東柏林圍牆倒塌，金磚四國崛起，使得第三世界國家的經濟能力大幅提升，對能源及石化產品的需求也日益增加，促使全球對石化產業之投資大幅暴增且投資規模也較前期更大。為能加速獲利，業主經常要求統包工程公司能縮短1/3之工期。因此，統包工程公司需不斷研發及創新，並使用有別於傳統模式之作業方法，才可達成此縮短工期之目標。 近年由於電腦軟硬體進步神速及網際網路之普及化，提供了一個資訊交換的新環境。許多跨國作業、同步工程之應用系統紛紛被提出，但仍無法有效解決當前之問題，反而形成許多自動化孤島之資訊作業。 本研究主要目的在於探討如何利用先進資訊科技技術與國際共通的資訊標準規範，建立製程工廠統包工程所需之「建廠資訊生命週期管理」系統，將重要資訊予以電子化、結構化及標準化。透過電腦網路通訊及資料庫技術，使建廠過程能提供優良資訊品質，供參與建廠人員能透過此透明化之系統，使資訊得以整合與共享，確保資訊品質之完整、正確及一致性。 建廠工程之作業有許多不同的階段，本研究擬針對「建廠資訊生命週期管理」系統提出完整之規劃架構，但因本系統相當龐大，無法於短時間內完成全部之系統雛型，故，本著「Think Big, Start Small, Scale Fast」之理念，本研究將先對產製最多資訊之設計階段先行建立系統雛型，作為示範性之先導開發工作。本研究所獲得之主要結論如下: 一、 導入標準資訊規範是正確途徑 二、 為縮短建廠時間，需建立資訊整合與共享環境 三、 要提升統包工程公司之競爭力，需建立全球化作業平台 四、 要提升資訊品質需將文件中心轉變為資訊中心 關鍵字: 資訊生命週期管理、製程工廠、統包工程、圖形交換標準 建廠資訊交換標準、建廠工程活動、資訊品質、標準資訊規範 / The 3rd world economy has been largely improved resulting from the collapse of the Eastern Berlin wall and the rise of the Brics. Since then, the investment in the petroleum/chemical industries is increased triggered from a strong demand of the energy and petroleum/ chemical products. To expedite the profit return, the clients will usually request the turnkey project company to condense the plant’s engineering time to at least 1/3 of the original scheduled. Therefore, the turnkey project company needs to continuously engage in its R&D and create an innovation method different from the traditional one to fulfill with clients’ expectation. Owing to the rapid progress of the hardwares and softwares together with the popularity of the internet, it provids a new environment for the information exchange. Although numerous applications for global operation and concurrent had been announced, it still couldn’t resolve the existing problems, instead, it caused another problem and leads the information to the Islands of automation. The purpose of this study is to find out how to utilize the advanced information technology and worldwide standadized information specification to establish a 「Plant Information Lifecycle Management-PILM」system for the Process Plant. It is the hope that through the aforesaid system, user can transform their important information into a electronic、structured and standadized formular. In addition, by using the Internet communation and database technology, it can help the user to integrate and share information through this transparent system and ensure the completeness、correctness and consistency of the information quality. There are many phases in the plant engineering operation. Although this study is striving to provide a complete designing framework for the system of 「Plant Information Lifecycle Management」, however ,it is definitely impossible to complete the whole system prototype for this huge system during such a short period. Therefore, this study will focus only on the “Design Phase” based on the core principle “Think Big, Start Small and Scale Fast”. Most of the information will be emerged during the Design Phase, so that, a system prototype for this phase will be designed as an initiative development model. The major conclusions for this study are as follows: 1. The international standards should be adopted by the Turnkey project company. 