本論文所要處理的是惡的意願與非意願性的辯證。在《惡的象徵》中，悲劇神學和人學的概念便是作為辯證之中介。這兩概念與一種痛苦意識有關，所意識者就是仲裁正義者，亦是違反其正義原則的惡的來源。對「悲劇神學」而言，這個對象就是神；對「悲劇人學」而言，便是意識到人的良知隱藏著惡的可能。可見悲劇神學和人學是一相互依賴的概念。但是由於在呂格爾的象徵系列當中，尤其是玷污及罪的象徵，皆是在神與人的某種關係而論的，因此我們更為凸顯悲劇神學的概念。 第二章主要從情節和美學效果兩途徑，呈現呂格爾如何由古希臘悲劇抽繹出悲劇神學和人學兩概念。 第三章則著重闡述呂格爾《惡的象徵》中的玷汙/罪/罪咎象徵系列，以及突顯悲劇神學和人學如何受制於象徵系列所賦予的意義及角色。藉由象徵系列，奴隸意志的概念得以釐清。其所表達的是，由自由意志的選擇，所造成的自我囚禁之惡。 第四章將悲劇概念放在神話重力場結構及基督論的脈絡中，呈現悲劇的相對位置。針對悲劇神學和人學概念，呂格爾將兩者視為批判和限制的否定性概念。另一方面，藉由基督論，嘗試呈現超克悲劇神學和人學的可能性。值得注意的是，當呂格爾將悲劇神學和人學當成批判性概念的時候，在一定程度上，便具有解構其他象徵(內含的奴隸意志成分)的力道。但是相對於基督論來講，悲劇神學和人學便是等待超越，而有所不足的概念。因此我們可以排列出相對位階：奴隸意志－初步自由(悲劇)－參與之自由(基督論)。 至於結論部分，在《惡的象徵》中，我們已經看到，呂格爾將信仰和知識劃歸不同真理領域的嘗試，也看到需要以信仰或象徵語言為前理解基礎的意義領域。但是，如何在詮釋作為超越之意義領域的基督論之時，肯定其超越性又保持其意義之開放性和模糊性呢？甚至更進一步地，保持相異宗教或象徵語言之真理的可能性呢？這些都是仍待探索的議題。 / This thesis deals with the dialectic of the voluntary and the involuntary of evil. In The Symbolism of Evil, the mediations of the dialectic are tragic theology and tragic anthropology. They are related to the consciousness of suffering. It means awareness of the source of evil that who judges the justice is one violating its own. ‘Tragic theology’ concerns god; for ‘tragic anthropology’, it means the possibility of evil which hides in the conscience of human. One can see that tragic theology and anthropology are mutually-dependent conceptions. Even if Ricoeur’s symbolical series associate much to the relation of god and man, we stress much more the conception of ‘tragic theology’. Chapter two discusses how Ricoeur analyzes these two conceptions of tragic theology and anthropology in ways of plot and aesthetic influences. Chapter three explains the symbolical series of stain, sin, and guilt. It also deals with how tragic theology and anthropology are subject to the meaning and the role of the symbolical series. Moreover, the concept of the servile will can be clarified by means of the symbolical series, which expresses that the will of freedom results in the evil of self-enclosure. Chapter four puts the concept of tragedy in the structure of mythically gravitational space and in the context of Christology to express the unique place of tragedy. Ricoeur regards tragic theology and anthropology as the negative conceptions which is critical and limiting. Moreover, he tries to exhibit the possibility of surpassing tragic theology and anthropology which, noticeably, have the power of deconstructing other symbols (the elements of servile will within) to some extent that Ricoeur regards them as critical conceptions. But in contrast to Christology, they are conceptions which wait for being surpassed and are limited. Thus, we can manifest the hierarchical levels: the servile will－a initial freedom(tragedy)－a freedom of participation(Christology). As to the conclusion, in The Symbolism of Evil, we have seen that Ricoeur tries to divide belief and knowledge into different fields of truth and that he needs the field of meaning which regards belief or symbolical language as the fundamental of pre-understanding. But, how do we assert its transcendence and keep the openness and the ambiguity at the same time that we interpret the Christology as the sphere of transcendental meaning? Even much more, we keep the possibility of truth of different religions and symbolical languages? These are issues waiting for further investigating.

