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十三世紀初蒙古軍戰略戰術及後勤之研究周德威, ZHOU,DE-WEI Unknown Date (has links)
十三世紀初,蒙古民族以武力躍登世界舞台,其兵鋒所及,無不當之披靡。後人對其
震爍古今之武功,都抱持濃厚興趣,是以鑽研者眾;然各家學者在探討蒙古軍戰略戰
術時,常忽略蒙古軍的後勤補給,也很少有探究蒙古婦女對蒙古軍隊貢獻的學者;筆
者深覺這兩部份不應被忽略,乃本著普通盤瞭解蒙古軍作戰方法和探討蒙古婦女貢獻
兩個目標著手研究。本研究以鐵木真被推選為成吉思汗起至窩闊台汗逝世 (西元一二
○六至一二四一年) 為研究範圍。全文共分六章,約十萬言。
第一章為緒論,本章將本研究的動機、目的、範圍、研究方法及蒙古社會特徵,時代
背景等,略作說明。
第二章為大蒙古國的戰略,本章分三節說明蒙古國建立力量,創造有利形勢,以及因
勢用力的原則。
第三章為蒙古軍隊的戰術,戰術是實現各層戰略目標的方法;本章分成野戰戰術、功
城戰術、心理戰術等三節,說明蒙古軍的各種戰術。
第四章為遠征作戰的後勤,本章分成四節,就蒙古軍對戰地物資,各種人力資源,後
勤基地等運用方式論述,探討蒙古軍各項支援建軍與用兵勤務的方法。
第五章為戰爭中蒙古婦女角色的探討,本章分成四節,分就蒙古婦女在生產物資,補
充兵員,管理俘虜和領導軍事等方面的工作,闡述蒙古婦女對蒙古軍隊的貢獻。
第六章為蒙古軍戰爭方法的檢討,本章分成三節,分就蒙古軍作戰成功因素,及其負
面作用作一檢討,並對其影響蒙古民族後代之處,加以闡述。
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以SRI情境預測分析法預測台灣細胞分流技術與市場之發展林建成, Lin, Chien-Chen Unknown Date (has links)
幹細胞在組織器官再造中的價值已成共識,由幹細胞體外培養誘導的細胞、組織和器官,用於移植時可避免免疫排斥。未來,幹細胞將在組織工程領域搶盡頭采,逐步取代傳統的異體移植。因為成體幹細胞在人體內的數目通常不多,骨髓中每1 萬個到1 萬5 千個細胞才有一個造血幹細胞(hematopoietic stem cell),必須要經過特殊的血球分離系統才能取得足夠量,目前醫界與學界所採用的血球分離儀器主要分為螢光細胞免疫分析儀(FACS),另外,有鑑於使用者對於可攜式的需求加上半導體技術的成熟,目前還有一項全新的微導流技術被開發,因此對於幹細胞的研究,無論是胚胎幹細胞或是造血幹細胞,一個良好適用的血液分流系統都是必須而且重要的,我們也可以看見,隨著幹細胞的運用日趨廣泛,血液分流系統技術未來成長潛力更加可以預期。
本研究係採用SRI情境分析方式,透過包含學界及實務界的專家群會議,輔以腦力激盪的方法討論出關鍵決定因素與驅動力量,並以二個不確定軸面形成情境主軸,發展擴充成為情境內涵,再就各選定之情境(微導流領先,技術導向,美麗舊時光)內容進行SWOT及策略發展分析,並發展出細胞分流技術之市場及技術共同發展策略:
1. 積極推動幹細胞研究,增加市場需求。
2. 與國際同步建立儀器的確效與驗證模式,減少法規對於儀器的限制。
3. 積極推動產業的國際化,增加產業範疇
4. 積極發展奈米技術,同步提昇微小化技術與染色技術。
5. 流體與驅動技術的持續開發。
6. 光電偵測系統的研發方向。
7. 國家介入釋放舊的半導體製程技術。
關鍵字:SRI情境分析法,細胞分流技術,微導流技術,螢光細胞分析儀,情境預測,SWOT分析。 / Stem cell's value in the tissue engineering is given a new lease of life to has already become the common understanding, train the cell , tissue and organ from stem cell, can prevent the immunity from repelling when being used for transplanting. In the near future, the stem cell will rob the end to adopt in the field of tissue engineering, will replace traditional allograft to transplant progressively. Because body stem cell usually few figure having in human body, every ten thousand have a hematopoietic stem cell in the bone marrow, must pass the special cell sorting system to make enough quantity. No matter in clinical use or academic research use, fluorescence active cell sorting system is only way to separate stem cells from blood or bone marrow. For adding the maturity of the technology of the semiconductor to with the demand of the type, a brand-new cell sorting technology with micro fluidic system is developed at present, so the research to the stem cell, no matter embryo stem cell or hematopoietic stem cell, one good suitable cell sorting system must and important, we can see with application of stem cell being becoming extensive, cell sorting systematic technology grow up potentiality may it is expected future too.
