Abstract Business opportunities generated through free trade agreements with Central America By Silvia Villalobos This thesis looks to introduce Central America as a strategic ally for Taiwan at a business level, and a suitable and profitable place for investment. These positive characteristics have been enhanced by the free trade agreements signed or currently being negotiated, and as such, we will endeavor to introduce these FTAs affecting investments in the Central American region, such as CAFTA and FTAA, and will try to dwell on the opportunities derived thereof for Taiwanese business to expand their scope in this market. We will talk about the Central American countries, their relationship with Taiwan, and China’s increasing role in the region. Special mention will be given previous Asian investments in the isthmus, their focus, objectives, and analyze the results of their initiatives as support for our theory that links between Asia and Central America are growing and that this is a good place for investment. Finally, we will attempt to predict what areas would be most profitable for Taiwanese investors and business people. In terms of the research method and data sources, primary sources were news and magazine articles from prestigious publications, as well as books on general international trade, as this issue is rather fresh and, as a matter of fact, most of the treaties are barely into effect or still being negotiated.

本篇論文主要在探討漢語幼兒同儕的假裝遊戲中的後設溝通，研究問題如下：1. 孩童在社會性的假裝遊戲(social pretend play)中，會使用哪些後設溝通策略？ 2.當幼兒在建構共享意義(shared meaning)時，哪一個後設溝通策略會是最成功的？參與本研究的兩位女孩同分別為四歲及五歲，總共在她們的托兒所進行兩次錄影。本研究採用Giffin在1984年發表的後設溝通策略架構，總共包含七個分類：(1)直接演出 (enactment), (2) 另有動機的話語 (ulterior conversation), (3) 強調(underscoring), (4) 說故事(storytelling), (5) 提示(prompting), (6) 不言明的建構(implicit pretend structuring), and (7) 直接言明 (overt proposals to pretend)。另外，本研究再加入第八個分類：直接接受 (simple acceptance)。研究發現孩童在他們的社會性假裝遊戲中，最常使用的策略是提示(prompting)，接下來為另有動機的話語 (ulterior conversation)、直接演出 (enactment)、不言明的建構(implicit pretend structuring)。而使用時最可以成功建構分享意義的後設溝通策略已成功率高到低分別為直接接受(Simple acceptance)、強調(underscoring)、另有動機的話語(ulterior conversation)、提示(prompting)以及不言明的建構(implicit pretending structuring)。 / The purpose of the present study was to examine how young children metacommunicate to construct shared meaning in social pretend play. The two research questions were: a) what are the metacommunication strategies used in children’s social pretend play with peers? and b) when children work to construct shared meaning, which metacommunication strategy leads to a higher success rate for shared meaning construction? The study included two female participants, Dora and Sally, who were four and five years old respectively. Two recording sessions were conducted during break times at their day care center. The resulting natural speech data was transcribed for further analysis using the CHILDES format. Analysis was conducted using Giffin’s framework of metacommunication strategies, which defines seven categories: (1) enactment, (2) ulterior conversation, (3) underscoring, (4) storytelling, (5) prompting, (6) implicit pretend structuring, and (7) overt proposals to pretend. An eighth category, simple acceptance, was added for the present study. The results showed that the two participants engaged in a large amount of social pretend play, and metacommunication was found to be an on-going process, with one shared meaning developing gradually into the next. Prompting was the most frequently used metacommunication strategy during the play, followed by ulterior conversation, enactment, and implicit pretend structuring. In respect to the second research question, it was found that the metacommunication strategy with the highest rate of success in constructing shared meaning was simple acceptance (the newly added category), followed by underscoring, ulterior conversation, prompting, and implicit pretend structuring. It could be seen from the children’s social pretend play that the participants were developing their cognitive competence (e.g. symbolic thinking), linguistic competence (e.g. attending to others’ speech, producing logical and coherent responses), and social competence (e.g. taking turns, taking perspectives, trying to understand others’ emotions). Studying peer interactions is crucial for understanding what factors are universal in children’s thinking and development, and future studies with larger samples and with participants from more divergent backgrounds are needed in order to advance systematic research on the issues concerned.