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中文摘要 當前精神醫療過程中，存在若干矛盾的現象，尤其是生物－生理的以及社會文化的病因解釋與治療手法被交互運用。由於治療方法都是從診斷而來，因此精神治療意義的闡明指向診斷依據的釐清。本研究的目的在於探討當前的臨床精神醫療團隊拿什麼標準對於瘋狂的現象進行觀察，這個觀察的客觀標準的基礎又是什麼。研究方法使用田野觀察和質性訪談。資料分析則採用現象學的方法。 主要研究發現指出，正規臨床精神醫療的診斷標準，其實是社會文化生活中的常識。雖然常識作為衡量瘋狂是否存在的標準是客觀的，但也是不精確的。面對這個難題，臨床精神醫療的診斷採用了一種特殊的技術，亦即在一個已經設定好的時間中進行觀察，並且為這段時間設定好治療的目標。於是瘋狂的差異性就有了被規定出來的邊界，被觀察到的瘋狂將只是在一段治療時間中所觀察到的瘋狂，而且治療的目標也被設定為在這段時間中達成穩定的狀態的維持，以及讓精神病患養成一個不斷連結或憶起這段治療時間所學會的種種「儀式」的習慣。 因此，當今的精神醫療採用生物─心理─社會的社區精神醫療的模式，入院治療只是一種回歸社會的技術。現今的精神科醫療團隊，以治療計劃來為病人擬定「回歸社會」或「復原」的目標，進而提昇病人適應社會的功能，醫療在其中所扮演的角色就是控制瘋狂的差異相，讓它保持「穩定」。 然而，臨床精神醫療的深層結構其實是較不為人意識到的時間結構。透過這個可以被理性所限定與規劃的時鐘時間，形成一套將非理性時間納入理性時間的規範，這種時間的規範才是臨床精神醫療的時間結構的核心現象。時間因此成了一種技術，透過這種技術就能將瘋狂圈圍起來，在這個被限定的範圍內，瘋狂終於得以被認識，進而被有效地控制。 關鍵詞：臨床精神醫療、技術結構、時間結構、慢性病房、復原 / Abstract This study aims to explore the criterion of observation in modern psychiatric team’s madness observing, and to explore what is the basis of the criterion of observation. The research methods involved field observation and qualitative interviews. The data analyses were phenomenological methods. The major findings suggested that the clinical psychiatric team use a special technology in diagnosis which they observe madness phenomena in a schedule, and they set the target of curing for the time of observation and treatment. The target of curing is being setted to maintain a stable situation of symptom.To achieve the goal of recovery, modern psychiatry would place emphasis on one’s ability of adapting to norms of the society. In the beginning of recovering, medication would be used to keep patients' condition in a stable situation. Secondly, the whole team of treatment needs a comprehensive plan to guide themselves. In a way of "location", "orientation" and "connection", doctors and nurses ask patients to pass through a "threshold", and turn the process of treatment into the process of passing through. To find out a "breakthrough point " will be the first important thing in recovering, it is the roadmap of teaching a patient to form new habits by making an appointments, punishing and keeping a watchful eye on her or him. Once the patient has really proved herself or himself the ability of adapting to the society , it is the time for her or him to leave the hospital and go home. The results of the study may help psychiatric team members to rethink the strategies of treatment and to the possible benefits of understanding the modern culture which belongs to us. Key words: Clinical Psychiatry, Technical Structure, temporal structure

德國投資大師科斯托蘭尼（Kostolany）曾用主人牽狗散步來形容股價跟基本面的運行關係，主人從甲地到乙地的路徑像是公司的基本面，而狗跟隨著主人的步伐忽前忽後、亦步亦趨就像是股價，兩者之間短期間不一定會同步，但最終必將一致。這個現象說明了股市投資的一個不變的真理：長期而言，股價必將反映公司經營的基本面。作為一個投資人如果無法掌握基本面的走向，而只知道一味的追逐股價的走向，則無異於捨本逐末，緣木求魚了。 從基本面來分析公司的價值，最直接正確的方是就是現金流量折現模型，但這個方法對於如何預估公司未來產生的現金流，及如何採用折現率存在著相當大的歧異。再者，一經估算出公司的內在價值後，要在什麼價格買進是另外一個要面對的問題。葛林布雷（Joel Greenblatt）選擇從另外一個角度切入，他藉著資本報酬率（Capital return）來篩選經營績效傑出的公司，加上盈餘報酬率（Earning Yield）來選出便宜的標的，兩者結合在一起過濾出的組合可充分發揮出價值投資者選股的精神。 本研究應用他所提出的方法，選擇MSCI Asia Pacific ex-Japan指數做為樣本，實際驗證用這兩個神奇公式所選出的投資組合在2002-2007年的表現，結果得到年化報酬率超過指數表現高達40%的績效。對於一般非專業的投資人，可以利用這個低成本及有效的方式建構一個價值型的投資組合，避免跟隨市場波動而頻繁地交易，達到投資而非投機的目的了。 / Andre Kostolany, Germany guru investor, explains the relationship between stock price and fundamental by an example of a man walking a dog. The master’s route expresses the company’s operation fundamental while the follow-up path of the dog is the stock price movement. Their paths are not sure synchronizing at short period of time but it will be corresponding in the long run. Admittedly, this phenomenon tells us the truth that the stock price finally should reflects the operating result of the company. Therefore, it’s in vain if an investor cannot manage to understand the business development but only chase technical price information. Basically, the discount cash flow, DCF, is the first and foremost method to evaluate the value of the company. However, how to forecast the future cash flow of the business as well as how much the discounting rate be used are still among debatable. Secondly, when to buy the stock is another dilemma after the intrinsic value is calculated. Joel Greenblatt takes the topic from a different angle. He points out those stocks with high capital yield and earning yield that depicting not only superior capital spending but also relatively inexpensive compare to others. In short, his two magic formulas combine major value investor components indeed. This thesis applies his findings to eqiuty portfolio construction in Asia Pacific markets. From 2002 to 2007, the magic 30 basket, composed of 30 constituents with highest capital and earning yield, outperforms the MSCI Asia Pacific ex- Japan benchmark by astonishing 40% p.a. For non-institutional investors, the model is particularly useful in construction a value-oriented portfolio that refrains from frequent transactions in face of market volatility.

繼文化知識證書、職業技能證書之後「創業教育」於1989年11月被聯合國教科文組織列為「第三本教育護照」。而1998年10月，聯合國教科文組織在巴黎首次召開的世界高等教育會議，大會宣言—《21世紀的高等教育：展望與行動宣言》中更指出：「為方便畢業生就業，高等教育應關心培養創業技能和主動精神；畢業生不再是求職者，首先將成為職業崗位的創造者。」而台灣身為世界經濟體系的一員，想要擁有更強大的經濟競爭力，更不能忽視培育具高行動力、創新能力之創業者的重要性。 本研究旨在探討如何建構一個適合台灣的創業教育推動機制，並以世界各國推動創業教育做法為借鏡，從有限的教育資源中找出優先投入的方案，以更有效的協助青年提升創業能力。 本論文採層級分析法(AHP)進行研究，從文獻資料中發現創業能力基本要素，以產官學界專家為研究對象，找出影響創業能力關鍵因素優先順序，提出政府制訂創業教育政策時可參考之建議。 經資料分析，獲致重要結論如下： 一、影響青年創業能力提升的關鍵因素共3大構面11項因素。 1、學校教育：課程內容、專業師資、跨國或跨校學習、創業競賽、企業實習。 2、政府組織：專責創業教育單位、創業育成輔導、政策性創業貸款。 3、社會資源：NGO、育成中心、中介組織。 二、經以AHP運算評比排序後發現社會資源構面列三大教育系統的第一優先，顯示專家學者認為就創業面而言社會資源的支援體系優先於政府單位及學校教育。 三、就學校教育構面而言，企業實習因素列為第一優先；政府組織構面則以政策性創業貸款優先；社會資源中育成中心的相對權重值最大。 依據結論，提出以下建議： 一、社會資源面向：營造有利於青年創業的社會氛圍，鼓勵青年提升創業興趣，進而勇於創業，並達到創業型社會的目標。優先考量從社會資源面的鼓勵措施或法規鬆綁，以充裕市場資金及增加專家對創業者的經驗傳承機會。 二、學校教育面向：將“企業實習”列為進修學分，培育與選拔專業師資。並將創業教育往下紮根，普及創業意識。 三、政府組織面向：事權統一的政府執行單位，減少資源重置的活動舉辦，制訂原則性、方向性的創業教育政策。 / The policy options have three alternatives composed of schooling, administration resources and social resources, which are critical factors affecting entrepreneurial ability. Therefore, an entrepreneurial education simulation and evaluation model is presented, which is designed for the assessment of policy options aiming to achieve feasibility in entrepreneurial education. According to the higher education of the 21th century: prospective and action manifesto, to cultivate entrepreneurship skill and active attitude is the main mission for higher education organization. In this research we find the 11 factors, belonging to 3 constructs, influence entrepreneurial education quality. They are program content, disciplined teacher, foreign study or exchange student, entrepreneurial competition, practical training, related authority of entrepreneurship education, guidance of entrepreneurship incubation, NGO, incubation center and intermediate organization. The AHP is applied to determine the elements of entrepreneurship ability. The decision group members have 7 experts, 5 scholars and 5 directors whom to promote the entrepreneurial education has professional opinion. An application of questionnaire acquires viewpoints of the decision group on the promotion of entrepreneurship. In our research, the first priority alternative to promote the entrepreneurship education is social resource, and the second is to popularize incubation center.