This research adopts SRI scenario analysis, through include academic researchers and expert groups of meeting, commercial end users, it produce the key decisive factor and drive strength to discuss so as to method that mental work agitate to complement, and with form the situation main shaft the 2 uncertain axle, development expands and becomes situation intension, selected situation content analyzed SWOT and tactics development each, erupt simultaneously and exhibit the market that the cell sorting technology and common development tactics of technology. In this research, our conclusions are as follows:
1. Actively prompt nano- technology research.
2. Actively promote stem-cell research.
3. Actively promote the research of cell's mark.
4. Develop monoclonal antibody commercialized channel and research.
5. Develop Micro fluidics and micro pumping system technology.
6. Develop the photo electricity detecting system.
Key word: S R I scenario analysis methods, cell sorting system, micro fluidics system, fluorescence active cell sorting system, technology forecasting, scenario forecasting.
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台灣整廠輸出產業之現況分析與未來策略研究孫宗宜, Sun ,Tsung Yi Unknown Date (has links)
自1988年開始中華民國政府推動「整廠輸出推動輔導」專案至今,針對台灣整廠輸出產業之輔導創造中小型整廠輸出之商機逐年增加。
為因應產業外移所造成產業空洞化之危機,除政府極積推動之「企業營運總部」政策外,輔導廠商進行產業轉型,以填補台商製造業全球佈局所造成的產業空洞,即更具有積極開創之意義。鑑於二十一世紀本是強調創新,以「知識服務」為競爭核心的時代,「知識」己成為生產力提昇與經濟成長的主要驅動力,故台灣產業之轉型,即無法忽視此種以知識資本為主要生產要素,透過持續不斷的創新,並善用資訊科技力量以提昇產品附加價值之「知識經濟」型態之影響。
而以往台灣之產業政策一向集中於製造業,並未重視服務業之發展,因之,政府於輔導廠商產業轉型時,即順應知識經濟時代之潮流,妥善利用台灣是世界重要的資本輸出國、台商海外資產總值名列前茅、台商擁有全球接單、各地製造的運籌能力等優越條件,以發展「高附加價值」的「知識型」服務業為重點。
鑑於「整廠設備輸出」的概念即為發展「高附加價值」的「知識型製造業」。其牽涉眾多環節及技術,個別廠商多無法獨立克服,故為企業之整廠輸出行為提供整體解決方案之整廠輸出技術服務業,因具有以專門知識為基礎,提供「高附加價」的「知識型」服務之特性,應值得政府部門重視。此外,倘業者能將其技術服務(不以傳統之機器設備整廠輸出技術服務為限,尚可包括工程技術服務業(Engineering Service Industry)、農業技術服務業(Agricultural Service Industry),予以整體包裝,賦予品牌,並將其以整體國際行銷之技術服務商品型態對外輸出,應亦屬「整廠輸出」之一環(按傳統意義所稱之「整廠輸出」向以機器設備之硬體為主,以技術服務之軟體為輔,而技術服務之整廠輸出,係以技術服務為核心,而以硬體之機器設備為輔),是值得政府部門重視。
按整廠設備輸出係一項整合性的產業活動,需要整合工程顧問、工程設計、進出口貿易、機械設備製造供應、技術服務、營建工程、市場行銷、融資服務等多面向之工作項目及問題,且不論企業之整廠輸出活動,對企業之整廠輸出行為提供整體國際行銷之整廠輸出技術服務業,或以技術服務為商品之技術服務型整廠輸出業,均與整廠設備輸出之產業活動相關。
準此,本研究擬以「整廠輸出」之產業活動現況為基礎,探討企業之整廠輸出活動,整廠輸出技術服務業,或以技術服務為商品之技術服務型整廠輸出之經營現況,及整廠輸出業者在大陸地區之營運情況及目前所遇到之事實或法令之障礙、期望中華民國政府可以提供之扶助獎勵措施等等事項,進行瞭解並提出檢討,以期對未來整廠設備輸出產業之發展策略,提供參考之興革建議,並做為中華民國政府主管機關推動「整廠輸出輔導專案計畫」之佐證。 / The Current Analysis and Future Strategies on
Taiwan’s Turnkey-plant Export Industry
Taiwan government has promoted and assisted “Turnkey-plant Export” project for the island’s small- and medium-scale enterprises since 1988. Since then, this assistance has created many turnkey-plant-export opportunities for small- and medium-scale enterprises. In addition, these opportunities have also increased year by year.
