本研究為一縱貫性之實證研究，主要目的是透過分析兩年360度回饋的資料，進一步探討全員品質管理才能對360度回饋公平知覺、滿意度、行為改變、與績效提升的影響。 本研究樣本為國內某建築業之初階與中階主管，第一年總計62位，第二年總計92位。研究結果顯示，全員品質管理才能與360度回饋公平知覺、滿意度、行為改變意圖，皆達顯著正相關。此外，雙因子變異數分析結果顯示，全員品質管理才能的高低會影響他評結果、目標達成、以及領導效能的改變，如進一步以相依樣本t考驗進行事後比較，則發現全員品質管理才能低分組兩年間績效改變的進步幅度大於高分組。 最後，本研究進一步指出研究之限制，與後續研究之建議、企業實行360度回饋之實務建議。

在服務資源需求量會隨時間而改變的情況下，系統的服務資源供給對致力於提供高服務品質的資源提供者來說是一個重要的議題。在服務資源可以迅速的部署和解除的假設下，像是以雲端運算為基礎之服務，本研究提供了系統性的估算服務資源方法，本方法之結構是以模擬為基礎並結合了非監督式學習、顧客到達率之估計以及統計技術。首先，本研究將每一日之顧客到達率進行分群運算並將具有類似顧客到達模式的日期分為一群，且每一群之包含日期具備可解釋之代表性；下一階段使用兩階段式的忙碌因子模型去建立每一群的顧客到達率模型，並估計該群的多區間普瓦松分布來做為系統模擬隨機過程所需之參數；最後應用了等候模型理論去設計系統模擬方法，模擬出顧客在系統中到達並接受服務的隨機過程，其結果包含觀察出顧客在系統中的等待時間和排隊長度以及所需之服務資源，並提供在不同的服務策略情形下之表現。 本研究使用了一個來自電力公司客服中心之進線量資料進行本方法之實驗，展示出如何使用本方法建立一個能滿足服務水準要求的服務資源配置策略，也和該公司過去之配置策略進行比較，並提出實質上如何提升服務品質的配置策略之建議。

近年來政府機關為提升行政效能與國家競爭力，積極運用「職務輪調制度」及「組織改造」以精簡組織人力，迫使人員改變既有熟識環境及伙伴關係，致提高其離職意願；然個人日常生活、工作態度與工作動機等行為表現均受到個人特質所影響，且面對風險之決策行為亦與個人心理預期有絕對關係；故個人風險傾向、官僚人格特質與公共服務動機差異會影響個人在工作上行為，也會影響個人職業選擇及生涯規劃。 本研究係以民國100年新北市政府民政局委託中國地方自治學會辦理新北市行政區劃調整規劃案為個案，而以依變項接受改變意願為主軸，分別對影響行為意願之「個人因素」及「組織因素」等自變項進行探討，以了解行政區劃調整是否因個人風險傾向、官僚人格特質、公共服務動機及預期職務調整效益等變項考量，影響接受職務調整之意願，進而轉換其職業行為模式。 本研究係以新北市各區公所主管人員為研究對象，對所有對象發放問卷，共發出268份問卷；採用敘述性統計進行個人基本統計變項分析，及運用卡方檢定、t檢定、變異數分析、相關性分析及迴歸分析等推論性統計進行差異性與關聯性分析，進而提出下列研究發現：一、區公所主管人員個人風險偏好以風險趨避者居多，且其接受職務調整意願影響之程度受到行政區域調整規劃案干擾；二、具保守者官僚人格特質之區公所主管人員較不接受職務調整意願，兩者具負向因果關係；三、區公所主管人員公共服務動機有逐漸削弱趨勢，致與職務調整接受意願無顯著因果關係；四、區公所主管人員對職務調整之預期效益會影響接受職務調整意願，兩者具正向因果關係；五、區公所主管人員接受職務調整意願頗高，且偏愛以各區公所間輪調安排模式。最後，提出建議予政府當局施政之參考，期使執行行政區劃機關提升政策實行效益。

Export oriented institutional changes are increasingly being recognized as important factor in the economic development of countries. These changes have led to an increase in the global movement of Multi-national companies. Besides bringing capital to their host countries, these Multi-national companies facilitate the transfer of technology, organizational and managerial practices and skills as well as access to international markets. Economic diversification is also another result of the surge of export oriented institutional changes. The loss of the traditional preferential markets and decline in the global prices for exports in agricultural sector as a result of globalization threatens the once dominant agricultural sector of developing countries. More and more countries are striving to create a favourable and enabling climate to attract investment as a policy priority utilizing export oriented institutional changes. Liberalisation and deregulation are taking place in almost every corner of the world with the aim of allocating resources more efficiently in an environment which is favourable for free flow of resources seeking higher efficiencies. Technological progress further accelerates the rate of globalisation by making better means of production and transaction available. Today's dynamic environment imposes a very challenging task for policy makers in charge of policy formulation on trade and investment affairs. These policy makers need to quickly evaluate the current situation, new opportunities and threats, and re-direct the course of the future. It requires gathering of accurate and the most up-to-date information and constant reassessment of policies based on that information. While the efficacy of incentives as a determinant for economic development is often questioned, countries have increasingly resorted