor and thus it highlights the importance of exploring an entrepreneur’s knowledge. Third, Austrian economists point out that entrepreneurial opportunity is an initial factor and it influences entrepreneurial success. Up to now no studies illustrates the shape of entrepreneurial opportunities and explain how it influences entrepreneurial performance. Thus further exploration of entrepreneurial opportunities and how they affect product differentiation is needed. Although we already known an entrepreneur’s knowledge and entrepreneurial opportunity are major initial factors, we have no knowledge of lower level factors. Because the researches have not focused on the product differentiation stage, this research will concentrate on the product differentiation stage. The research question of the study is: in the differentiation stage of the same industry-growth stage start-ups, what lower level factors of knowledge and opportunity produce product competitive advantages? The objective of the research is: by identifying the lower factors, entrepreneurs’ knowledge and opportunities can be integrated into theories of entrepreneurship to explain product differentiation and profits. This research adopted the exploring theory building case study proposed by Eisenhardt (1989). The level of analysis was the main product line of a start-up. The data of three firms, in the form of 3 successful cases and 1 failed case, were collected. In addition to secondary data, at least two executives, either were founding team members or high-level managers, were interviewed for gathering the primary data. Through data analysis enable us to offer the following propositions: Proposition 1: The higher the levels of the value of product differentiation, product rarity and product demand intensity, the higher the product competitive advantage. Proposition Ⅱ: The lower the level of an entrepreneur’s industry-specific knowledge, the lower the product competitive advantage. We discovered that entrepreneurial opportunity is a specific situational structure in an industry. We termed it ‘entrepreneurial opportunity structure’. It is composed of four items: (1) the existence of upstream differentiated and new factors; (2) the existence of downstream market demands; (3) the existence of favorable competitive situation, including few competitors, less extent of action by competitors, late actions by competitors and more availability of complementary firms. Relationships among entrepreneurs’ knowledge, entrepreneurial opportunity, and product differentiation are indicated below. Proposition 2: When an entrepreneur has a high level of industry-specific knowledge, higher level of heterogeneous knowledge or the existence of an entrepreneurial opportunity (or both) makes it possible to launch a differentiated and rare product. Proposition 2A: When an entrepreneur has a high level of industry-specific knowledge, industry-specific knowledge, coupled with the existence of an entrepreneurial opportunity, makes it possible to launch a differentiated and rare product. Proposition 2B: When an entrepreneur has a high level of industry-specific knowledge, industry-specific knowledge, coupled with the non-existence of an entrepreneurial opportunity, makes it impossible to launch a differentiated and rare product. Proposition 2C: When an entrepreneur has a high level of industry-specific knowledge, higher level of heterogeneous knowledge and the existence of an entrepreneurial opportunity makes it possible to launch a differentiated and rare product. Proposition 2D: When an entrepreneur has a high level of industry-specific knowledge, higher level of heterogeneous knowledge and the non-existence of an entrepreneurial opportunity makes it possible to launch a differentiated and rare product. The relationship