In order to cut down production costs, many Taiwan manufacturers have moved their plants overseas, and some of the industries are empties around the island. Therefore, Taiwan government has promoted the policy of “enterprise’ operating centers”, and has assisted manufacturers to transfer their traditional industries to high-tech ones. This could cover the empties after Taiwan manufacturers’ global manufacturing policy.
The 21 Century emphasizes innovation, and core competition is based on knowledge services. Knowledge has become the driving force for upgrading productivity and economic growth. Taiwan’s enterprises can’t neglect knowledge capital is the major factor for manufacturing and production. Through continuous innovation and the use of information technologies to upgrade the value added products. This is knowledge economy. Previously, Taiwan’s industry policy has centered on manufacturing, and hasn’t emphasized on the development of service industries. Therefore, when government assists manufacturing industries to transfer their lines, must follow the trend of knowledge economy. Taiwan is one among the world’s capital-export countries. Taiwan enterprises’ offshore production values have ranked the top. In addition, they accept purchase orders around the world, and have global manufacturing sites. These are the important factors to develop high-value added and knowledge-type service industries.
The turnkey-plant-export concept is to develop high-value-added and knowledge-type manufacturing. This export provides the total solution, and is technology service business. It needs special knowledge for the base to provide high-value-added and knowledge-type technologies for the character of service business. The government should aware the importance of these knowledge and technology.
In addition to traditional technology serviced for the traditional turnkey-plant exports, if enterprises could add more and advanced technology services such as engineering service industry and agricultural service industry. Enterprises could have turkey-plant exports as a package and a brand name and using international marketing and sales for the exports. This will be the new turnkey-plant export. The traditional turnkey-plant exports are focus on the exports of hardware (production equipment), and the technology services are the minor. On the other hand, the government should aware that. the technology-service turnkey-plant exports are focus on technology services, and production equipment is the second.
The turnkey-plant exports are integrated industry. It should integrate engineering consultations and designs, import and export trading, equipment and facilities manufacturing and supply, technology services, construction engineering, marketing and sales, financial loans. The turnkey-plant exports, international marketing and sales as well as technology services, or based on technology services for turnkey-plant exports are related to turnkey-plant exports.
Therefore, this research will base on the turnkey-plant-export industry to discuss enterprises’ turnkey-plant exports; the turnkey-plant exports technology services; the activities of based on technology services for turnkey-plant exports; and turnkey-plant-export enterprises’ activities in mainland China and law and other barriers there. The expected assistances and encourages from the government to proceed understanding and discussion. Hope this research will provide suggestions for the reference for the strategy development for future turnkey-plant exports. In addition, this could for the reference for the government to promote “turnkey-plant exports special plan.”
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行動通訊產業的創新策略研究 - 以台灣行動通訊產業為例 / Research on the innovation strategies of mobile telecommunications industry – An example of Taiwan mobile telecommunications industry周明峯, Chou, Ming Feng Unknown Date (has links)
行動通訊產業隨著日韓、西歐、亞太、北美和中國大陸陸續啟動B3G行動通訊的商業運轉,全球行動通訊服務和技術的發展進入嶄新的紀元,傳輸速度的大幅提昇,行動通訊服務商積極推動多媒體簡訊、行動音樂、行動影音、行動遊戲、行動訊息和企業數據應用等服務,寄望透過多元應用服務及創新經營模式提升顧客價值與獲利能力;另一方面,行動廣播、無線寬頻、網路電話等新興技術匯流至行動通訊領域,不僅催生行動通訊技術朝IMS和All-IP網路發展,並促使行動通訊服務商在行銷、服務、帳務和網路等層面朝向行動和固網雙網融合與數位匯流的願景佈局。在政府開放營運執照後,行動通訊服務業者皆投入巨額資金經營,期藉由傳輸速度快的優勢,可以發展出更多的行動加值服務內容,以期在語音營收成長飽和之下,創造另一營收來源;但是,行動通訊產業在大規模的投資下,未產生預期的效益,產業間渴望能讓產業創新的殺手級應用(Killer Application),引導台灣行動通訊產業找到高獲利的藍海市場。本研究期望,透過分析行動通訊產業的價值供應鏈在營運發展過程中碰到的困境,及其面對創新的技術與商業模式如何評估與發展,在面對市場與技術的不確定性下,分析出產業價值鏈的廠商面對創新的競爭所必須思考的關鍵因素,提供台灣行動通訊業者經營業務的一些建議,以便協助台灣在行動通訊市場的產業創新能力,提昇業者對行動加值服務應用與行動通訊設備市場的創新決策正確性,以期推動台灣電信市場的蓬勃發展。
本研究以克雷頓‧克里斯汀生(Clayton M. Christensen)所提出的對突破性科技的看法,利用提出的破壞性創新及資源、流程與價值理論分析模式;以傑佛瑞‧墨爾(Geoffrey A. Moore)提出的技術採用生命周期(Technology Adoption Life Cycle)模式分析五種消費者,探討行動通訊產業如何分析電信業創新的鴻溝,如何邁向康莊大道。在訪談台灣行動通訊產業價值鏈的五家廠商中,就創新的驅動方式、創新的風險評估、如何管理創新與當前產業創新所面臨的問題與解決方案等議題,做充分意見交流,再經由文獻與理論探討、行動通訊產業市場的趨勢與分析、行動通訊產業技術的趨勢與分析,與台灣行動通訊產業個案分析後,最後作成結論與建議,並提出後續研究課題的建議。
