國民黨執政期間國家社會關係為上對下威權統治關係，而後威權時期台灣國家社會關係最突出的現象為社會自主性的提昇，國家社會關係轉變為平行合作伙伴關係，經濟自由化促進政治民主化，表面上「民意」成為台灣政經發展的主要推動力量，但支持台灣後威權時期民主政治發展之多元制度卻仍付之闕如，促使台灣發生類似民主民粹化現象。高漲的民意反噬民主政治賴以建立的根基—多元化民主，政治一元化論述撕裂了民主社會應有的基本共識與互信，並造成國家認同問題，筆者認為，民主民粹化現象使後威權時期台灣國家社會關係反而回到國家社會衝突對抗關係，多元與互補性認同是撫癒此種社會裂痕的主要關鍵。而缺乏制度性安排是造成此種緊張關係的主要原因，國家社會鑲嵌性不足，聯帶影響台灣整體國家能力。 後威權時期台灣所臨的困境主要在於如何以制度性安排重建國家社會鑲嵌性，社會需求、想法能循正常制度管道完全供輸至公部門，而公部門在制定重大政策時能同時整合私部門的需求與想法，但切忌以國家基礎建設能力為祭品，讓行政官僚體系無法發揮應有的效能，不僅社會鑲嵌性出現問題，也使貧富差距加大，造成社會不穩定。 台灣正處於政經轉型階段，如何以正面適切的回應解決來自全球化的挑戰，是政府和民間社會必需共同面對的問題，制度若無法成為民主政治的主要屏障，則民主化不必然保證多元社會的出現。

1995年網際網路正式成為台灣社會的消費產品，以往則是侷限於學術領域的非營利使用；1996年以後，科技官僚與通訊和資訊業者履稱網際網路已成為「全民運動」。本研究的主題即分析網際網路作為一項新事物，諸種政治與經濟力量如何塑造其於台灣社會的發展過程。首先探討發展現況，指出網際網路因循傳播資源分配的不平等現象，而且國家機器、通訊和資訊業資本連袂將公眾變賣為消費者。其次爬梳網際網路在台灣的變遷歷程，由於1970年代國家機器訂定資訊工業為策略工業，鋪造未來發展網際網路所需要的技術條件，以及國家機器主導科技政策協助經濟發展的局面；時至1996年，網際網路被國家機器扶為國家資訊通信基本建設（NII）的主軸，用以謀求經濟的進一步發展。在這期間國家機器不斷製造的高科技意識型態，經由重視通訊和資訊業廣告預算的傳播媒體再生產與銷售「全民運動」的假象與迷思。

中國大陸自1978年改革開放後，經濟成長驚人，但是這個成長是伴隨著城鄉之間的差距與地區之間的差距。地區間絕對差距與相對差距都在逐年擴大，以1999年的資料，上海與貴州人均GDP相差16倍，絕對差距為一萬元人民幣。對於區域間發展差異的問題，有些學者從自然環境差異等天賦條件因素解釋；另有一派學者則以依賴理論說明市場自然運作的結果；亦有專家以過去計畫經濟時期的歷史發展來說明國家能力，尤其是財政能力，是消弭差異的主要關鍵；也有人以政府的傾斜政策，將資源導向被傾斜的一方流動，致使東西差異形成。本論文認為經濟事物應回歸經濟的角度來探討，再結合制度（正式與非正式）選擇對於經濟層面的干擾因素，來尋求各地區經濟發展差異的解答。在理論上，以新經濟成長理論為基礎，認為除了生產要素的增加外，資源配置是否有效率亦是經濟成長的重要關鍵，而制度決定資源配置的效率，因此，東西部的制度落差是造成東西部經濟成長差異的源頭。這樣的制度落差可以分為兩個面向來探討：第一是經濟領域上政府的退出；第二是社會關係、法律制度、中介組織等相關配套措施的建立。要使得地區發展能夠得到平衡，管制的解除以及新制度的建立是主要的關鍵，尤其是不合理戶口制度造成勞動市場的不健全以及各地方和全國法律的完善程度。本論文整合時間（1978年到1999年）和橫斷面（28個省市區）的統計數據，使用迴歸分析說明制度變數與經濟成長之間的關係。 / Since the reform in 1978, China has experienced an astonishing economic growth. However, the disparity between the coastal and inner provinces is increasing. According to the 1999 statistics, the GDP in Shanghai is sixteen times of GDP in Guizhou. More and more scholarship focuses on the uneven development in China. The reasons of regional disparity in China have focused on the geography, the operation of market, the weakening of the central government's power, or the preferential policies received by the coastal provinces. These can't fully explain China's disparity. I argue that the real reasons for China's disparity lying in the " institutions" (formal and informal) in China. Based on regression analysis of data from 1978 to 1999, my thesis intends to explain the dynamic between institutions and economic growth.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Government and Public Administration

本論文所針對者乃海岸開發觀光建設之議題，旨在透過深入了解政府對於一般海岸土地上大型觀光建設之環境影響與土地開發的審議機關、程序和審議標準，以發現此類開發所引發之衝突爭議及解決機制。本論文將把焦點集中於開發面積10公頃以上、位於一般海岸土地之大型觀光建設的環境管制與土地開發相關議題，並以永續觀光的角度檢討目前實務上的缺失。 本論文主要研究發現如下： 一、永續發展與永續觀光的意義與價值 永續發展與永續觀光概念最重要的價值在於對環境、社會與經濟三者間的互動提供了一個重新思考的方向，點出三者平衡發展的必要性、可能性以及為生活帶來的美好遠景，同時也開拓國家發展的總體格局。 二、海岸觀光的特性與相關開發建設應有規範 海岸地區具有複雜性、多元利用性和脆弱性等三大特性，因此海岸觀光可能對環境和社會造成負面衝擊，須以具「彈性」為原則並具備在海岸地區彈性地處理自然動態與社會動態的能力，由氣候、生態資源、地理資源、人文、土地承載力以及政策、組織、管制措施、法規共同型塑出規範架構。 三、環境管制—環境影響評估的制度與審査機制、審査標準及其檢討 我國以環境影響評估制度作為各項開發行為的主要環境管制機制，並以由機關代表以及專家學者組成的環評會為主要管制者。相關評估標準包括了直接影響自然環境者、直接影響社經環境者以及其他等三種。目前最大問題在於參與機會和資訊提供有所不足以及多元評估未能有效整合兩方面，並有制度在運用上標準不一與受特定因素影響而偏頗的闕漏。 