斯賓諾莎的《神學政治論》向來被認為是現代自由民主、與聖經批判的哲學性起源，學者大多認為斯賓諾莎以一種科學式的方法來研究聖經。本文旨在研究斯賓諾莎的聖經觀與宗教觀。藉著對十七世紀荷蘭神學－政治背景、以及《神學政治論》第七章到第十五章的分析，來說明斯賓諾莎所關心的並不是「如何解釋聖經」，而是「誰有權釋經」。他並不是藉著一種客觀的方法論來研究聖經，而是將解釋聖經的判准建立在解釋者的德性之上。而後不斷質疑各種可能形成解釋權威、壟斷信仰的科學式或理論性宗教知識。他把信仰的本質還原為生活，並且主張唯有解釋者有道德行為，他對聖經的解釋才可能是真的。因此，斯賓諾莎解釋聖經的方式不是一種聖經批判，而是一種德性證成的觀點。藉此，他把解釋聖經的權利還諸一切信仰者，並且將哲學與神學分離，前者的基礎是思辨理論，後者的基礎是道德實踐。 / Spinoza's Tractatus Theologico-Politicus has always been regarded as the philosophical origin of modern liberal democracy and modern biblical criticism. Most scholars consider Spinoza’s biblical study as a kind of scientific method. This thesis aims at Spinoza’s view of the Bible and his view of religion. By a description of the theological-political background of the 17th century Dutch, and an analysis of Tractatus Theologico-Politicus Chapters 7 through 15, I would demonstrate that Spinoza cares not “how to study the Scripture” but “who has the authority to interpret the Scripture.” He does not study the Scripture by means of an objective methodology, rather, he sets up the criteria of biblical interpretation upon the virtue of interpreters. Then he doubts constantly every kind of theoretical knowledge of religion which may become the authority of interpretation and monopolize the faith. He reduces the essence of faith to life, and claims that only when an interpreter is moral, can his interpretation of the Scripture be true. Therefore, Spinoza’s interpretation of the Bible is not a kind of biblical-criticism, but a kind of justification by means of virtue. By doing so (or simply “Thus”), he returns the right of interpreting Scripture back to all believers, and separates philosophy away from theology. The foundation of philosophy is speculative theory, and theology is based on moral practices.