2. To reduce the plant engineering time, an integral and share environment (the PILM system) should be built. 3. To enhance the competitiveness of the Turnkey project company, a global application platform (i.e. The PILM system) needs to be established. 4. To lift the information quality, the document centric needs to be transformed to data centric. Keyword: ISO 10303, STEP, ISO 15926, Plant Information Lifecycle Management , UML, EPC(Engineering/Procurement/Construction), Turn-Key

本研究主要透過新產品的開發專案，探討技術知識特質對組織知識創造平台的影響。研究範圍以台灣電腦網路廠商為主，針對其產品創新表現優秀的企業為主，深入訪談其產品開發專案負責人與核心成員，瞭解其產品開發的過程，與組織知識的創新平台。本研究結果顯示如下： 一、技術知識特質會影響台灣電腦網路廠商之知識創造平台 （一）技術知識路徑相依度低之產品開發專案，CEO在概念與生成及發展扮演重要角色。技術路徑相依度高的開發專案，概念的生成主要來自於各功能性部門。 （二）技術知識路徑相依度低的專案，與上游技術網路的成員保持較緊密的關係。技術知識路徑相依度高的專案，與上游技術網路成員保持較鬆散的關係。 （三）當組織開發的產品為新產品線的研究發展時，團隊管理者偏向「專案管理型」的角色，與市場方面的連結則以PM/行銷/銷售部門為主。當組織開發的產品為擴展公司現有產品線的深度時，團隊管理者偏向「總經理型」的角色。當組織開發的產品為改良或修正現有產品時，團隊管理者偏向「企劃型」的角色。 （四）當組織開發的產品為新產品線的研究發展時，組織傾向於使用「自主型團隊」來進行產品開發。當組織開發的產品為擴展公司現有產品線的深度時，組織傾向於使用「重型團隊」來進行產品開發。當組織開發的產品為改良或修正現有產品時，組織傾向於使用「輕型團隊」來進行產品開發。 （五）技術知識複雜度高，則技術網路成成員種類較多。技術知識複雜度低，則技術網路成員種類較少。 （六）技術知識複雜度愈高，組織溝通方式傾向以整合問題解決模式，若生產在專案過程參與較少，則研發與生產之間會透過產品工程做連結。 （七）技術知識複雜度高，則團隊成員組成多元程度較高。技術知識複雜度低，則團隊成員組成多元程度較低。 二、台灣電腦網路廠商知識創造平台的特性 （一）在組織知識創造的場域（Ba）中，對組織成員適度的關懷（Care）是台灣優秀電腦網路廠商的特色。 （二）在Dialoing Ba中，正式與非正式的溝通同樣為外化過程中不可或缺的方式。 （三）台灣優秀的電腦網路廠商的創新類型偏重於架構式創新，並與國外技術提供者保持適度的跨組織的知識交流。 （四）技術知識特質對組織知識創造的場域（Ba）的影響並不明顯。

本研究是以1980年代以後的科學教育目標來分析我國國小自然科學教科書 之課本、教學指引及習作，探討教科書的內容、實驗活動及作業問題型態 ，並調查國小自然科教師對教科書的使用意見，了解現行教科書的優缺點 ，以供編撰教科書及學校、教師選擇教科書的參考。 為達上述之目的，本研究在內容分析部份採用的工具有科學知識本質年齡 層次分類表、ＳＴＳ科學教育目標、實驗活動發現開放層次分類法、科學 過程探究技能、教科書作業問題型態評估工具、以及 Bloom的目標分類法 ，在問卷調查方面採用國小自然科學教科書之意見調查表來蒐集和分析資 料。 本研究的主要發現如下: 一、國小自然科學教科書之課本內容在文字敘述上涉及科學知識本質的僅 佔0.084%，而這些文字敘述只提到科學知識是實證性的，雖如此，但其內 容仍含有科學知識本質之正面教學功能。 二、國小自然科學教科書的每個單元都提及個人需要及學術準備的科學教 育目標，而有25.53%的單元提及與科學有關的社會議題，但無提及有關生 涯職業教育的內容。 三、國小自然科學教科書的實驗活動無屬於層次０的單元，有55.32%的單 元屬於層次１，42.55%的單元屬於層次２，2.13% 的單元屬於層次３，是 屬相當不錯的實驗活動設計。 四、國小自然科學教科書習作的作業問題型態以及層次之分佈，有1.94% 的問題屬於非經驗性問題，98.06%的問題屬於經驗或實驗性問題；且屬於 高層次問題的比例較多，亦有一些價值性問題的設計，是相當重視學生高 層次問題解決的學習。以 Bloom目標分類來看，幾乎所有的作業問題都屬 於認知領域的問題，佔了99.72%，其中以理解和應用的問題為最多。 五、國小自然科教師對教科書的整體意見為滿意。可是教師對於教科書的 內容並不滿意但尚可接受；其他各項來說，教師對教科書的組織、閱讀層 次、圖表說明、課文中的實驗活動及習作、教學指引、教科書的容貌均呈 滿意的態度。 The purpose of this study was to analyze the science textbooks used in the elementary schools of Taiwan in terms of goals for science education. The following five components were studied and analyzed:(1)the nature of scientific knowledge, (2)the interaction of science, technology and society, (3)openness and process/skills of laboratory activities, (4)type and level of questioning style, and(5)opinions of science teachers concerning science textbooks. For the purposes described above, seven