to such measures in recent years. In particular they have been offering tax incentives to influence the location decisions of investors. The theme is very appropriate for Belize at present. The country has undergone structural changes. It is essential to re-evaluate the efforts undertaken by Belize to learn from and build on these initiatives. Belize’s export oriented institutional changes include The Commercial Free Zone Act of 1994 (Revised Edition 2000), The Mines and Minerals Act of 1994 (Revised Edition 2000), The Export Processing Act of 1991 (Revised Edition 2004), The Fiscal Incentives Act of 1996 (Revised Edition 2000) This paper utilized quantitative and qualitative methodologies to carry out a descriptive analysis of Export Processing Zones. The analysis draws lessons from the accumulated experience in several regions and countries. The relationship between Belize’s export oriented institutional changes, particularly the Export Processing Zone program, and the Belizean economy has been determined to be closely linked. The program has developed since 1990 from being identified with the old labour intensive garment zones of the past to the new dynamic emerging zones active in Data-Processing, Agro-Processing and Manufacturing. Also the program keeps evolving by accordingly updating the regulations and the administration of the program. In terms of employment, while the program does not employ a high percentage of Belizean employees, only two point eight (2.8) percent annually from 1998 to 2003; it has been providing a constant level of employment. This employment forms a foundation upon which other sectors of the export oriented institutional changes may build upon. Also EPZ are characterized by high female employment, which in Belize makes up approximately one third of the employed labour force. Therefore the program may be providing significant employment in terms of the female employment sector. EPZ exports have accounted for a significant amount of Belize’s total annual export since 1998, approximately thirty two (32) percent. Comparatively the program has also accounted for ten (10) percent of Belize’s annual gross import. While the human resource development of the companies in the program are mostly task specific and geared toward enhancing productivity and efficiencies within the companies, the employees are exposed to new technology, entrepreneurial and organizational skills that are diffused into the economy. The EPZ program, as an integral part of the overall export oriented institutional changes in Belize, is creating a favourable environment for investment and economic development The sub regional, regional, and multilateral integration which has accompanied globalization challenges EPZ to readjusts its operations to adhere to the new world order. Several countries have had success in adjusting their EPZ programs to the global integration and other countries are currently in the planning and preparation stages. Therefore it is evident that the challenge can be met and overcome and the end result proposes to be on global market and economy where the ultimate aim of the welfare of all may be attained. It is essential that on a global level, EPZ policies and other export oriented institutional changes are upgraded to reflect the new paradigm shift.

No description available.