between heterogeneous knowledge and product attributes are listed below: Proposition 3A: The higher the value of heterogeneous knowledge, the higher the valuable difference of a product. Proposition 3B: The higher the rarity of heterogeneous knowledge, the higher the rarity of a product. Proposition 3C: The level of difficulty of imitation of heterogeneous knowledge moderates the positive relationship between product competitive advantage and product profit. Proposition 3: The higher the usefulness of an entrepreneur’s knowledge, the higher the product profit. The relationships between attributes of entrepreneurial opportunity structure and product attributes are listed below: Proposition 4A: The higher the valuable difference of a factor, the higher the valuable difference of a product. Proposition 4B: The higher the market demand intensity, the higher the product demand intensity. Proposition 4Ca: The less the number of competitors, the higher the rarity of a product. Proposition 4Cb: The degree of exploitation of resource by competitors negatively moderates the positive relationship between the market demand intensity and product demand intensity. Proposition 4Cc: The extent of delayed actions by competitors positively moderates the positive relationship between product competitive advantage and product profit. Proposition 4: The higher the potential of profitability of entrepreneurial opportunity structure, the higher the product profit. The major contributions of the research to entrepreneurship theories include the following: First, we built a integrated theory including entrepreneurs’ knowledge and entrepreneurial opportunities to explain product differentiation and profit. Because differentiation is the core to entrepreneurship, our integrated theory emphasizes the core of the theory. Second, this research identified entrepreneurial opportunity structure, and illustrated that entrepreneurial opportunity structure influences product attributes and competitive advantage. Entrepreneurial opportunity structure reflects the shape of entrepreneurial opportunity. Third, this research bridged entrepreneurship and strategy strategies, making the conversion between the two streams of research possible. Fourth, we clarified the construct and dimensions of product in start-ups. Lastly, we clarified the sub-constructs under entrepreneurs’ knowledge and their impact on product attributes and competitive advantage. The findings of the research have practical implications. It can make strategic thinking of potential entrepreneurs in the same industry-growth stage more effective. The implications are: (1) It is a necessary condition that an entrepreneur has enough industry-specific knowledge to be successful; (2) When an entrepreneur has a high level of industry-specific knowledge, if entrepreneur have heterogeneous knowledge or there is an entrepreneurial opportunity in industry environment, then differentiation can success, thus he worth to take entrepreneurial action. If entrepreneur have not heterogeneous knowledge and there is not an entrepreneurial opportunity, then he should not take entrepreneurial action; (3) Discovered entrepreneurial opportunity structure can help potential entrepreneur identify entrepreneurial opportunity in entrepreneurial decision stage, and avoid exploiting a non-entrepreneurial opportunity.