四、土地開發管制—土地開發審査制度與機制、審査標準及其檢討 未來海岸土地的開發建設尤須注意到非都市土地的相關管制，無論位於都市或非都市地區，海岸觀光開發的土地開發審議都將面臨是否以觀光為最適當或最有利的土地使用方式，以及開發的「規模設定」或稱「總量管制」的問題，海岸的特殊性質並突顯了土地開發管制與環境影響管制間妥善配合的必要性。 五、永續觀光在大型海岸觀光建設的體現 永續觀光和大型海岸觀光建設的結合與協調，有賴環境管制和土地開發管制的功能發揮與彼此合作，核心工作在於透過這兩個管制體系來建立與維持海岸觀光所須具備的「彈性」。大型海岸觀光建設應以社會正義、環境正義與經濟發展的兼容並蓄與共同成長為最終的目標。 最後，針對論文的研究成果對政策、制度設計、政府機關、審查者以及一般民眾提出相關建議，並說明後續研究可努力之方向。 / This study focuses on the issue of tourist development and construction on costal areas, and aims to find involved controversies and possible resolution by understanding the regulations, procedures and standards of scrutiny the government takes. The study considers only large tourist constructions that are greater than 10 hectares in dimension and located in ordinary coastal areas. The paper then concludes with the discussion of practical problems faced by tourist development via sustainable developmental perspective. Main findings of this study are following: 1. The meaning and value of sustainable development and sustainable tourism: The most important value of sustainable development and sustainable tourism is providing a whole new direction to think about the interaction between environment, society and economy. It is crucial to seek a balance within the three elements and to expand the scale of a country’s development. 2. Attributes and regulations of coastal tourism: Three main attributes of coastal areas are complexity, various utility and vulnerability. Thus there may be negative environmental and social impacts resulted from coastal tourism. Flexibility is the rule to get capacities to manage natural and social dynamics. Climate, ecological resources, geographical resources, culture, carrying capacity of land, policies, organizations, regulations and legislations are all components of regulatory framework. 3. Environmental regulation—the institution, regime, scrutiny standards and discussion of Environmental Impact Assessment: As the main environmental regulatory regime of all development behavior in Taiwan, Environmental Impact Assessment is composed of institutional representatives and professionals. Standards of this assessment are divided into three categories: the ones affecting natural environment directly, the ones affecting socio-economic environment directly and others. Most serious problems are the lack of participant opportunities and information, and the poor integration of diverse assessment methods. On the other hand, uneven scrutiny standards and the bias of scrutiny are also loopholes that need to be concerned. 4. Land-use regulation—the institution, regime, scrutiny standards and discussion of land-use regulation: Future coastal constructions should pay special attentions to the non-urban-land regulations. In either urban or non-urban area, the land-use scrutiny of costal tourism will inevitably face the question of whether or not the area has been used in the most suitable and profitable way to promote tourist development and the problem of amount-regulation. At the same time, the attributes of coastal areas highlight the necessity for land-use and environmental regulations to coordinate appropriately. 