本文旨在研究臺北市樟新社區與一壽重殘照顧中心之互動，關於一個都市社區與精神障礙照顧機構之互動情形。分析主要分為兩部分，第一部份回溯一壽重殘照顧中心進入樟新社區之過程與情形，第二部分則分析樟新社區與一壽重殘照顧中心現階段之互動情形與未來建議。此外，本文也特別引用了「鄰避情結」（即「不要在我家後院」，”Not-In-My-Backyard syndrome”，簡稱NIMBY）作為論述基礎，試圖去檢視社區居民對於照顧中心的觀感，找出居民排斥或接納照顧中心之情形與原因等，並以衝突歷程的概念去剖析互動現狀。本研究目的則是希望透過個案研究，探討一個社區如何與精神障礙照顧服務機構互動，以從中找出能使社區居民與照顧服務機構二者共生、互助、融合之社區工作精隨。 本研究採質性研究之個案研究法，運用多重資料來源，並藉由觀察互動及深度訪談法來蒐集資料。其中深度訪談選取參與或了解本研究議題者作為訪談對象，包括規劃或承辦照顧中心進入社區的政府人員、來自照顧中心承辦單位及在照顧中心服務的管理者或工作者、對議題了解或熟悉社區事務的社區居民，藉此先行了解一壽重殘照顧中心進入社區之過程，包括照顧中心設立的過程與決策考量、照顧中心設立時與社區之衝突對立情形，以及政府單位、民間團體、社區居民三方對於衝突對立的認知、處理方式或行動。再者，也深度探究社區與機構過去至今的互動樣貌，包括社區與照顧中心的互動現況、社區居民對照顧中心設立觀感與鄰避情結、社區居民排斥或接納照顧中心之情形與原因，進而找出促進照顧中心融合社區或其他可能作法。 最後，根據本研究，提出相關政策建議如下： 一、檢討我國公有土地政策，以避免社福資源被稀釋； 二、讓障礙者參與決策過程，以落實真正的社區照顧； 三、在各地廣設心理衛生中心，讓障礙者能在原本的社區居住； 四、透過立法保障與教育倡導，以維護障礙者之居住權； 五、組織經營照顧中心志工團，並促進機構與社區的互惠及共生關係； 六、社區或機構相關工作者可採低姿態、柔性、創意方式，長期經營社區關係。 　　 關鍵字：社區、精神障礙、照顧機構、鄰避情結 / This research aims to study the interaction between the Zhangxin Community in Taipei City, an ordinary community in a big city, and the Taipei Yi-Shou Care Center, an institution for the psychiatric disabled. In the first part of the study, the researcher reviews the process of how the Taipei Yi-Shou Care Center moved into the Zhangxin community, whereas the second part analyzes the interaction between them and further provides suggestions for future cooperation. Besides, the researcher specifically adopts the concept of “Not-in-my-backyard syndrome” (NIMBY) as the theoretical background to survey the perceptions of the community residents toward the care center. Moreover, this study identifies the reasoning behind the acceptance or refuse of the move-in of the care center. Finally, this paper analyzes current status of interactions through the lens of conflict process. In summary, the aim of the research is to identify how community residents interact with an institution for the psychiatric disabled; furthermore, this study concludes the essence of community work in helping community residents and health care institution to cohabit, achieve mutual help, and integrate with each other. This research adopts case study method and collects data from multiple sources, such as onsite observation of the interaction and in-depth interview. For the in-depth interview, this study recruited key persons who have participated in and are aware of the issue. Therefore, the interviewees range from the government officials who have planned or taken charge of the move-in, the managers or workers of the care center or higher level of administration, to the Zhangxin community residents who are aware of the issue or general community affair. Accordingly, this paper first strives to investigate the move-in process, from the decision-making processes of the establishment of the Taipei Yi-Shou Care Center and the conflicts between the supporters and critiques during construction, to the perceptions, solutions, and actions toward the problem from the government, non-government organizations, and the residents. Second, the study thoroughly reviews the history of the interaction pattern between the residents and the institution, including the status quo of the interaction, the perception and the NIMBY of the residents toward the care center, and the situation and reasons of acceptance or refuse of the care center. In the end, this paper proposes possible means to help the care center better integrate with the community. This research proposes six suggestions for policy below: 1. Review the policy of public lands to avoid diluting the resources of social welfare. 2. Invite the disabled to participate in policy making to realize essential community care. 3. Set up community mental health centers to render the opportunities for the disabled to live in the original community. 4. Safeguard the right of residence of the disabled through legislation and education. 5. Organize volunteer groups of the care center, and improve the mutual benefit and cohabitation relationship between the institution and the community. 6. Community and institution workers manage long-term relationship with the community through modest attitude and in flexible, creative ways. Key words: community, psychiatric disability, care institution, Not-In-My-Backyard syndrome(NIMBY).