經研究與分析台灣行動通訊產業的創新模式,了解行動通訊產業價值鏈創新發展過程中,所碰到過的困境及其後續改善之方案,並對台灣政府與行動通訊業者提出以下的結論與建議:
壹、結論:
一、技術驅動的創新重視程度通常是愈接近產業價值鏈的上游愈高;市場驅動的創新重視程度通常是愈接近產業價值鏈的下游愈高;突破性的創新可能發生於產業鏈中的每一環節。
二、突破性的創新需要同時處理產業鏈中的市場風險與技術風險,兩大天險必須要降低其中一項才容易創新成功;兩種風險都與財務因素息息相關。
三、創新常常來自邊陲,發展創新的組織需要不同於主流產品的績效目標與財務支援。
四、政府正確的產業監理政策常常是行動通訊產業的發展要件;產業生態系的活躍與否常取決於政府對產業的科技政策走向與合宜的法律。
貳、建議:
一、 政府方面:
1.基地台網路: 協調業者以共構的方式及加速整合寬頻接取技術以解決網路品質的問題。
2.技術平台與內容產業:制定適當的產業政策,以協助整合產業上中下游業者,以帶動產業研究與發展。
二、行動通訊營運商:
1.投入研究行動通訊的消費者行為: 行動通訊服務業者應投入資源研究本地消費者行為,以便洞悉創新的殺手級應用。
2.內容與服務平台:積極扮演內容服務開發與技術平台整合角色,以帶動內容產業的蓬勃發展創造「皆贏」的局面。
3.合宜費率: 根據消費者所獲得的行動通訊價值與成本動因計費。 / The mobile telecommunication industry along with Japan, Korea, Western Europe, Asia Pacific, North America and mainland China, it starts the B3G mobile telecommunications commercial subscriber service launch, the global mobile telecommunications service and the technology development enter a brand-new era. Following by the transmission speed of infrastructure network is improved rapidly, the mobile telecommunications service providers are positively to promote the multimedia services, mobile music, mobile video streaming, mobile gaming, mobile messaging and enterprise data service applications. We hope the penetration multi-dimensional applications to serve and innovate the business model to promote the customer value and profit ability. On the other hand, those emerging technologies, such as mobile broadcasting, wireless broadband, IP network telephony are converged to mobile telecommunications domain. Not only expedites the mobile telecommunications technology to IMS and the All-IP network development, but also urges the mobile telecommunications service provider in all aspects of marketing, service, billing and network infrastructures migrate to the wireless and wire-line network fusion and the vision of digital convergences. After the restriction of operation licenses released by government, the mobile telecommunications service providers invest a large amount of funds on new business development. Relying on the quick transmission speed superiority, may develop more mobile value-added service content. We expect to have more another revenue increasing objects while the voice-only service revenue mutuality. Nevertheless, the mobile telecommunications industry under the large-scale investment has not had the anticipated benefit, the industry hope we can let the industrial innovation to produce the “Killer Applications” that guides the Taiwan mobile telecommunications industry to find the high profitable blue sea market. The research expects that, by the penetration analysis mobile telecommunications industry value supply chain the difficult position which bumps into in transport business developing process, and how faces the innovative technology and the business model appraised and development, is facing the indefinite market and the technology, analyzes the industrial innovation the competitive strategy and the key success factors, provides Taiwan the mobile telecommunications entrepreneur to manage the business strategies and suggestions. In order to assist Taiwan in mobile telecommunications market industrial innovation ability, promotes the entrepreneur to the value-added service field and motivates the communication equipment market innovative decision-making accuracy, impels the Taiwan telecommunications market by the time the vigorous development.
The research is based on the viewpoint of disruptive technology issued by Clayton M. Christensen to leverage the analysis model of disruptive innovations and resource, process and value theorem; analyzes the five types of consumers by Technology Adoption Life Cycle model issued by Geoffrey A. Moore to investigate how telecommunications industry analyzes the chasm of innovations and how to adopt the early majority of market. In the interview of 5 enterprises across Taiwan mobile telecommunications industrial value chain, we make good communications and share opinions about all the issues of the method of innovation driven, risk assessment on innovations, how to manage innovations, to face problems and resolutions on industrial innovation. By leveraging the entire reference thesis, issued papers and theorem, the trends of market, analysis of market, and technology issues in the mobile telecommunications industry, collaborate with case study of Taiwan mobile telecommunications industry to study and make comments and conclusions on this topic. Also, we provide the suggestions on governing policies, industry strategies, and further research direction.