methods were adopted for this study; that is, the classification of the nature of scientific knowledge, the desired state of science in the elementary school, the level of discovery/openness, science process or inquity skills, and textbook questioning strategies assessment instrument, Bloom's taxonomy classifies educational objectives and science textbook rating system. The major findings include: 1.Only about 0.084% of the narrative page space is devoted to the nature of scientific knowledge in the science textbooks used in elementary school. Only empirical scientific knowledge was presented. 2.Every unit in the science textbooks used in elementary school is associated with the goals of personal needs and academic preparation. 25.53% of units are associated with the goals of societal issues, but no unit associated with the goals of career education. 3.Most of the laboratory activities in the science textbooks used in elementary schools, which provided the problems and the procedures to student's performance, belong to level 1 or 2. 4.Most of the questions are experiential questions(98.06%). And almost of the questions are cognitive domain(99.72%), and most of them are comprehension questions and application questions. 5.Most of the elementary school science teachers are satisfied with the science textbooks used in elementary schools , and their satisfaction goes beyond the contents of the textbooks.

本研究係透過實地訪談暸解企業在不同的新產品開發專案策略下所採行的供應商管理制度（包括供應商遴選、供應商發展活動與供應商績效評估與獎酬制度）具體內容為何，進而探討不同的新產品開發專案策略在供應商管理制度上的異同處為何，以期提供企業在選擇參與新產品專案供應商、進行供應商發展活動及評估供應商專案績效與設計獎酬制度時的參考。本研究依據個案分析之結果，提出以下三項結論以回應研究問題，並根據研究發現陳述相關建議，最後提出研 究限制與未來研究方向之建議。 一、新產品開發專案策略會影響遴選參與專案供應商時的遴選流程、優先重視的評估構面與遴選時間。 二、新產品開發專案策略會影響專案中進行供應商發展活動的活動內容、範疇與時間。 三、新產品開發專案策略會影響供應商之專案績效評估的目標訂定範圍與嚴苛程度。 / Conducted by field interviews, this research is primary to focus on the details of supplier management system including selection of suppliers, supplier development activities, supplier performance evaluation, and reward system) under different strategies of new product development projects. This research also discusses the similarities and differences of supplier management system under different strategies of new product development projects. According to the result of case analysis, we claim three conclusions in response to the research questions, and propose some relevant suggestions. Finally, we state research limitation and direction for future research. 1.The strategy of new product development project will affects the selection process, priority of assessment dimensions, and duration in selecting the suppliers who can join the project. 2.The strategy of new product development project will affects the content, scope, and period of supplier development activities in the project. 3.The strategy of new product development project will affects the scope and severeness of goals in evaluating suppliers' performance in the project.