長久以來，國際化議題一直是實務界與學術界關心的重要焦點，對於小型開放經濟體的台灣而言，企業走向「國際化」更是必然的趨勢。國際化是否能為廠商帶來利潤？大部份的研究發現國際化確實有助於企業獲利的提昇，但亦有學者認為國際化為廠商所帶來的正面利益實屬有限，真正有助於提昇廠商績效的因素為廠商的「產品差異化能力」，甚至有學者更強烈地指出國際化與廠商績效的關係並不顯著，廠商本身所擁有的產品差異化能力才是最重要的獲利來源。 然而，相較於歐美大型多國企業，台灣企業規模相對較小，除國際化外，台灣企業擁有那些產品差異化能力可以提昇廠商的績效呢？雖然各方學者所持觀點不一，但其研究的範圍皆以西方已開發國家為關注焦點，顯少針對開發中國家加以研究。此不禁令人產生一些疑問：國際化是否也能為新興工業化國家的台灣企業帶來較佳的績效呢？若國際化不意謂著較佳的績效，那如此高度依賴海外市場的台灣企業該如何是好呢？ 此外，「管理能力」在廠商國際化的過程中所扮演的角色在過去研究中並未受到重視。然而，國際化程度的提高，並非對所有廠商在績效上皆能有正面的提昇，廠商必須在海外市場擴張的過程中，隨時調整其管理能力才得以能夠維持優良的廠商績效，此議題的瞭解，有助於對過去實證結果的分歧做更進一步的解釋。 針對上述研究問題，本研究回顧國際化程度、產品差異化能力，以及管理能力相關文獻，經由相關理論之推導，形成三個主要的研究命題，透過以台灣製造廠商為研究對象，同時以量化及質化的研究設計加以探討。 命題一與命題二分別以第三章564家大型製造廠商、第四章170公開上市資訊電子業、第五章3,194家中小型製造廠商、第六章601家中小型紡織業及818家中小型電子業，以及第七章1986年、1991年與1996年三期之大型 (275家，825個樣本) 及中小型 (322家，966個樣本) 製造廠商之長期追蹤資料加以驗證。經由不同廠商規模與產業，以及橫斷面與縱斷面的資料分析，得到國際化程度對廠商績效為一倒U型關係、產品差異化能力 (研發密集度) 對廠商績效為一正向的影響，亦即在研究一 (第三章) 至研究五 (第七章) 的結論發現，國際化程度與廠商績效的倒U型關係皆獲得支持，惟不同的樣本中，國際化程度與績效的最適點不同；產品差異化能力的部份僅於研發密集度與廠商績效的正向關係獲得支持，故支持本研究所提出之前兩項研究命題。 本研究根據量化研究倒U型之結果，分別在研究六 (第八章) 以一家非上市 (櫃) 小型手工具製造業、一家中型上櫃紡織業，以及一家大型上市電子業為研究對象，分析管理能力對國際化與廠商績效關係之影響，經由三家個案廠商的分析，亦傾向於支持管理能力對台灣製造廠商之國際化程度與績效的關係有一正向的調節效果。亦即廠商的管理能力可以調節 (moderate) 國際化與廠商績效的關係，在面對海外市場擴張所面臨的複雜度增加，廠商若能適時調整其管理能力，即使處於高度國際化的狀況，亦能保有優良的廠商績效；反之，若廠商之國際化程度仍未達國際化之最適點，但其管理能力始終沒有在海外市場擴張的過程中做適時的調整，亦有可能產生績效不佳的狀況。因此，支持本研究所提出的第三個研究命題。 整體而言，本論文於第三章至第七章量化研究獲得國際化程度與產品差異化能力對廠商績效一致的結果；透過第八章的質化研究，亦達成管理能力於國際化與廠商績效間關係的釐清。因此本論文的完成亦讓研究者對於台灣企業的國際化程度、產品差異化能力及管理能力，在影響廠商績效的議題上有更豐富的認識與瞭解。 / Internationalization has been the focus to the business and academic communities for years. Actively entering foreign markets for most firms in Taiwan, a small-opened economy, has become a must in the globalized economy. Does internationalization bring better performance for business? Most empirical studies found that internationalization increases firms’ benefits; however, some researchers argued that there are limited the benefits associated with firms’ internationalization. Furthermore, it has been suggested that there’s no significant relationship between internationalization and firm’s performance. That seemed a tendency for researchers to argue that “capability for product differentiation” is the key to profitability. Comparing with multinational corporations (MNCs) from western developed countries, the sizes of Taiwanese firms are much smaller. What kind of capabilities for product differentiation, in addition to the internationalization, could contribute to their performance? So far researchers have different views. On top of that, when excusing the issue, most studies still focused on firms, mostly MNCs, from the developed countries, few has looked into the behaviors of firms from developing countries. This study bridges this gap and proposes the following research questions: (1) Does internationalization affect performance firms from newly industrialized economies, such as Taiwan? (2) Besides internationalization, what characteristics of firms in Taiwan contribute to their performance? Managerial capability truly plays an important role in firms’ internationalization process; however, previous studies did not pay much attention on this construct. Also, higher levels of internationalization does not necessary bring positive impact on firms’ performance. To maintain better performance, firms need to adjust as well as adapt their managerial capabilities during their foreign market expansion process. Understanding the relationship between managerial capability and international expansion helps us to shed new light on the inconsistency findings of past empirical studies. Thus, the third research question tries to understand the moderating role of managerial capability on the relationship between internationalization and firms’ performance. The study reviews related literatures on internationalization, capability for product differentiation, and managerial capability in terms of above mentioned research questions. After deriving three main research propositions, this study employs both quantitative and qualitative research designs to answer the research questions by taking Taiwanese manufacture firms as research samples. For the purpose of triangulation, this study examines propositions 1 and 2 by different sample profiles including cross-sectional