A.Conclusions:
1.Nearby the front end of industry value chain, technology driven innovations methodology is highly enhanced and focused; Nearby the rear end of industry value chain, market driven innovations methodology is highly enhanced and focused. Disruptive technology is possibly occurred in any section of industry value chain.
2.The two major risk factors, market and technology, need to be handled together while manage disruptive innovations. It would make success to assess at least one of two major risk factors and they are all related to financial variables.
3.Innovation is always occurred in the border of organizations which is supported by key performance indicator setting of different major products and necessary financial funding.
4.The mobile telecommunications industry grows by major inferences of correct governing policies and proper regulations issued by technology management department of government.
B.Suggestions:
1.For government:
a.Base Station System: Coordinate all operators to co-construct the system to speed the integration of broadband wireless access technology to resolve the network quality issues.
b.Technology platform and content industry: Collaborate with the enterprises of industry chain to support the research and development by proper industry regulations.
2.For wireless operators:
a.Research on wireless consumer behaviors: Coordinate all operators to invest subscriber behaviors and statistic analysis in local market to learn how to produce the killer applications.
b.Content and service platform: Proactively involve the content service developing and technology platform integration to develop the content industry as win-win purpose.
c.Proper subscriber fare: Charge wireless consumers by the value of requisition and cost driven factor.
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智慧財產權管理策略研究-以模具業及其關連高科技產業為例 / Study on Strategy of Intellectual Property Rights Management: Taiwan Mold and Die Industry and Its Related High-tech Industry廖文璋, Johann Liaw, V. C. Unknown Date (has links)
台灣模具產業具有交期短、品質好、價格具有競爭力、製程安排彈性大等優勢,因此在高科技產業供應鍊中扮演關鍵性的角色。唯近年來,台灣許多高科技產業的外移,造成模具業產值最近連續三年呈現下降與核心技術外流,成為模具業所面臨的嚴重考驗。如何留住核心技術人才,加強研發新的關鍵技術並將研發成果取得智慧財產權相關法律保護,並以必要的組織、制度、人才、措施等妥善加以管理,已經成為模具業以及關連高科技產業必須面對的重要課題之一。
本研究以策略管理的角度切入,探討由策略前提所形成之策略,與智慧財產權管理實際運作下,對「台灣模具業及其關連高科技產業的智慧財產權管理發展現況及當前問題」提出適當建議與解決之道。
研究對象為台灣五家經營績效良好之模具業者及關連高科技業者。模具業者包含金屬沖壓、塑膠射出成型、與壓鑄模具業者;關連高科技業者則包含連接器、筆記型電腦、與行動電話業者。其中三家模具業者尚未擁有專利保護,而兩家關連高科技業者之專利保護已有相當成效。本研究主要發現如下:
一、不同的企業規模,對改善技術能力作法有其差異:
(一)共同研發新技術:中小企業傾向與國內研發機構共同研發,並取得新技術之全部或部份智慧財產權或取得授權使用新技術;大型企業則傾向自行研發為主。
(二)自國外引進新技術:中小企業傾向委託財團法人或智財科技服務公司從技術先進國家引進技術;大型企業則傾向自行引進技術為主。
(三)向技術相對落後國家移轉技術方面:
1.中小企業傾向透過財團法人或智財科技服務公司之協助移轉技術,對於較單純之案件可自行為之。
2.大型企業可自行為之或採上述方法,委託專業之單位或公司為之。
3.台灣企業對大陸投資之子公司,大部分並未針對技術移轉收取權利金,僅由子公司之獲利盈餘分配取得回饋,尤以持股比例較大者最為普遍。
二、國內模具業及關連高科技產業智慧財產權管理現況為:
(一)制定「營業秘密管理辦法」,規範各業務或利害關係人之營業秘密保護要項:
1.影響製造精度之技術
2.訪客參訪流程與動線
3.與供應商相關之營業秘密
4.顧客之營業秘密
5.矯正預防措施單
(二)制訂「專門技術管理辦法」,加強專門技術保護
1.規範「提案改善制度」
2.培養技術專家
3.掌握專門技術人力資源,塑造:
(1)尊重專業
(2)對等報酬
(3)生涯規劃等制度完善之企業文化。
(三)專利管理制度:
1.建立提案與獎勵制度:
對創新提案、申請專利、專利核准、與達成技術移轉等階段均核發獎金,以鼓勵員工技術創新。
2.專利維護:
對專利佈局同時重質與量之提升,專利權之維護,則以成本效益為主要考量,以具市場價值者為優先申請與維護對象。
(四)技術授權考量有二:
1.視技術生命週期採行不同之授權策略,如導入與成長期採技術引進、成熟期採交互授權、衰退期技術則對外移轉。
2.以對子公司持股比例,調整技術移轉之權利金分配,持股較高則以盈餘分配取代權利金,持股較低則傾向依市場機制收取權利金。
由本研究之策略意涵得知,個案公司目前所採行之策略,均能適當地反映出其目前所處環境。如鴻海精密以綿密之專利佈局保護其技術,鉅祥、竣盟、谷崧則實施營業秘密與專門技術管理,神達機構則是專利保護與營業秘密管理兼具。
由此可知,模具業及關連高科技產業之智慧財產權管理作法具有多種不同之形式,專利保護並非模具業與關連高科技產業智慧財產權管理之唯一解答。尤其對中小企業而言,注重營業秘密與專門技術保護,塑造良好的企業文化、工作環境,設計合理對等報酬、制度完備的人力資源管理措施,亦不失為智慧財產權管理的良好解決方案之一。
目前大型之關連高科技企業非常重視智慧財產權,並已發展出一套以專利保護為主軸的管理制度。展望未來,模具業與關連高科技產業之連動性將逐漸加深,模具業者今後亦必須加快建立智慧財產權管理制度之腳步。 / Taiwan's mold & die industry plays a very important role of the supply chain for the high-tech industry around the world due to its advantages of short delivery time, good quality, competitive price and production flexibility, etc. However, in recent years, the continuing migration of the high-tech industry is resulting in production decreases and movement of core technology out of Taiwan. How should we keep the core technology, human and financial resources left in Taiwan; what can be done to strengthen research and development (R & D) on new and core technology; how can the core technology be protected by patents managed by a sever system. This is a matter of great urgency and an important issue that Taiwan’s mold & die industry and its related high-tech industry are facing.