城邦出版集團執行長何飛鵬說：「創業就是一個人的變身過程，從貧窮到富有，從平凡到成功，從能力不足到能力完備。每一個階段創業者都在向前、向上推升自己的人生境界，不斷測試自己人生的極端值。」 許多創業者嚮往自由彈性的工作環境，於是結合熱情與專業所長，稟持著「人生有夢，逐夢踏實」的信念，開始選擇創業這條路，勇於實現夢想。「吳寶春麥方店」創辦人為吳寶春先生，他在2010年奪得世界麵包冠軍後，為了向自己不斷挑戰，隨後獨自創立「吳寶春麥方店」，對於未來充滿企圖心的他，想要把麵包店格局做大，當成企業來永續經營，因此自己不斷地延伸閱讀、學習吸收經營管理知識，並向各方前輩請益，朝著「國際企業家」的目標繼行。 經濟部中小企業處2013年9月26日發表「2013中小企業白皮書」，資料顯示2012年台灣中小企業家數比前一年成長2.11%，續創歷史新高，佔全體企業高達9成7，獨資經營佔比超過5成6。近年，在政府鼓勵「創業創造就業」的政策利多之下，許多創業家勇於開創新業，各中小企業零散分據市場各產業、各領域、各角落，各有專精、擁有其特色產品、客群與形象，主要特徵有二：小規模、低資產，皆面臨著「資本額小、體質弱、力量分散」困境。 多數中小企業因為規模不大，在面對變動快速的環境，能夠保有靈活應變能力；唯因資產不足之原因，讓多數中小企業往往面臨資源短缺，因資金周轉不靈，而走上失敗或倒閉之途。普遍說來，中小型企業因為規模、產值與創業背景的不同，創業者在充滿障礙的創業過程中，每一步皆是生死存亡的關鍵，亦沒有想像中容易。 在創業過程中，創業者面臨機會的決策過程，如何因應創業活動運用既有資源，或尋求所需資源，都是欲踏入中小型企業創業市場的創業者在乎的關鍵點。另，即便是小規模的企業，只要有能力辨識機會，依然有能力創造或發掘新市場，創造新價值。 「創業者」是創業過程中最重要的關鍵元素，由創業者所引發的創業活動最為重要，可能是「創業者與機會」、「創業者與資源」或「機會與資源」，因當時所處環境因素的改變，產生對創業活動不同程度的影響。本研究藉由創業精神、動機、機會、資源、能力等創業要素以及創業模式之文獻探討，用以分析「吳寶春麥方店」之成功創業要素與成功創業模式之關聯。 / Cite Media Holding Group CEO Mr Fei-Peng Ho once said: “Entrepreneurship is the transformation of an individual from poor to wealthy; from the average Joe to the extraordinary, and from the inexperienced amateur to full capable professional. The entrepreneur steps forward with every stage of their business, continuously challenging themselves to the vertical limits in life and pushing themselves into the realm of personal success” Entrepreneurs look forward to a career with freedoms and flexibilities, directed by a combination of motivating passion and the self-belief of “Live life to the fullest. Chase to dreams to reality”. To choose the road of entrepreneurship is to bravely chase the dream of self-created success. After winning the 2010 World Baker championship, Mr. Wu Pao Chun founded The “Wu Pao Chun Bakery Chain” with the ambitious plan to dominate the bakery industry. Mr. Wu was a motivated learner in business operation management. Mr. Wu built the foundations of his business knowledge from a variety of sources i.e. studying books on business management, adapting from real-life experiences and listening trusted mentors. Determined to become a successful entrepreneur, Mr. Wu transformed small stores into corporate level bakery chains through sustainable management. In September 26, 2013, the Taiwan Ministry of Economic Affairs publicized the“ 2013 Official White Paper on SMEs in Taiwan”. According to the document, SMEs in Taiwan grew by 2.11% from 2011-2012. It was a record high, accounting for up to 70% of all enterprises. Among the sample, 83% of these enterprises were privately owned and/or operated. In recent years, the Taiwan Government has encouraged a policy focus on “Entrepreneurships to create Jobs”. With government support, many entrepreneurs have started businesses across the nation, creating unique products, identifying new customers, and creating company images across diverse range of industries. Since the majority of these entrepreneurs are small-scale and low capital ventures, capital shortage and lack of competiveness was a common problem. Small scale operations allowed entrepreneurs to adapt quickly to changing business environments but the lack of capital funding and resources shortage caused many entrepreneurs to fail. Weak cash flow was the ultimate cause of closure in businesses. Even with a small scale operation, the ability to identify opportunities is critical in developing and sensing new markets and ultimately, generating value. The entrepreneur themselves are the key contribution to the success of their businesses. To becoming an entrepreneur is no easy task, in fact, very challenging. Entrepreneurs face challenging decisions throughout every stage of their business. Every entrepreneur has their own scale of operation, capital funding and knowledge background. Every decision the entrepreneur makes is critical for the survival of their business. Successful allocation of existing resources and/or finding new resources through business operations is the key to success which all entrepreneurs strive for in the SMEs sector. The most important factors influencing a successful start-up business are the combination of keen-eyed entrepreneur, new opportunities in businesses, and adequate resources. My study in entrepreneurship focuses on personal drive/motivation of the entrepreneur, identifying key business opportunities, allocation of resources and the compatibility of these three factors as the basic elements in a successful business model and analyst how these elements contributed to Wu Pao Chun Bakery’s entrepreneurial success and the overall success of Mr. Wu’s business model.