and longitudinal data. They are: (1) 564 large manufacture firms (chapter 3); (2) 170 Taiwan Stock Exchange Market listed electronics firms (chapter 4); (3) 3,194 small and medium-sized enterprises (chapter 5); (4) 601 small and medium-sized textile firms and 818 small and medium-sized electronics firms (chapter 6), and (5) 275 (825 observations) large and 322 (966 observations) small and medium-sized firms for three periods (i.e., 1986, 1991, and 1996) (chapter 7). The first two main findings are: (1) the relationship between internationalization and performance could be graphically depicted as an inverted U-shaped curve, and (2) a positive relationship between capability for product differentiation in terms of R&D intensity and performance regardless of firm size and industry. Thus, our findings support the first two propositions. According to the U-shaped result of quantitative analysis, this study explores the relationship among managerial capability, internationalization, and performance by conducting three in-depth company interviews. The firms, including an unlisted hand tool firm, a medium-sized OTC textile firm, and one large listed electronics firm, represent a mix of companies. The third main findings tend to support that managerial capability has a positive moderating effect between internationalization and performance. If firms could adapt or adjust their managerial capabilities to handle the complexity during their foreign market expansion process at the right timing, they could still enjoy better performance with higher levels of internationalization. On the contrary, the complexity associated with high-level of internationalization will burn out the managers and eventually lead to poor performance. Thus, the result supports the third proposition. In summary, on the one hand, the study confirms the relationship among internationalization, capability for product differentiation, and firm’s performance through quantitative analyses in chapters 3 to 7. This study also identifies the moderating effect of managerial capability on the relationship between internationalization and firm’s performance through a qualitative analysis in chapter 8. Theoretically speaking, this dissertation provides better understanding on the relationship among internationalization, capability for product differentiation, managerial capability, and performance of Taiwanese firms.

過去二十多年來，多元智能理論在教育界受到極大的重視與推崇，該理論對於外語課程與教學亦有所啟發。本研究旨在調查國小高年級學生的多元智能與英語閱讀能力之關係，主要探討和英語閱讀能力相關的多元智能，並比較英語閱讀高低成就者與不同性別學生在多元智能與英語閱讀成績方面之差異，以供英語閱讀課程設計及教學作參考。 本研究之對象為台北縣257名國小六年級學生，以「多元智能評量表」及「英語閱讀能力測驗」為研究工具，進行量化調查研究，以描述統計、多元迴歸、獨立樣本T考驗等統計方法分析結果。 本研究之主要結果如下： 一、以國小學生之多元智能分佈而言，其人際智能、空間智能、內省智能以及 肢體運動智能較強，然其自然智能、語言智能以及音樂智能較弱。 二、以國小學生之英語閱讀能力而言，其英語對話能力差異較大，然其單字部 分差異則較小。 三、國小學生的英語閱讀能力與多元智能有顯著相關，亦即英語閱讀能力與邏 輯數理智能、音樂智能達顯著正相關，與自然觀察智能達顯著負相關。 四、英語閱讀高低成就者在多元智能分佈上有顯著差異。亦即高成就者每一項 多元智能皆顯著高於低成就者，且以邏輯數理智能、音樂智能、及語文智 能差異最大。 五、英語閱讀高低成就者在英語閱讀能力方面有顯著差異。亦即高成就者之英 語閱讀能力，在單字、句子、對話的等方面，皆顯著高於低成就者之英語 閱讀能力。 六、不同性別的學生在多元智能分佈有顯著差異。亦即女生的音樂、人際、語 文、內省等智能皆顯著高於男生。 七、不同性別的學生在英語閱讀能力上有顯著差異。亦即女生在閱讀英語單 字、句子的表現方面，皆顯著高於男生。 八、不同性別的學生主要和英語閱讀能力相關的多元智能並無差異，亦即男女 生之邏輯數理智能皆與英語閱讀能力達顯著正相關，且女生的人際智能和 英語閱讀能力達顯著負相關。 最後，研究者根據上述之研究結果，對英語教師與教材編輯者提出建言，期能藉由瞭解國小生多元智能與英語閱讀能力之相關性，增進對於英語閱讀能力的理解，進而提升英語閱讀課程設計與教學之效能。 / The Multiple Intelligences theory, having received great attention of educators over the past two decades, has made great contributions to language education by casting light on curriculum development and pedagogy. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to explore the correlation between elementary school students’ multiple intelligences and English reading proficiency. In addition, the study compared the differences between students’ English reading proficiency and multiple intelligences in terms of proficiency level and gender. The participants were 257 sixth graders from two urban and two rural elementary schools in Taipei County. The MI Inventory and English reading proficiency test were adopted in the study. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, multiple regression, and T-test. The major findings of this study were as follows: 1. Elementary school students were stronger interpersonal, spatial-visual, intrapersonal, and bodily- kinesthetic intelligences, yet weaker in naturalist, linguistic, and musical intelligences. 2. As far as elementary school students’ English reading proficiency was concerned, the greatest gap existed in their dialogue ability, yet the smallest gap existed in their vocabulary ability. 3. Elementary school students’ multiple intelligences were significantly correlated with English reading proficiency. Their English reading proficiency was positively correlated with logical-mathematical and musical intelligences, but negatively correlated with naturalist intelligence. 4. There were significant differences in the distribution of multiple intelligences between high and low achievers in English reading proficiency. High achievers were stronger in all of the eight multiple intelligences than their counterparts, particularly in logical-mathematical, musical, and linguistic intelligences. 5. There were significant differences in English reading proficiency between high and low achievers. Compared with low achievers, high achievers performed better in the vocabulary, sentence, and dialogue sections of the English reading proficiency test. 6. There were significant differences in the distributions of multiple intelligences between different genders. Namely, girls’ musical, interpersonal, linguistic, and intrapersonal intelligences were significantly stronger than those of boys’. 7. There were significant differences in English reading proficiency between different genders. More specifically, girls performed better than boys in the vocabulary and sentence sections of the English reading proficiency test. 8. Boys and girls had the same dominant intelligence of English reading proficiency, i.e. logical-mathematical intelligence. In addition, girls’ interpersonal intelligence was negatively correlated with English reading proficiency. Based on the findings of the correlation between multiple intelligences and English reading proficiency, the researcher provided English teachers and material designers with constructive suggestions to improve the curriculum development and pedagogy for English reading.

本論文從教育社會學角度探討造成數學成就性別差異現象的成因，以班級的性別環境為研究脈絡，研究影響國中女生數學成就的可能原因。假設數學成就的性別差異是受到後天學習歷程影響，班級環境中隱含的性別刻板印象為其中一個重要社會文化影響因素。透過比較國一到國三階段女生班和一般男女合班女生數學成就的異同，嘗試找出造成數學成就性別差異現象的成因，是否與班級性別環境、師生的性別刻板印象等因素有關。利用階層線性模式（Hierarchical Linear Models，HLM）統計方法，分析資料取自由中央研究院、教育部和國科會共同規劃的全國性長期的調查計畫：「台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫」（Taiwan Education Panel Survey，簡稱TEPS）。研究結果發現女生班、數學老師性別及班級學業氣氛等因素對於國中女生數學成就有顯著影響力，但進一步考慮學校公私別變項之後，女生班的影響力即消失。 / The main purpose of this study is to assess the magnitude of individual and contextual influences to explain gender differences in math achievements. Adopting the hierarchical linear model analysis to determine whether or not statistically significant differences between the mathematical achievements of 7th grade students who attend all-girls classes compared with those who attend coeducational classes at the same time, and their academic performance after two years. The result shows that there are three factors that have significant influences on girls’ math achievement in junior high schools, which are the single-sex classes, female math teachers and the academic climate of each class. However, if private schools are taken into consideration, the significant influence of the gender composition of classes will disappear.