5. The embodiment of sustainable tourism in large costal tourist constructions: The combination and coordination between sustainable tourism and large costal tourist constructions rely on the collaboration of environmental and land-use regulations. The focal point is to establish and maintain “flexibility” via the two regulatory systems. The goal of large costal tourist constructions should be the aggregation of social justice, environmental justice and economic development. Lastly, suggestions for policies, regime design, governmental institutions, supervisors and the public are made with a proposal of possible research directions in the future.

開發型不動產證券化制度，定義上係以未開發完成之不動產之權利，透過特殊目的機構，在破產隔離之法律關係下，加以小口化、規格化，並發行有價證券表彰該權利且對外募集或私募有價證券之行為。在我國法規範之下，制度上則可包括「不動產投資信託基金投資於開發型不動產」以及「不動產資產信託以開發型不動產作為信託財產私募有價證券」二種型態。證券化對於不動產之開發而言，係一相當有利之融資管道，且同時亦提供了小額投資人投資大型不動產開發案共享獲利之機會。一般均認為開發型不動產係對於證券化需求最大之標的，然而，因開發性不動產本質上具有較已開發不動產更高之風險，故學說、實務及立法上之討論亦有眾多見解主張對於開發型不動產之證券化應予禁止或限制。 我國不動產證券化條例於民國92年公布施行時，對於開發型不動產納入規範係採所謂「分階段立法」之模式，而在民國98年1月6日始由立法院三讀通過不動產證券化條例之修正案，正式將開發型不動產納入我國不動產證券化之法制，惟現行法基於道德危險之防止、風險控管與投資人保護等考量，對於開發型不動產之證券化仍設有多數禁止或限制規範。然而，本文認為風險控管與投資人保護之並非不動產證券化制度唯一或絕對之考量；並且，制度上之限制或禁止應屬投資人保護之最後手段，若尚可透過主管機關之有效監理降低投資風險並保障投資人時，仍應儘量朝「興利同時防弊」之方向運作，不應過度限制該制度之適用範圍，否則反而將使制度之立法目的無法達成。 綜上所述，本文嘗試從開發型不動產證券化之本質、特性與優缺點出發，參酌國外相關立法例，並考量我國民情與資本市場之特色後，分析提出我國開發型不動產證券化制度之走向，主張應修法開放募集之不動產投 資信託基金得投資於一般開發型不動產。另外，針對都市更新及BOT等開發案適用不動產證券化條例之議題，本研究採取否定見解，認為應於各該法律另行立法規範此種特別法上之開發型不動產證券化，而不應以不動產證券化條例規範之。故本研究尚針對現行不動產證券化條例、都市更新條例、促進民間參與公共建設法等法律規範提出修正建議。期能提供開發型不動產證券化制度將來修法及運作上之參考。 / The “development-oriented real estate securitization” could be defined as an arrangement that subdivides and standardizes the right of real estate which is undeveloped or under development, into separate shares through a special purpose vehicle and the bankruptcy-remoteness structure, and the public offering or private placement of the real estate securities representing ownership of such shares. Under the Real Estate Securitization Act of Taiwan, R.O.C. (the “Act”), so called development-oriented real estate securitization could also be construed as either 1) fund investment of REIT into real estate(s) under development, or 2) entrusting real estate(s) under development or to be developed to a REAT. Securitization is a favorable way to finance the development project, also it provides opportunities for investors with limited fund to invest in and profit from the same. Generally, development projects have the strongest needs for securitization financing. However, due to the risks accompanied with development, there are opinions from researchers and legislators for the restriction of their securitization. Upon the Act’s promulgation in 2003, the Legislative Yuan also resolved the guidelines for future amendment that the real estate under development or to be developed shall be included upon the maturity of real estate securitization operation. However, due to legislators’ concerns on moral hazard, risk control and investor protection, the amendment promulgated in 2009 formally adapting the development-oriented real estate securitization was still quite restricted. It is held by this thesis