In view of the above, this study offers Taiwan's mold & die industry and its related high-tech industry some suggestions and solutions for the problems that they faced, based on their current Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) management development situation.
This study was researched from the strategy management view and included five (5) outstanding mold & die manufacturers and their related high-tech companies in Taiwan. These mold & die manufacturers are in the metal stamping die, plastic injection mold and die casting mold industries; these high-tech companies are in the connectors, notebook computer and cellular phone (telecommunication) industries. Three of the companies, the mold & die manufacturers, do not hold any patents, while the other two high-tech companies are well protected by their patents. The main finding of this research is as follows:
1.The strategy of technical improvement for companies of various sizes is different:
1) R & D for new technology-
Small and medium companies prefer to cooperate with other local R & D institutes in developing, researching, and obtaining full or partial intellectual property rights protection; or obtaining the rights to use the new technology (invention). On the other hand, large companies tend to do the R & D in-house.
2) Technology transfer from overseas–
Small and medium companies prefer to transfer the technology from high-tech orientated countries through local R&D institutes or an IPR service provider. However, large companies prefer to transfer the new technology by themselves.
3) Technology transfer to developing countries–
(1) Small and medium companies tend to transfer the technology to developing countries through local R&D institutes or IPR service provider except in the case of simple projects.
(2) Large companies tend to transfer their technology out by themselves or through a professional agency.
2.The IPR management situation of Taiwan’s mold & die industry and its related high-tech industries–
1) Establish “Trade Secret Management Regulations” to prevent the following trade secrets from being disclosed:
(1) Technology that will influence the accuracy of machining.
(1)-1 On site know-how – Limiting the visitors touring sensitive areas.
(1)-2 Trade secrets of suppliers.
(1)-3 Trade secrets of customers.
(1)-4 Corrective action reports.
2) Establish “ Know-how Management Regulations” to:
(1) Regulate “Proposal improvement systems”
(2) Train and develop technical specialists
(3) Retaining knowledgeable human resources by
(3)-1 Professional appreciation (respect)
(3)-2 Equal award (return)
(3)-3 Good and complete system, employees’ career planning and enterprise culture.
3) IPR management system:
(1) Establish a proposal and reward system:
Encourage employees’ technology inventions by rewarding them for their proposals, applications, and completion of technical transfer for IPR.
(2) Patent protection:
Consider not only the number of patents, but also the quality of patents.
4) Technology transfer policy
Different policy for different technique life cycle.
From this research, we realized that companies apply different strategies in response to their recent situation. For example, “Hong Hai” is applying the practice of IPR management in protecting his technology; G-Shank, Giant Union and Coxon are applying the practice of trade secret and know-how management; MiTac is applying the practice of both IPR management and trade secret management.
From the above, we also realize that patent protection is not the only solution for IPR management in the mold & die industry and it’s related high-tech industries. Trade secret management and know-how protection, a good corporate culture, good business and human resource management, an improved working environment, reasonable and rewarding work are also the major solutions for IPR management.