C公司係台灣少數有能力以統包商角色進軍國際工程市場之工程公司，然在國際化經營發展過程中，C公司對本身在這個產業的定位是什麼？C公司的核心價值在哪裡？C公司的競爭策略有何優勢？C公司如何改變體質以迎接新世紀的挑戰？C公司如何為股東創造最大的價值？本研究以企業評價(Valuation)及價值創造(Value Creation)為主軸，檢驗C公司本身體質並探討未來經營策略可行之方案。 本研究針對C公司過去五年的財務資訊分析各項影響企業價值之因子，先評析C公司各項價值因子之優劣勢，判斷C公司目前之價值定位，再採用現金流量折現法評估股價並做敏感度分析，認為影響C公司企業價值之關鍵因子，其重要性依序為營業利潤率、營收成長率、競爭優勢期間、加權平均資金成本、營運資金投資、固定資產投資及現金稅率；根據這些關鍵價值因子，本研究建議C公司未來之營運策略、投資策略及融資策略之擬定應以價值創造為原則，可採行之方向歸納如下： 一、為了創造價值，個案公司之經營策略應朝產品定位與差異化方向發展。 二、短期以改善營業利潤率為首要目標，加強成本控管，改善盈餘品質。 三、把握國際工程景氣循環高點所帶來之商機，適度提升營收成長率。 四、為維繫競爭優勢期間，長期應從成本領導策略轉化為差異化策略，以此衍生創造差異化之購併策略及多角化策略。 五、購併策略以垂直整合優先於水平整合。 六、為降低加權平均資金成本，融資策略在不違反對銀行之財務承諾前提下，適度提高財務槓桿，維持最適資本結構。 七、加強在建工程與固定資產管理、儘量減少固定資產投資、處分非核心事業，並以不失去控制權原則引進外來資本擴張前景看好之關係企業。 八、財務構面的績效衡量指標應以現金流量為主要評量基礎，指標之設計以成長性為重點。

「社會行銷」概念與技術於1971年由學者Kotler & Zaltman提出，為首次行銷概念技術擴大應用至非營利部門在社會公益上的研究。行銷學者Kotler認為，社會行銷可擴大應用至社會各領域的公益推廣，包含公部門。由是，本研究基於擴大化應用的精神，以我國環保機關推動之「不燒紙錢宣導政策」為個案，探究行銷概念擴大化後，公部門在行銷理論基礎上，即交換理論在公私部門差異上導致社會行銷分析公部門個案時產生哪些差異？以及社會行銷擴大應用至公部門，在理論基礎上有哪些問題？同時以社會行銷概念及技術對個案進行分析。 因此，本研究在研究方法上，以個案研究的方式，先進行社會行銷及交換理論在公私部門差異的文獻基礎進行一回顧與整理，再依研究目的與問題針對理論基礎設計深度訪談的問題，依目的性抽樣原則尋找最能符合本研究目的之訪談者進行深度訪談，共十一位。訪談完成即整理逐字稿以進行後續分析。 經本研究分析，在理論面及實務面均提出研究貢獻與建議： 一、理論面： （一）社會行銷因為公私部門在本質上存有差異，導致源自於私部門的行銷理論基礎─交換理論，用於分析公部門社會行銷政策時，在各社會行銷步驟中均產生差異。 （二）交換理論自利假定在公私部門中產生差異，因此有關法律強制力、公民及消費者、自願交換關係及通路概念在未來社會行銷擴大應用至公部門時，有理論適用上的問題。 二、實務面： （一）「不燒紙錢宣導政策」經社會行銷八步驟分析，屬於同社會行銷概念及技術的行銷個案，但因其為公部門推動者，故在細部特徵上有公私部門假定上、本質上的差異。 （二）「不燒紙錢宣導政策」的推動，雖滿足公共利益的需求，但執行過程中直接法源不明確、推動組織鬆散、忽略利害關係人權益為實務需加強之處。 / The very concept of “Social Marketing”, first introduced by Philip Kotler and Gerald Zaltman, is used to apply marketing techniques to the area of nonprofit organizations to promote public interest. In Kotler’s mind, marketing techniques can be applied to both public and private sectors. However, whether this application adequate is needed to be answered. In this thesis, author uses a case named “campaigning the policy against burning golden papers in worship” implemented by the R.O.C government as an example to examine the adequacy of the “Exchange Theory” behind the concept of social marketing to understand marketing cases in the public sector. In order to find the conceptual problems through case study, author first adopts the eight stages of social marketing to describe the case throughout. Then, author design several interview problems to ask various actors who related to the case. Finally, author combines theoretical arguments, case details, and qualitative data from in-depth interview to analyze the adequacy of applying exchange theory in public sector through social marketing. Several findings are presented as follows. First, many differences were found in all the eight stage of social marketing. These differences illustrate many possible inadequacies of applying marketing techniques, supported by exchange theory, to public sector. Second, based on the above differences founded, the intention of broadening the concept of marketing to non-profit organizations should take them into considerations. Especially, the strategic marketing scheme, such as 4Ps, should be reevaluated according to the findings. Thirdly, practically speaking, there are supporting factors to make a marketing campaign successful in public sector: ambiguities in regulation, lack of solid implementation organization, and the missing of stakeholders opinion collection and interest-protection activities in the process.