that risk control and investor protection are not the only or supreme purposes of the Act. Meanwhile, the restriction shall be deemed the last resort of investor protection, it is to say, if the monitoring and supervision of competent authority is operable, we shall use them to protect investors instead of legislative restriction. Or some objectives of the Act would be therefore hindered. Based on the analysis of the nature, advantages, disadvantages, comparative law study of development-oriented real estate securitization, and also referring to the customs and capital market structure of Taiwan, this thesis has provided some thoughts and suggestions for other researchers and legislators’ reference. Firstly, it is held that the restriction on publicly offered REIT’s investment in development project shall be removed. Also, the urban renewal and BOT project shall not be applicable under the Act as which shall be exceptional types respectively legislated in Urban Renewal Act and the Law for Promotion of Private Participation in Infrastructure Projects. It is expected that the issues, thoughts and opinions raised or provided by this thesis could encourage further discussions toward the subject to ensure the sound and stable development of real estate securitization in Taiwan.

魏英杰. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 189-196) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Wei Yingjie.

政府入口網站含蓋了眾多提供公共服務的網站，讓民眾或企業進行相關業務的辦理、資訊的查詢以及進行交易等行為。全國或是全球需要使用到政府服務，例如政府採購等之使用者皆是政府入口網站之服務對象。因此政府網站在資料流量含量方面較之於一般商業網站更為可觀，亦包含了電子商務性質。在此狀況下，政府角色亦已逐漸從管制調適為服務。就政府體策略或執行計畫而言，實施知識管理除可使行政單位的工作效率提昇，行政流程時間縮短，更可避免重覆錯誤及誤判訊息之可能。 　　本研究主要以行政院公共工程委員會目前所推行之『政府採購電子化』計畫為研究對象，冀於對未來五年能達到政府採購作業全面電子化提出建議。本研究之目標係分析研擬「政府電子採購入口網站」之關鍵成功因素，從而由「政府採購電子化」計畫現行系統歸納出具綜效之整合型「政府電子採購入口網站」功能架構，其工作內容如下： 　　1. 歸納、分析現行各系統及政府採購法推動之問題。 　　2. 瞭解國內政府入口網站之推動情形，分析企業資訊入口網站解決方案現況。 　　3. 利用分析層級程序法（Analytic Hierarchy Process，簡稱ＡＨＰ）歸納出三分類專家，包括工程會內部專家、公部門專家、產業界及學界專家所認為的「政府電子採購入口網站」之關鍵成功因素，同時也分析資訊職務與非資訊職務專家觀點之相異點。 　　4. 根據歸納出來之關鍵成功因素與內部需求，提出具建設性之「政府電子採購入口網站」功能架構雛形，建議工程會推動「政府採購入口網站」提供之功能依據。 　　本研究AHP法研究結果如下： 　　1. 本研究中之各類專家一般認為內在因素比外在環境因素之權重大。 　　2. 第三層關鍵成功因素包括知識管理機制之健全化、政策及法制配合度、使用者服務機制、資訊系統與營運。整體而言，工程會內部專家與產業界及學界專家兩類專家較重視政策及法制配合度構面因素，而公部門專家比較重視資訊系統與營運構面因素。資訊職務專家較重視政策及法制配合度構面因素，非資訊職務專家比較重視資訊系統與營運構面因素。 　　3. 整體最底層關鍵成功因素排名前七項分別為高階長官的參與和支持並訂定明確的目標、即時配合實際狀況，修正、鬆綁法規、充裕的資源配合、提昇法令約束力之效力、提供快速回應問題之機制、介面具親和力、操作流程循序簡單、提供高度的可靠性與穩定性。 　　本研究最後逐一對專家深入訪談、工程會需求訪談、企業資訊入口網站解決方案及關鍵成功因素AHP之分析等結果提出結論與建議。 / An e-Government Portal should integrates numerous websites that offer public service, and provides individuals or enterprises with a platform for trafficking, searching information, and conducting transactions. Thus, all the users, that need to access government service and government procurement information, are potential customers of the e-Government Portal website. Hence, the e-Government Portal website, with e-Commerce quality, has more enormous data flow and database contents in comparison with simple e-Commerce sites. Last but not least, the role of e-Government Portal website is turned gradually into a service provider from its simple transition role of inspection. 　　