For the time being, large high-tech companies highly respect IPR and have developed a good management system, especially for patent protection. Therefore, due to the close relationship between the mold & die industry and high-tech industries, speeding up the development of IPR management becomes an urgent issue for the mold & die industry.
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一九九O年代我國與拉丁美洲友邦經技合作之研究王家倫 Unknown Date (has links)
大綱提要
研究之動機、目的及方法
論文組織架構及資料來源
台海兩岸在中南美洲外交對抗之回顧(三個時期)
1949-1970年(我退出聯合國前-敵消我長-友邦數比2:20)
1971-1979年(我退出聯合國後-敵長我消-友邦數比12:12)
1980-1989年(蔣經國執政時期及李登輝執政初期-敵長我進-
友邦數比18:15)
備註:1990-1999年(李登輝執政時期-敵我建交拉鋸戰-友邦數比 19:14)
我國與中南美洲友邦經技合作
背景緣起
組織機制
(1)1960年代-外交部拉丁美洲農業技術合作小組
外交部海外技術合作委員會(1968年)
(2)1970年代-海外技術合作委員會CITC(1972年)
(3)1980年代-海外經濟合作發展基金會IECDF(1988年)
(4)1990年代-財團法人國際合作發展基金會ICDF(1996年)
合作項目
(1)1960-1980年代-農業(1963年起)、漁業(1974年起)、工業(1981年起)、竹工藝(1980年起)及昆蟲醫技(1981年起)
(2)1990年代-貸款計畫(基礎工程建設、工業區開發、中小企業轉融資、小農貸款、人道貸款)、外交部政策性貸款及人道援助
經費來源
(1)1974年6月以前-美援及我政府配合款
(2)1975年會計年度起-外交部預算(駐外技術團經費、政策性貸款、人道援助)
(3)1988年起-國庫編列援外基金(海外會及國合會貸款計畫)
合作策略
(1)1960-1980年代-傳統的農漁業技術合作
(2)1990年代-
擴大技術合作範圍(協助農業產銷、小農貸款、中小企業輔導與顧 問諮詢服務、海外服務工作團志工服務)
雙邊及多邊經濟合作(1991年CABEI會員國、1992年中美洲國家與中華民國合作混合委員會、1997年中美洲元首暨總理高峰會、1998年中美洲永續發展聯盟會員國及籌設中美洲經貿合作發展基金)
人道援助
合作績效
(1)1960-1980年代
政治外交層面-穩固8國傳統邦誼、爭取新興國家7國建交
經濟層面-1963年起總共派遣農技團23個、漁技團6個、竹技團2個、醫技團1個,至23國進行技術合作,協助當地農、漁業及竹工藝發展
(2)1990年代
政治外交層面-爭取尼加拉瓜復交、友邦支持我國參與聯合國、友邦歡迎我國加入中美洲統合體SICA
經濟層面-提供台灣成功發展經驗、7國中小企業轉融資貸款、 4國小農貸款、海地微額貸款、4國風災緊急紓困貸款、廠商赴友邦投資享有最優惠待遇、設立中美洲經貿辦事處、捐贈中美洲經濟合作發展基金、人道捐助
難題挑戰-
(1) 援外經費不足(國合基金僅達預定額度1/3、技術團經費增加有限且人事費偏高、援外金額占GNP比例偏低)
(2) 援外機制尚未完全明確建立(國合會成員架構不能反映民意監督功能、我國總體援外預算分屬不同部會或不同科目或隱藏在第二預備金內、援外支出缺乏民意有效監督、駐外使館浮濫運用援外資源)
(3) 援外專業人才難覓(國外待遇誘因不大、聘期無保障、國內不願優秀農技幹部外調、駐地貧窮落後或戰亂、被民間企業以高薪挖角)
(4) 友邦政府財力及基礎設施配合困難
(5) 廠商經貿投資未能配合援外政策
結論
經技合作--(1)效果:鞏固邦交、增進友邦的經濟發展、建立多邊的政經合作關係、突破中共外交封鎖
(2)影響經技合作成敗的變數:國際因素、中共因素、友邦國內政經情勢因素、我國國內因素
第一章導論
第一節研究動機及目的/3
第二節研究方法/4
第三節組織架構及資料來源/5
第二章台海兩岸在拉丁美洲外交對抗之回顧
第一節「敵消我長」時期(1949年-1970年)/9