本文使用 1981 年 1 月 5 日至 1997 年 5 月 31 日台灣加權股價指數以及交易股數的資料探討台灣股市的時間序列特性，並且針對政府對股市的干預政策檢定政策干預的有效性。本文採用的實證方法包含 Augmented Dickey-Fuller(ADF)單根檢定，Perron 結構性改變檢定， ARCH 效果檢定，干預分析(Intervention Analysis)以及 Granger 因果關係檢定。實證檢定的結果如下： 1、在單根檢定方面，股價指數、交易股數和股價指數變異數三個時間序列都是一階穩定序列。 2、在 Parron 結構性改變檢定方面，股價指數、交易股數和股價指數變異數三個時間序列在 1990 年 5 月到 10 月之間曾經發生明顯的結構性改變。 3、在 ARCH 效果檢定方面，股價指數和交易股數二個時間序列的殘差項都有 ARCH(1)效果存在，而股價指數變異數的殘差項不存在 ARCH(1)效果。 4、在干預分析方面，穩定基金對股價指數的干預效果不顯著。 在漲跌幅限制方面，漲跌幅限制的變動對股價指數、交易股數及股價指數變異數的干預效果都不明顯。 在證卷交易稅稅率改變的干預分析方面，證卷交易稅稅率改變對交易股數和股價指數變異數沒有影響，但是證交稅稅率變動和股價指數呈現正向的關係。 5、在 Granger 因果關係檢定方面，本研究發現漲跌幅限制改變和股價指數漲跌二者互為因果，但是股價指數對漲跌幅的影響較大。 在證卷交易稅稅率改變與股市的因果關係方面，本研究發現股價指數的漲跌是證交稅稅率改變之因，顯示主管機關的證交稅稅率政策是受股市的市場狀況所左右。 / In this paper, I examine the effectiveness of official intervention in Taiwan's equity market. I consider the security transaction tax, price limit and stabilization funds as examples. The nonstationarity and structural changes of equity index time-series process were first detected and detrended. The Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (ARCH) model is employed to examine the intervention effectiveness, since it allows for a formal test of changes in the index mean level, index conditional variance or both, in response to the changes of security transaction tax and price limit. The results implies that policy authority adjusted security transaction tax and price limit in accordance to the change of equity index level. I also find that the imposition of security transaction tax and price limit have no significant effect on reducing the equity index volatility.

N/A / Unlike what most people believe, Buddhist monasteries rely not only on laymen’s financial support but also on the supports of families and relatives of monks and nuns. In addition, Buddhist renunciation does not always cut off the relationship of a monk or nun with their families. On the contrary, most of monks and nuns in my research remain close contacts with their families and relatives. It is believed that once a person joins the Order, he or she can rely fully on the monasteries’ financial, emotional and medical supports. However, this is not true in all Buddhist monasteries in Taiwan. Mutual dependency between monks or nuns and their families and relatives is the main focus of this research. With lack of supports of different aspects from the monasteries, monks and nuns will have to turn to their families and relatives for helps when needed. Therefore, keeping close and positive relationship with families and relatives is important to some monks and nuns. This research aims at: 1. finding out the kin relationships of monks and nuns; 2. looking at the mutual dependency between monks and nuns and their families or relatives; 3. comparing the ideology and reality of monastic life and Buddhist institution (monasteries). In order to achieve the above goals, I will look at possible causes that might affect the relationship between monks and nuns with their families and relatives. Moreover, although not intended, the reasons of renunciation will be discussed in this paper. Different from Buddhist monasteries in other countries and traditions, Taiwanese monasteries can be privately owned by monks, nuns, or laymen. Because of this fact, and because it determines whether monks and nuns will get necessary supports from the monasteries or not, so types of Buddhist monasteries in Taiwan will be discussed, too.