本文探討「慈濟靜思書軒心靈講座」活動，透過不同的服務品質與體驗行銷，獲得民眾對靜思書軒的滿意度，進而提升對慈濟與靜思書軒之忠誠度。本研究質化與量化方法同時進行,提出對提升「慈濟靜思書軒心靈講座」活動之行銷策略與改善建議。質性調查採用深度訪談法，蒐集心靈講座活動之主管、員工與顧客對講座舉辦概況、滿意度與整體評價等進行瞭解，提出對心靈講座未來舉辦活動之策略與建議。量化部分則透過靜思書軒19門店之協助，針對參與心靈講座之民眾進行問卷填寫與資料蒐集。本研究問卷調查採用隨機抽樣法，針對發放期間有舉辦的14間門市進行問卷發放。共發放420份問卷，有效問卷為300份。發放時間為2011年8月1日至9月30日。本文研究目的包括： 1.探討「活動服務品質」及「體驗行銷」與「顧客滿意度」、「顧客忠誠度」之意涵。 2.檢定「活動服務品質」及「體驗行銷」與「顧客滿意度」「顧客忠誠度」等構面之關係。 3.「人口統計變項」對「活動服務品質」、「體驗行銷」、「顧客滿意度」、「顧客忠誠度」是否有顯著差異化。 依據本研究所獲得的結果，受訪者以女性、年齡以45歲~54歲以上、職業家管、薪水在40,001~50,000、居住地區則在台北市最多。服務品質對顧客滿意度有顯著影響、體驗行銷對顧客滿意度有顯著影響、顧客滿意度對顧客忠誠度有顯著影響。本研究依其問卷與訪談結論，建議靜思書軒應事前規畫每場服務人員的比例與配置，會場的佈置、民眾活動的動線與活動行程，加強情感部分與促使會眾參與度提升，提供客製化之講座，提高會眾參與度及擴大目標市場與增加客源，達到「淨化人心」的目標。 / This paper discusses the activities of “Mind Talk” held in Jing Si Books & Café, through various service quality and experiential marketing to increase the satisfy and customer loyalty in Jing Si Books & Café and expect to enhance and modify the activities of “Mind Talk”. In this study, qualitative and quantitive methods are used at the same time. 420 questionnaires were collected from 14 Jing Si Books & Cafés, and 300 questionnaires are valid. The samples are selected randomly from August 1st to Novernment 30th, 2011. The purposes of this study are included: 1.To discuss the meanings of “service quality in activities”, “experiential marketing”, “customer satisfaction”, and “customer loytalty”. 2.To examine the dimensions of “service quality in activities”, “experiential marketing”, “customer satisfaction”, and “customer loytalty”. 3.To test the significances on “demographic variables”, “service quality in activities”, “experiential marketing”, “customer satisfaction”, and “customer loytalty”. Based on the results, the most respondents were female, ages from 45 to 54, housewives, wages between 40,001 and 50,000, and living areas are in Taipei city. Service quality has a significant impact on customer satisfaction and experiential marketing has impacted on customer satisfaction and customer loytalty. According to the conclusions, Jing Si Books & Café need to plan the preoportionof each service and configurations, organize the activities of the moving line and travel activities before each activity of “Mind Talk” are important. Strengthening the emotional to increase the participation and customized seminars will expand the target market and expect to achieve “Cleaning hearts” as the final target.

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(C)(2) 課題番号:11670368 研究代表者:近藤 高明 研究期間:1999-2000年度

冷戰結束後，國際社會新興的電腦犯罪、恐怖主義、非法移民、國際販毒、槍械走私、組織犯罪等問題，向為各國所共同關切。傳統安全係以戰略和軍事威脅為主，而非傳統安全威脅則來源多元、形式多樣，所呈現者又以各式跨國組織犯罪最為顯著。本論文以兩岸交流衍生之大陸民眾偷渡入臺、毒品走私、組織犯罪等議題來闡明臺灣所面臨的非傳統安全威脅，此外，尚須因應「國家認同」等源自內部治理之「內發性威脅」等「危機」。 非傳統安全問題具有向外擴散及向內滲透特點，與傳統安全問題間沒有明確界限，兩者具有相互轉化的特性，一旦非傳統安全問題失控或激化，可能被迫須以傳統軍事手段解決。故非傳統安全的範圍是動態的，難以界定，有鑑於兩岸交流衍生之非傳統安全議題相當龐雜，本文乃選擇對個人、社會、國家、國際體系等各層次皆會造成安全威脅的非法移民、毒品走私、組織犯罪以及恐怖活動等四項議題為主要研究課題。 當前全球化的發展潮流勢不可遏，安全研究的範圍究應「擴展」還是「窄化」，廣泛受到學者的重視與辯論，主張「擴展」之學者所持的理由是，許多非軍事面向的議題，影響並威脅國家安全至鉅，應該擴大安全研究的範圍。而傳統安全研究學者則認為，若將安全議題太過於擴大，將造成研究焦點無法集中，以及安全實質內涵空虛的弊端，故本論文將研究焦點集中於當前對我國非傳統安全具指標性之大陸非法移民的深層結構、兩岸毒品走私現況和未來發展、跨境組織犯罪、恐怖活動發展趨勢等課題，並提出因應建議。