本文大致分為兩部分，第一部分從羅蘭・巴特談論照片的專書《明室》開始，以刺點與知面的兩種觀看為基礎，討論在刺點的觀看裡觀看者的內部變化，引入德勒茲將身體視為流變的存在的觀點，將羅蘭・巴特視為偶發事件的刺點與德勒茲的「事件」概念接軌，說明刺點的觀看中的無意義，以及觀看者在觀看中的流變。第二是關於刺點中我們同時感受到的純粹感覺，這部分以德勒茲談論繪畫時說到的直接於身體上作用的感覺為基礎，以及在影像上製造感覺形象的方法。並以攝影師荒木經惟的作品和創作方式為例，說明攝影具有拍攝感覺的優越性。並以此歸類出一條與一般紀錄社會共識和知識的攝影不同的，拍攝感覺和無意義的攝影路線。 / This thesis is mainly divided into two portions: The first one begins with the discussion of La Chambre Claire by Roland Barthes, in which he bases the two ways of seeing upon punctum and studium. While elaborating on the inner becoming of the spectator in Barthes’ notion of punctum, I complicate this idea with Gilles Deleuze’s concept of becoming. Deleuze stresses on the body as the event of the being of becoming, which can be connected to Barthes’ punctum as a contingent event. The combination of Barthes and Deleuze helps explicate on the nonsense inherent in punctum and the process of becoming inside the spectator. The second is concerned with the pure sensation integral to punctum. I appropriate Deleuze’s insight on how art affects directly on the body to produce sensation in order to discuss how photography can create the Figure. And we through the illustrations of Araki Nobuyoshi’s photo images and his creative method. In conclusion, I propose that photography is the superior form in capturing sensation, and suggest that, photography has another function, which different from the function of documenting social consensus and knowledge, it does function to capture sensations and nonsense.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第24863号 / 法博第296号 / 新制||法||179(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 塩見 淳, 教授 髙山 佳奈子, 教授 安田 拓人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第24648号 / 農博第2531号 / 新制||農||1096(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R5||N5429(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科農学専攻 / (主査)教授 白岩 立彦, 教授 土井 元章, 教授 那須田 周平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

筆者在這篇論文中所要說明的是：慈善原則（Principle of Charity）在戴維森（Donald Davidson）詮釋理論中的必要性。 在本篇論文中，筆者並不刻意的採取支持或是反對的立場。筆者所要做的是，以戴維森的角度著眼，並進而探討為什麼對於戴維森而言，慈善原則是其詮釋理論中一個極為重要的主張，並且，是一個無法避免的一個預設。在此，我們將說明此原則所涉及的實質內容與作用是什麼，以及戴維森是如何證成此原則的。 嚴格的來說，慈善原則並不是一個單一的主張，而我們是無法以一個簡單的主張或內容界定之。雖然這個原則無法以一個簡單的主張或內容來含括說明，但是，它的內容至少必須是「假定言說者的信念大體上是真的，並且是與詮釋者的（基本）信念是相一致的。」 慈善原則在戴維森的詮釋理論中不僅僅對我們的經驗做出某些要求，而且此原則還是一個先驗的原則。它所涉及的範圍包括了我們的信念、欲望、意義以及行動的部分。 從詮釋理論的角度來看，慈善原則所允許的是，在不同的語言之間者，我們依然能夠進行了解以及溝通的工作。這個原則所要求的是，我們必須將我們的詮釋對象視為大體上與我們的理性是相一致的。換而言之，詮釋者必須假設與被詮釋者之間，擁有基本的理性模式。在這個先驗原則的要求與限制下，包含了一個對詮釋理論的限制，而其所依據的亦即是慈善原則。 在本篇論文的鋪陳上，將分為三個章節來說明其所主張的觀點。筆者希望能夠透過上述各個章節的鋪陳，而展示出慈善原則在戴維森的詮釋理論中為什麼是不可避免的預設，以及這個主張的實質作用為什麼涉及了信念、欲望、意義以及行動的部分。最後，我們將以「三角測量隱喻」（triangulation metaphor）初步的證成此原則。首先，要知道的是，我們可以把戴維森的詮釋理論視為是真理理論，意義理論以及行動理論相互連結的理論，此三個要素在戴維森的詮釋理論是相互依存但卻不同的詮釋要素。我們將在第一章的討論內容中說明真理理論與意義理論的部分。在此，將可以看到戴維森的詮釋理論是由語意的形式結構把握語言的意義，並採取外延（extension）的進路表明公共且客觀的世界是個人信念和語言的主題所在； 而在第二章以及第三章的內容說明中，其所關連到的是意義理論以及信念理論的部分。同時，這亦即是是本篇論文所要處理的重點-----徹底詮釋的討論。在這部分的討論上，戴維森訴諸意義的經驗證據，他認為信念內容和語言意義得根據共同生活的人的思想內容、意向性行動等等。