本研究主要目的有三：（一）探討國小六年級學生在學習「地球的運動」前所具有的另類概念類型，及與空間能力的關係；（二）探討「地球的運動」單元各主要概念是否有發展的先後順序，及「地球形狀概念與重力概念發展」模式的適當性；（三）設計整合的概念改變教學策略，探討高、低空間能力者在不同教學層次與學習方式上的概念改變立即學習效果如何。進一步探討學習效果的持續性如何。並討論影響學生概念改變的可能因素，期能提供教學者及後續研究者之參考。 為完成前述研究目的，本研究進行研究一與研究二兩個研究，所使用的研究工具包括：地球的運動開放式紙筆測驗、地球的運動封閉式紙筆測驗、空間能力測驗、深層處理學生手冊和教學活動設計、淺層處理教學活動設計等，除空間能力測驗外，皆進行預試及修正。在研究一裡，採用問卷調查法及晤談法，以地球的運動開放式紙筆測驗，選取台北市萬興和萬福國小共235名學生為對象，考驗主要概念的發展順序。並依照空間能力測驗的結果找出前後各33﹪的學生列為高低空間能力者，考驗其在科學概念上是否有所差異。本研究一的主要結論如下： 1.高空間能力者在地球形狀、重力概念、晝夜成因、四季成因的科學概念，皆優於低空間能力者。 2.「地球形狀與重力概念的發展模式」是適當的，且各主要概念間有發展的順序存在，而學生的概念是「自然－文化－發展成熟度」三者的函數。 在研究二裡，採用準實驗研究法，首先設計「地球的運動」概念改變教學策略課程，並選取台北市萬興國小及萬福國小六年級各四個班級，共128位學生為對象，進行兩週的教學實驗，隨後進行紙筆測驗立即後測，間隔四週後進行延宕後測。根據研究所獲得資料進行分析，結論如下： 1.本研究之整合概念改變教學策略，有助於學生地球的運動相關概念的改變的立即效果和延宕效果。 2.接受深層處理的概念改變立即效果和延宕效果，皆優於接受淺層處理學習的效果。 3.配對合作學習效果會因為教學層次不同而有所不同，接受深層處理來學習時，配對合作的概念改變立即效果和延宕效果會優於個別學習。但當學生接受淺層處理時，配對合作學習與個別學習的概念改變立即效果和延宕效果並無差異。 4.配對合作學習效果會因為空間能力不同而有所不同，低空間能力學生，配對合作的概念改變立即效果和延宕效果會優於個別學習。但高空間能力學生，配對合作學習與個別學習的概念改變立即效果和延宕效果並無差異。 根據研究結果，本研究提出建議，以提供教育行政單位、國小自然科教師、課程設計者以及未來相關研究之參考。 / The purposes of this dissertation were: (1) to probe into the alternative conceptions of the students about earth's motion, and the relationship between these conceptions and spatial ability; (2) to identify the developmental sequence and model of the main concepts, and verify the model is adequate; (3) to design the instructional strategy of conceptual change and explore the learning effects that high- and low-spatial ability in different processing levels and learning styles. At last, the researcher identified the retention effect, and analyzed the factors that may influence on the conceptual change. For these purposes, the whole study was divided into study Ⅰ and Ⅱ. The instruments employed in this study included: The open-ended question test and the multiple-choice test of earth's motion, the spatial ability test, the curricula and student's manual for conceptual change teaching strategy. Except the spatial ability test, the item analysis and pilot study of the others were conducted to determine the reliability and validity, and promote the quality of this study. The study Ⅰ employed questionnaire survey and interview based on the open-ended question test of earth's motion. The participants were 235 sixth grade students from two elementary schools in Taipei. Through the data, the researcher investigated the developmental sequence of children's conceptual knowledge about the earth's motion. All students were classified as being of high- or low-ability group according to their performance on the spatial ability test. High- and Low-ability students scored upper and lower 33﹪ score of all students separately. Then the researcher examined the difference between high- and low-ability group on the performance of the open-ended question test. The main conclusions of study Ⅰ were as follows: 1. A t-test on the pretest indicated significant discrepancy for ability. In all concepts that included earth's shape, gravity concept, the causes of day/night and seasons, high- ability students outscored low-ability students. 2.The developmental model of earth's shape and gravity concept was adequate. There were developmental sequences among the main concepts. Student's conceptions are the function of physico-cultural and their developmental maturity. The study Ⅱ employed quasi-experimental design. At first, the researcher designed the teaching curricula of conceptual change. Then the researcher experimented on 8 classes of 128 students from two elementary schools in Taipei. Four intact classes were randomly assigned to different experimental groups in each school. Four groups were administered the pretest two weeks before the experimental treatment. After two weeks' instruction, all subjects accepted the posttest and delayed-test of earth's motion after 4 weeks. The results were as follows: 1.The instructional strategy of conceptual change that the researcher integrated had immediate and delayed effects. 2.Students learning by deep processing performed significantly better than the learning by superficial processing on the posttest and delayed-test. 3.The learning effect of cooperative dyads depended on the levels of processing. Students learning by deep processing environment, cooperative learning group did perform better than individual learning group on the posttest and delayed-test. Conversely, the result indicated no significant difference on the posttest and delayed-test between cooperative and individual learning. 4.The learning effect of cooperative dyads depended on the levels of spatial ability. Low-ability students with cooperative learning did perform better than those with individual learning on posttest and delayed-test. The performance of high-ability students showed no significant difference on posttest and delayed-test. Based on the results, these suggestions are proposed for educational administration institution, elementary teachers for science education, curricula designer, and future researchers.