團隊多元化(team diversity)指的是團隊成員於人口統計屬性(如性別、年齡與種族)或潛在特性(如人格特質、工作態度或工作價值觀)上之分配情形與差異程度，或可稱之為團隊異質性(team heterogeneity)。過去實證研究雖指出團隊多元化可對團隊結果產生不同方向與程度之影響，但對於不同類型多元化與不同團隊結果間之關係仍缺乏較完整之探討。本研究將團隊多元化區分為關係相關多元化(relation-oriented diversity)與工作相關多元化(job-related diversity)，其中，再進一步將關係相關多元化分為表象多元化(surface-level diversity)與深層多元化(deep-level diversity)，目的在釐清各種多元化屬性之異同處。同時，本研究另將團隊結果分為團隊歷程與團隊績效。與過去研究不同的，本研究不僅探討團隊內部凝聚力，更將團隊多元化連結至外部歷程－外部活動(external activity)，以檢視多元化與外部活動間之關聯性。 本研究以社會分類與社會認同理論解釋關係相關多元化對團隊歷程與團隊績效之影響，假設愈高的表象多元化與深層多元化將對團隊歷程與團隊績效造成負向影響。本研究另以資訊與決策觀點及認知資源觀點解釋工作相關多元化對團隊歷程與團隊績效之影響，假設工作相關多元化將對團隊外部活動與團隊績效造成正向影響。 本研究以62位團隊主管與280位研發工程師，共62個研發團隊為對象，探討關係相關多元化與工作相關多元化對各種團隊結果之影響。本研究以問卷調查法搜集資料，發放問卷予研發工程師與團隊主管，前者回答多元化屬性與團隊歷程問項，後者回答多元化屬性與團隊績效問項。 研究結果發現，深層多元化與團隊凝聚力呈負相關，且深層多元化對團隊凝聚力之負向影響大於表象多元化。表象多元化與外部活動呈負相關，且表象多元化愈高之團隊，其團隊績效愈低。同時，工作相關多元化對外部活動與團隊績效呈正相關。由此可知，不同類型之團隊多元化可對不同團隊結果造成影響，當團隊之關係相關多元化愈高時，其團隊凝聚力愈低；而當團隊之工作相關多元化愈高時，其團隊績效愈高。因此，在探討團隊多元化與團隊結果之關係時，須仔細地思考關係相關與工作相關多元化是否會對特定類型結果產生影響，方能有助於團隊多元化研究成果之累積。 / Team diversity refers to the differences and heterogeneity of the team members’ attributes that people use to tell themselves that another person is different. Diversity is traditionally conceptualized in terms of visible differences in age and gender. Individuals may also differ on less visible characteristics such as level of education, tenure, personality, and attitude. Past research had investigated the relationship between diversity and team outcomes, however, conclusive findings of the effects of diversity on team processes and outcomes still do not exist. There is a need to develop a theory to explain the complexity of diversity and team outcomes. In this study, we adopted Jackson, May, and Whitney’s (1995) argument, offering a distinction between relation-oriented and job-related diversity, in which the former represents diversity attribute that are easily detectable or underlying and likely to evoke others’ socioemotional responses. Furthermore, relation-oriented diversity is categorized as surface-level and deep-level attribute. The former is defined as biological characteristics that are typically reflected in physical features, the latter is the differences among members’ attitudes, beliefs, and personality. To understand the impact of different types of diversity in team outcomes, this study links diversity to team cohesiveness, performance, and a new outcome, external activity. According to social categorization and social identity theories, relation-oriented diversity is negatively related to team cohesiveness, external activity and team performance. Whereas the social categorization perspective explains the relationship between relation-oriented diversity and team outcomes, the information/decision-making and cognitive resources perspectives focus more on job-related diversity. The information/decision-making and cognitive resources theories propose that variances in job-related attributes have a positive impact through increase in the skills, abilities, information, knowledge, and confidence that diversity brings, independent of what happens in the group process. There are 62 team leaders and 280 engineers, totally 62 teams, responding to the survey. We distribute different questionnaires to leaders and engineers. Besides individual characteristics, leaders evaluated the team performance, and engineers answered their perception about their team. Results show that deep-level diversity is negatively related to cohesiveness. Moreover, the impact of deep-level diversity on cohesiveness is stronger than surface-level diversity. Teams higher in surface-level diversity perform less external activity, and received lower leader rating for team performance. Results also show that job-related diversity is positively related to team performance. Apparently, different type of diversity leads to specific team outcomes. Teams higher in relation-oriented diversity lower cohesiveness, and those higher in job-related diversity lead to higher performance. Implications and future research needs are discussed.