本研究旨在探討以優勢觀點為基礎之社會工作實施場域中，社會工作者與情感性精神疾病個案助人關係歷程、雙向復元因素與意涵，與不同組織政策與文化對雙向復元之影響，進一步形成實務場域中助人關係與雙向復元之建議與策略。 　　本研究運用質性研究深度訪談法與詮釋現象學觀點，採立意與滾雪球抽樣，使用半結構式訪談大綱與研究者於田野之互動與觀察，再現八名受訪者（五名優勢觀點社工、三位情感性精神疾病個案）之生活經驗，回歸現象本質綜觀與探討。 　　本研究主要發現如下： 一、情感性精神疾病的重新詮釋：社會工作者正視個案憂鬱或躁狂發作而產生生理、心理與社會的排除，將疾病常態化、普同化，並經由多面向的宏觀檢視以打破原本負面框架與預設立場，包含：1.給予自殺的生命解套—給予選擇與自我決定；2.賦予反覆訴說的意義—重新詮釋生命的機會。 二、歷經「隧道」、不斷攀升—助人關係發展之歷程：歸納優勢觀點社會工作者與情感性精神疾病個案發展助人關係之歷程，可分為想像期、建立期、考驗期、合作期與復元期五大階段，形塑「穿越生命隧道之旅」般的助人關係意象，並發現差序格局文化下的助人關係連續體之特色。 三、雙向復元的實質意涵：由個案「置身死地而後生」與社會工作者「從助人意義中回觀自我」的復元經驗中，歸納「雙向復元」之實質意義與內涵，是一種助人關係與個人內、外在情境三者交互作用而成的超越狀態與主體終極目標，影響成因包含個人、人際與環境三大層面和七個項目。 四、組織政策與文化對雙向復元之影響：不同組織政策與文化之對雙向復元具有實質之影響，分析受訪社會工作者所屬的機構內部可發現「考驗」與「支持」的態樣，後者不但創造充分的人際支持與成長環境，更能促進社會工作者的復元、提升個案服務品質與績效、穩定社工流動率。 依據上述研究發現，提出以下建議： 一、情感性精神疾病個案之助人關係策略：1.增強個體權能：擱置並轉化問題、充分尊重與信任、著力優勢與能力、累積成功經驗、創造選擇性。2.善用關係影響：借重家庭的影響力、保持助人關係中的接觸與等待、建立分享與互惠的彈性關係、善用權力落差形成改變。3.導入環境資源：地緣與文化的親近性、開放的會談地點與時間、連結資源與網絡合作。 二、正視雙向復元之目標：回歸自身被忽略的正向經驗，賦予生命及工作狀態之意義，個案或社會工作者復元的同時也使對方進一步昇華和復元，像漣漪效應般能擴及旁人，間接影響家庭與社會系統，啟動整體社會文化的善循環。 三、機構推動優勢觀點模式之建議：瞭解如何有效學習並運用優勢觀點模式、適度激勵並給予充分支持、提供合理的保障與實質誘因。 四、未來研究之建議：瞭解情感性精神疾病之特性並有所應變、具備接近田野之管道並增加研究對象的多元性、學習與受訪對象共創新的復元價值。 / The study aimed to explore the process, elements and meanings of mutual recovery for social workers and the clients with mood disorder, the organizational influences on the mutual recovery, and to propose strategies for mutual recovery for social workers. The methodology adopted in this study was hermeneutic phenomenology. Using purposive/ snowball sampling, the researcher interacted, observed, and in-depth interviewed the participants using a semi-structured interview guide. Though this process, the living experiences of the eight interviewees (five strengths-based social workers and three clients with mood disorder) were represented to reveal the nature of the phenomenon of mutual recovery. The major discoveries of this study include: 1.Re-definition of mood disorder: social workers could recognize the consequence of clients being seriously excluded from the society due to their depressive or manic episode; they helped the clients to normalize their disease, as well as to break their own negative assumptions toward the disorder. The tactics that they used were such as like：a) Providing relief to suicide–personal choice and self-determination, b) giving meaning to repetitive narratives– opportunity to redefine life. 2.“Tunnel” process, continuing to rise, the process of helping relationship: the process of strength-based social workers in developing relationship with clients with mood disorder could be categorized into five stages: imagination stage, development stage, challenge stage, cooperation stage, and recovery stage. Hence, the nature of helping relationship was like “going through the life tunnel” . The characteristics of such a relationship reflected the differential association continuum among Chinese culture. 3.Essential meaning of mutual recovery: For the clients, the recovery experiences were as if being brought back to life. For the social workers, they rediscovered of themselves in the meaning of assisting others. The real meaning and essence of mutual recovery could be summed up as the interaction of within a person, internal and external environment, and in turn further shaping the transcendental force to help acquire the life goal. Moreover, those goal were affected by personal, relational and environmental factors. 