策略聯盟在管理理論與實務上都是重要且常被提及的議題，但因組織進入策略聯盟後績效提升的成果不一致，以致廣受學者與經理人之質疑與討論。近期研究顯示，策略聯盟是否能提升績效與組織學習或改變有關。本研究以組織慣性觀點檢視在策略聯盟過程中組織慣性之所在、展現與成因，以及透過策略聯盟如何化解組織慣性，達成焦點組織跟隨策略意圖而來的組織改變。 Hannan與Freeman(1984)據組織生態學提出的組織慣性觀點認為，組織為使利害關係人持續投入資源，須達到當責性(accountability)與穩定性(reliability)的要求，如此將令組織在重複產出下產生慣性(inertia)。組織慣性具有效率、低成本及自動化等功能以因應穩定的環境，但當環境變遷時，組織慣性則將成為組織因應環境的絆腳石與組織改變的障礙。據此，本研究目的有二：一、希望透過聯盟雙造（多方）受訪者的觀點，探討焦點組織的組織慣性所在與展現。二、如何透過組織間的策略聯盟化解焦點組織的組織慣性，達成焦點組織策略改變之目的，找出策略聯盟成員廠商與領導廠商的條件及化解組織慣性的機制。 組織慣性引自物理學的慣性概念，本研究利用跨領域理論之借用，嘗試與當前的聯盟研究對話，透過質性紮根的研究方式，訪談紡織產業中參與策略聯盟之廠商，以變革事件為分析單位，探索廠商參與策略聯盟過程中出現的組織慣性及其化解方式，並就本研究之發現與相關組織理論對話。 本研究核心問題為：一、組織慣性成因；二、組織慣性之化解；三、策略聯盟如何化解組織慣性。理論貢獻包括：一、提出組織內各單位、各層級無法同步改變是組織慣性之成因。二、若可使組織內部達成同步改變，則可化解組織慣性；透過認知、誘因、資源與能力的互補提升等三種機制可影響各個個體的決策與行動。三、策略聯盟可透過對象的選擇，以鏡像脈絡與聯盟倡導人途徑造成焦點組織同步改變，化解其組織慣性。實務意涵為提供具有組織慣性的組織改變的可行途徑，以及策略聯盟夥伴的選取與聯盟化解組織慣性之機制。 / Strategic alliances are a popular practical strategy in the management field and represent an important area of academic research. The outcomes of organizations that have joined strategic alliances have been inconsistent, however, so strategic alliance is still a black box for management scholars and managers. Recent studies have shown that the performance of strategic alliances is related to the process of organizational learning or changes in the focal organizations. This research is based on the organizational inertia perspective, which analyzes the organizational inertia of a focal organization in the process of strategic alliance through the Management Matrix (Seetoo, 2005). This matrix shows the locations, causes, and presentations of the organizational inertia. Overcoming organizational inertia through strategic alliances may allow organizations to achieve expected changes in strategic intent. Organizational inertia was originally a concept from physics. In this study, we have borrowed from multiple theories in an attempt to dialogue with the current research on strategic alliances. According to organizational ecological theory, organizational inertia emerges when an organization wants its stakeholders to continue to input their resources into the organization, and ,in turn, the organization must provide output that meets the stakeholders’ requirements regarding accountability and reliability. After repeated production and documentation, the organization acquires inertia (Hannan & Freeman, 1984). In a stable environment, an organization with inertia is efficient, low-cost, and automated. When the environment is changing, however, organizational inertia will become an obstacle for organizations in their ability to respond to external changes. This study has several purposes, First, through the interviewees, who are key persons in dyadic (or multiple) partnerships in strategic alliances, we aim to investigate the locations, causes, and presentations of the focal organizations’ organizational inertia. Second, in order to analyze the process of overcoming the focal organizations’ inertia in a strategic alliance context, we aim to identify the routes, mechanisms, and characteristics of the strategic alliance partner that aid in overcoming the focal organization’s inertia. Through qualitative interviews with the participating organizations, all of which have joined strategic alliances in the textile industry, our analysis focuses on the events surrounding strategic change. We explore the presentations and overcoming of the focal organizations’ inertia in the