中小企業一向為台灣經濟發展的基石，在促進經濟成長、創造就業機會、充實財政收入、平衡區域發展及帶動企業家精神方面有很大貢獻。為了研究中小企業和大企業生產技術之異同，本文選取資訊電子業和食品業為樣本資料，利用分量迴歸模型求算中小企業和大企業在此二產業的勞動偏產量彈性、資本偏產量彈性、勞動邊際產量、資本邊際產量、規模彈性、技術進步率、偏替代彈性和生產技術差異表現，分析兩者生產技術的異同並做產業比較，盼能提供台灣企業改進方向，增進整體產業之效率。 研究結果如下： (1)中小企業和大企業的勞動偏產量彈性在資訊電子業與食品業裡皆大於資本偏產量彈性，意味兩產業增加勞動投入對產出的幫助皆高於增加資本投入。 (2)大企業的勞動邊際產量在兩產業裡皆比中小企業高。 (3)中小企業和大企業的資本邊際產量都是隨分量的上升而下降。 (4)中小企業與大企業之規模彈性皆大於1。表示廠商皆應擴大生產規模，藉此降 低平均成本，增高生產效率。 (5)資訊電子業裡大企業的技術進步率高於中小企業，食品業裡中小企業和大企業的技術進步率則互有高低。 (6)偏替代彈性都在0.2分量後，大企業高於中小企業。表示大體而言台灣製造業 大企業面對市場環境變化時，反應的能力比中小企業來的好。 (7)資訊電子業大企業擁有的生產技術優勢隨生產規模增大越來越明顯，顯示研究經費支出有明顯助益，食品業裡中小企業和大企業的生產技術則互有優劣。

企業社會責任已經是現今社會中不可輕視的企業議題，各種評等機構也紛紛開始針對個別企業的社會績效進行量化的評估與排名。本研究的主題即為企業社會績效的決定因素，並依據先前研究而選出規模、國際化程度、差異化策略程度、CEO的功能背景、並且加上本研究自選出企業社會責任的競爭強度為第五個變數來解釋不同企業之間其企業社會績效的差異，以求實證研究的結果。為求有意義的研究議題、以及避免變數資料收集上的偏誤，研究界說範圍乃為美國的製造業公司。 / 研究樣本群有兩個，分別為2007、2008年由CRO雜誌公佈的「百大最佳企業公民」名單中的製造業公司。依其名單中的個別公司的平均分數作為企業社會績效，並以SPSS 8.0軟體進行相關假說的驗證。 / 研究結果證實，企業規模在兩個年度的模型中都得到實證，確定規模愈大的公司其企業社會績效也會比較好。而國際化程度、CEO外部導向的功能背景、及企業社會責任的競爭強度則在2008年模型中得到證實其與企業社會績效的正向關係。最後，企業追隨差異化策略的程度與企業社會績效的正向關係則在2007年模型下得到實證支持。根據以上結果，本研究亦藉由提出兩個年度模型的差異，來推導可能的成因。