4.Organizational influences on mutual recovery: by analyzing the effects of organizational policies and cultures on mutual recovery, we found that “supportive surrounding” creates an environment which was better for the development of interpersonal relationship than an “challenging surrounding”. The former could help facilitate the recovery and performance of social workers, as well as decrease the turnover rate of social workers. Based on these findings, we propose: 1.Strategy for forming the helping relationship with clients with mood disorder: 1) empowering individual: letting go and transform problems into respect, trust, and focusing on advantages, capabilities, and successful experiences to create options. 2) Better utilizing the effects of interpersonal relationship: by using the influences from family, maintaining the contacts in interpersonal relationship, building mutual and flexible relationship, and using the power differentiation to facilitate changes. 3) Introducing resources from surrounding: an open location and timing that connect the clients/social workers with their surrounding and culture, and enabling the linkage of resources and networks. 2.Emphasizing mutual recovery: stressing the positive experiences that were over sighted previously and finding meaning to life and work status. The recovery of the clients and social workers will further influence their families and the whole social system, and create a benign cycle accordingly. 3.Suggestions for organizations in promoting the strength-based model: to learn the effective ways of learning and applying strengths-based models, giving adequate encouragement and support, and providing reasonable assurance and incentives. 4.Recommendations for future research: should understand the characteristics of mood disorder and know how to handle the situations, to expand the sources of participants, and to have the intention of creating the new meaning of recovery with participants.

隨著機器學習在越來越多任務中有突破性的發展，特別是在自然語言處理問題上，得到越來越多的關注，近年來，詞向量是自然語言處理研究中最令人興奮的部分之一。在這篇論文中，我們討論了兩種主要的詞向量學習方法。一種是傳統的矩陣分解，如奇異值分解，另一種是基於神經網絡模型（具有負採樣的Skip-gram模型（Mikolov等人提出，2013），它是一種迭代演算法。我們提出一種方法來挑選初始值，透過使用奇異值分解得到的詞向量當作是Skip-gram模型的初始直，結果發現替換較佳的初始值，在某些自然語言處理的任務中得到明顯的提升。 / Recently, word embedding is one of the most exciting part of research in natural language processing. In this thesis, we discuss the two major learning approaches for word embedding. One is traditional matrix factorization like singular value decomposition, the other is based on neural network model (e.g. the Skip-gram model with negative sampling (Mikolov et al., 2013b)) which is an iterative algorithm. It is known that an iterative process is sensitive to initial starting values. We present an approach for implementing the Skip-gram model with negative sampling from a given initial value that is using singular value decomposition. Furthermore, we show that refined initial starting points improve the analogy task and succeed in capturing fine-gained semantic and syntactic regularities using vector arithmetic.