From government's strategic aspect, actions regarding knowledge management can not only improve the efficiency and streamline the administrative procedures, but also avoid the crisis of repeating failures and misleadings of messages. 　　The object of this research is the Electronic Procurement Plan, which was established and promoted by the Public Construction Commission (PCC) of The Executive Yuan, R.O.C. The goal of the Electronic Procurement Plan is to accomplish the electronic commerce of the government procurement entirely in five years. This study aims to find out the critical success factors (CSF) for the Government Electronic Procurement Portal Website, and to carry out a functional architecture for the synergic Government Electronic Procurement Portal Website via the following working packages : 　　1. to analyze and formulate the problems of promoting the electronic government procurement system and the government procurement law. 　　2. to discuss the ongoing domestic promotion programs of the e-Government Portal websites and analyze the status quo cases of the Enterprise Information Portal (EIP) solution. 　　3. to analyze and compare the critical success factors of the Government Electronic Procurement Portal Website of various expert viewpoints through Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The experts come from the PCC internal public servants, public servants from other government agencies as well as industrialists and scholars. On the other hand, the different viewpoints between the IT background experts and non-IT background experts are also compared. 　　4. to summarize constitutive functional architecture for the Government Electronic Procurement Portal Website according to the resulted CSF and the PCC internal requirements. 　　The results of AHP analysis can be stated as following: 　　1. The internal factors outweigh external factors. 　　2. The third-level of factors of AHP architecture includes the solidity of knowledge management, the compatibility of policies and laws, the user service mechanism and the information systems and operations. Generally, the PCC internal public servants, industrialists and scholars pay more attention to the compatibility of policies and laws than the other public servants that put a lot of emphasis on the information systems and operations. The IT background experts value the compatibility of policies and laws, whereas the non-IT background experts emphasize the information systems and operations. 　　3. The top seven priority factors of the rock-bottom level factors include the involvements and endorsements of the top executives and establish the clear goals, the instantaneous emendation and relaxation of the laws, the compatibility of abundant resource, the effectiveness of promoting the law's constraint force, friendly interface and easily sequential operation flow and high reliability and stability. 　　At last, this research leads to the conclusions and suggestions in regard to in-depth experts interviews，PCC internal requirement investigations, EIP solutions and the AHP CSF analysis.