本研究主要在探討大學生的生活壓力、社會支持與生命意義各層面的相互關係，最後瞭解生活壓力、社會支持對生命意義的預測情形。本研究採問卷調查法的方式，以台灣北部地區576名大學生為研究對象，邀請大學生填寫「生命意義量表」、「大學生生活壓力量表」及「社會支持量表」三種量表。資料蒐集完畢後，以描述性統計、獨立樣本t考驗、皮爾森積差相關、逐步迴歸分析、階層迴歸分析進行資料分析。研究主要發現如下： 一、大學生普遍具有追尋生命意義的動機，但約有四分之一的學生對個人的生命意義主觀感受是欠缺的或不確定的。 二、不同性別大學生的生命意義感、意義追尋動機無顯著差異。 三、有宗教信仰的大學生其生命意義感較無宗教信仰者高，且信仰越虔誠則生命意義感越高。 四、大學生的生命意義感與意義追尋動機為正相關。 五、日常困擾、重大負向生活事件兩者的發生件數、影響程度，分別和生命意義感呈負相關。 六、社會支持、日常困擾影響程度與意義追尋動機為正向關係。 七、大學生的社會支持、日常困擾程度、重大負向生活事件發生件數、是否有宗教信仰，對生命意義感具顯著預測力。 八、大學生的社會支持、日常困擾程度、日常困擾發生件數，能夠顯著預測意義追尋動機。 九、有宗教信仰的大學生，信仰虔誠度對生命意義感預測力高於生活壓力。 十、大學生的社會支持並沒有產生調節生活壓力對生命意義之效果。 根據研究結果，建議可藉由協助大學生探索其生命意義、發展個人的靈性或宗教信仰、建立個人的社會網絡、學習因應日常困擾之能力、嘗試從苦難中找尋生命意義，以獲得較高的生命意義感。最後提出對未來相關研究的建議。 / The study examined the relative contributions of life stress and social support to the prediction of life meaning among Taiwan college students. This study employed three questionnaires to collect data, including Meaning in life Questionnaire, Life Stress Scale, and Social Support Scale. The participants of the study were 576 college students of northern Taiwan. The descriptive statistic, t-test, Pearson’s correlation analysis, stepwise multiple regression and hierarchical multiple regression analysis were used to analyze data. The main findings of this study were: 1. College students generally had the motivation of searching for meaning, but about 1/4 students had deficient or uncertain subjective experience to the presence of life meaning. 2. Male and female students had no significant differentiation in the presence and search for the meaning in life. 3. College students with religious beliefs had higher presence of meaning in life than those who didn’t have religious beliefs. Moreover the higher the dedication in religion a student had the higher meaning in life. 4. There was a positive correlation between the presence of meaning in life and the search for meaning in college students. 5. Daily hassles, number of major life events, and the degree of influence had negative relationship with the presence of life meaning. 6. Positive relationship between social support, degree of influence of daily hassles and the search for meaning in life were found. 7. College students’ social support, degree of influence of daily hassles, number of major life events, and religious beliefs could significantly predict the presence of meaning in life. 8. College students’ social support, degree of influence of daily hassles, and number of daily hassles could significantly predict the search for meaning in life. 9. The dedication level in religion had higher prediction than life stress on the presence of meaning in life among college students who had religious beliefs. 10. The college students' social support had no buffering effect between stress and the meaning of life. According to the findings, researcher suggested that college students could obtain higher levels of life meaning by exploring their meaning of life, developing spirituality or religious beliefs, learning the ability to cope with daily hassles, and finding meaning in sufferings. Finally, suggestions for further research were proposed.