strategic alliance process. The findings of this study are brought into the conversation through dialogue with relevant organization theory. From the analysis of the qualitative data from multiple resources, we put forward the following three propositions: First, the focal organization’s lack of coherence and synchronous change are the cause of the organizational inertia. Second, if coherence and synchronous change can be reached within the organization, organizational inertia can be resolved. Third, a strategic alliance can help the focal organization to achieve the coherent and synchronous change to overcome its organizational inertia. This study makes several theoretical contributions. First, we find that the focal organizations inability to enact coherent, synchronous change is the main cause of organizational inertia. Second, if synchronous change can be reached within the organization, this can resolve organizational inertia; offering new information to influence cognition, incentives, resources, and capabilities are complementary enhancement mechanisms that can affect individuals’ decisions and actions. Third, strategic alliance through the selection of an alliance partner, a mirroring context, and an alliance champion can improve the focal organizations’ ability to access synchronous change to overcome its organizational inertia. When the partners in the strategic alliance have high reputation and capability, they will accomplish these mechanisms more easily. For the coherence of multiple decision makers, one partner of the strategic alliance must mirror the focal organization to obtain a better result in overcoming focal organizational inertia. Other, there needs to be a champion in the multiple strategic alliance who can to persuade people to alter their cognition, plan incentive allocation, integrate the organizations’ capabilities and resources, and so on. The practical implications of this research are that it provides a viable way to overcome organizational inertia, as well as selecting strategic alliance partners and the mechanisms and routes of strategic alliances.

處於服務大量興起的時代，創新服務成為企業關注的熱門議題且如雨後春筍般發展。然而，一個新服務的成功並不在於它的獨特性，而是取決於它的使用率與普及化。當中，觀察到有趣的現象，人們對於新服務的使用行為取決於自身的認知與社會影響力相互作用而產生；社會影響力在個人行為表現上扮演關鍵的因素，引導個人了解認知差距並提供建議改善認知以促進個人產生使用意圖。在本研究中，整合行為改變模型(TTM)、傳播理論、框架效應而發展出一套理論架構，並應用視覺化方式呈現資訊提供個人快速理解重點，重塑個人對於新服務的認知，且引起他們願意使用新服務的想法。基於認知重塑的目標，本研究貢獻為設計一套能輔助個人進行行為意向改變與加速新服務使用率的系統。 / In the service growing era, service innovation becomes a popular topic on the businesses who want to develop innovative services for people. However, the success factor is not on how special a service is; but rather, depends on how much utility and popularity of the service. This study has observed the interesting phenomenon that people's behavior performance depends on their cognition and the social influence playing an important role on affecting the intention. In order to resolve this condition, this study connects the transtheoretical model (TTM) of behavior change, communication theories, and frame effect model to develop a framework and apply visualization to provide people with the integral information that can reframe their cognition to enhance their intention to accept the new service. Based on the cognition reframing, this study develops an artifact the can assist people to exercise the cognition adjustment that can reinforce the behavior intention change and facilitate the usage of new service.