本文旨在分析「關稅暨貿易總協定」(GATT)之規定，檢討其體制所面臨之難題及未來發展之方向，並說明其對國際經貿體制之影響，與我國應採之對策，兼以透過GATT之規定與精神，以闡明由中山先生「貨能暢其流」之時代意義。全文共分五章，各章要點如次： 第一章：緒論。概述國際經留體制之總體現況與發展趨勢，以指出國際經留爭端之問題癥結與針砭之道，俾說明本文之研究動機與研究目的，此外，亦說明本文之研究方法、研究架構與研究資料來源。 第二章：論述「關稅暨貿易總協定」(GATT)之緣起與展望。本章系從GATT與「國際貿易組織」(ITO)之關係、GATT早期各回合多邊貿易談判(MTN)之成效、甘 迪回合(Kennedy Round) 與東京回合(Tokyo Round) 各項規約之要義、烏拉圭回合(Urnnedy Round)之緣起與結果、及我國與GATT之關係等面向以討論GATT之發展始末。 第三章：分析「關稅暨貿易總協定」(GATT)本文規定之要義，並檢討其體制之問題。 本章在透析GATT本文共四篇卅八條文之規定內容，並綜合各家之論點，以歸納指出GATT體制在當前國際經貿發展趨向下所面臨的不足性，並進而提出強化其體制功能之議。 第四章：闡述中山先生「貨能暢其流」之時代意義。本章除在釐清中山先生上李鴻章書的時代背景並說明其內容外，亦將從民生主義的經濟政策觀點，以申論中山先生「貨能暢其流」之精義及其在我國之實踐與前瞻。 第五章：結論。強調在全球經貿一體化的趨勢下，各國惟有共謀強化GATT之多邊、開放功能，於追求各自經貿發展目標之同時，亦顧及他國之發展需要，方能共榮成長，並維持世界經貿之持續繁榮；另並透過GATT之各項規定及其所揭櫫之精神，以驗證中山先生「貨能暢其流」之時代性。

奪權時期中共內部發展的重要因素之一，乃是「文藝統戰」和文化宣傳策略的巧妙運 用。奪權成功之後，中共亦靠著文化戰線的高度運作，以圖得到社會認同和政權的合 法性。鄧小平掌權以後，雖中共文化政策取向有所改變，但控制意識型態的基本運作 方式並未放棄。中共始終堅持「權力、意識型態、文化」三位一體的價值取向，而以 「人民靈魂的工程師」自居。然而，文化是由「人性」自己表現的生活方式，只能演 進，決不能革命。要之，中共文藝政策與文化戰線運作，無異是意識型態和人性之間 「衝突」的自己演變過程。本論文以此為依據，旨在剖析歷來中共所採取的文藝政策 和文化戰線運作方式之實際內涵及其本質，共分六章十八節，約十二萬言。 就主要內容而言，第一章為導論，簡述研究方法和概念架構及界說。第二章：探討中 共文戰線運作的理論依據。其中包括馬列主義文藝理論和毛澤東文化觀、文藝理論的 內涵。第三章：論述奪權時期中共「文化統戰」與「工農兵文藝」運動的開展及其取 向。第四章：論述社會主義改造時期中共文藝界大整風與文化改造鬥爭，以及其兩個 路線鬥爭下的政策取向。第五章：論述鄧小平掌權時期文藝理論和文化方針，爾後， 針對由文藝異化和精神污染而造成的文化疏離現象及其政策運作的特徵，加以談論。 第六章以分析意識型態和人性之間衝突過程的結構與價值內涵，當做為結論。

本研究試圖從Dervin提出的意義建構理論(sense-making theory)出發，瞭解報業組織企畫人員在面對不確定狀態下如何選擇資訊，彌補知識差距以完成其策略。 研究人員訪談四名企畫人員以瞭解其資訊尋求行為，結果發現影響報業組織企畫資訊尋求行為的外在情境因素包括：社會經濟、政府政策、文化創意產業、媒體多角化經營、公司資源與制度、以及合作廠商資源。報業組織企畫人員資訊尋求的過程包括：定義問題、選擇詢問對象、執行查詢、評估資訊、確認資訊等因素。此外，個人的知識經驗、社會智能、技術能力都是影響報業媒體企畫人員資訊尋求。 「新聞倫理」則是影響報業組織企畫人員蒐集資訊的特殊因素。 / The present research focuses on how professionals planners seeking information in media planning process.The sence-making theory were employed to observer the case. Four planner were interviewed in the study obtained the situation context conclusions:social economy、government policy、culture creativity industry、media multi-administration、corporate institute & resource and collaboration corporate resource. The information seeking process include: define meaning of question、choose inquire object、do inquire、assessment of information、certification unformation.Also，individual experience of knowledge、social intellectuality、skill ability could affect information seeking of press organization planner. 「News ethics」were specific fact affecting information seeking of press organization planner.