第二節「敵長我消」時期(1971年-1979年)/12
第三節「敵長我進」時期(1980年-1989年)/14
第三章一九九○年代以前我國與拉丁美洲友邦經技合作概況
第一節經技合作的背景與緣起/19
第二節經技合作的組織機制、內容項目與經費運用/22
第三節經技合作的評估/39
第四章一九九○年代我國與拉丁美洲友邦經技合作策略之分析
第一節拉丁美洲友邦對我之重要性/51
第二節我國與拉丁美洲友邦經技合作策略之轉變/65
第三節李總統登輝先生的太平之旅與我國與拉丁美洲友邦之經技合作/88
第五章一九九○年代我國與拉丁美洲友邦經技合作之評估
第一節當前我國經技合作的組織機制/111
第二節我國與拉丁美洲經技術合作的績效/117
第六章我國經援及技術合作所面臨的難題挑戰/130
第一節援外經費不足
第二節援外機制尚未完全明確建立
第三節援外專業人才難覓
第四節友邦政府財力及基礎設施配合困難
第五節廠商經貿投資未能配合援外政策
第七章結論/159
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關稅調升、技術選擇、技術授權與策略性貿易政策 / Tariff Escalation, Technology choice, Technology Licensing and Strategic Trade Policy吳世傑, Shih-jye Wu Unknown Date (has links)
本論文應用策略性貿易理論的觀點,分別探討三個獨立的研究主題:各國關稅結構中普遍存在的「關稅調升」現象、外銷比例政策與外籍廠商技術選擇的關係、及關稅與配額政策對於外籍廠商技術授權決策的影響。
壹、 關稅調升與連續性壟斷
「關稅調升」為世界上大部分國家關稅結構中普遍存在的現象,惟這種現象的理論探討卻十分匱乏。因此,本章的目的即在補充「關稅調升」成因的理論探討。藉由連續性壟斷產業模型的建立,我們的研究顯示:政府若對下游進口產品課徵關稅,此一關稅除了具備新貿易政策理論所稱之「利潤萃取」效果之外,尚具備萃取外國生產上游產品廠商部份獨佔利潤的功能,我們稱此為下游產品關稅的「垂直」效果。在連續性壟斷產業的架構之下,隨著生產階段的遞增,下游產品關稅能夠萃取這些上游獨佔利潤的外國廠商家數亦將增加,「關稅調升」現象因而產生。因此,本章發現關稅之「利潤萃取」效果與「垂直」效果的聯合作用是造成關稅調升現象的重要因素。
貳、 外銷比例政策與技術選擇
在實務上,外銷比例政策常為開發中國家對於多國籍廠商在其國內設廠營運時的一項管制措施。在台灣的發展經驗中,外銷比例政策亦常被政府的財經官員認為具有移轉外國優越技術的有效政策工具,其理由乃在於藉由對多國籍廠商內銷比例的管制,誘使其提升在台的生產技術以面對高度競爭性的國際市場,並同時讓本國廠商透過技術擴散或技術移轉的方式獲得多國籍廠商的技術水準。
本章的目的在於探討外銷比例政策是否真能達到提升外籍廠商技術水準的效果。本章的研究結果發現:在外籍廠商獨占本國市場的情況下,除非政府允諾給於外籍廠商高度比例的內銷市場,否則外銷比例政策非但不會促使外籍廠商選擇較為優良的技術,反而會導致其採取較劣等的技術。另一方面,當本國市場有本國廠商參與競爭時,外銷比例對於外籍廠商技術水準的選擇除了受到前述比例值高低之影響外,也受到市場策略性競爭效果的影響。當本國市場的需求函數為線形時,市場競爭的策略性效果會使得外籍廠商在面對外銷比例的管制增加時會選擇較差之技術。因此,一般而言,外銷比例政策並無法確保外籍廠商會使用較為先進之技術水準。
參、 外籍廠商技術授權:關稅與配額政策的比較
貿易保護政策的實施有可能改變廠商海外市場的營運選擇,譬如改採以技術授權的方式間接進入海外市場,因此地主國的貿易保護政策可以促使該國廠商獲取外籍廠商先進技術的授權。
本章的研究乃在於提供貿易保護政策與國際間授權技術選擇關係的理論分析。藉由比較不同的貿易政策對於對於多國籍廠商市場進入方式與授權技術選擇的影響,本章發現對應於一特定之關稅稅率,等量配額政策在市場需求曲線為凹性(凸性)的情況下,將比關稅政策更易於(更不易於)誘使外國廠商授權先進的技術給本國廠商;而當市場需求曲線為線性的情況下,關稅政策與等量配額政策對於外籍廠商授權技術水準的影響是完全相同的。然而,若本國採取的是等率配額政策,則不論其對應之關稅稅率為何,外籍廠商在等率配額限制之下一定會授權給本國廠商最先進之技術。
第一章 緒論 1
第二章 關稅調升與連續性壟斷 6
第一節 本章前言 6
第二節 基本模型 11
(1) 最終財貨關稅 13
(2) 原物料關稅 20
第三節 關稅調升現象 23
第四節 n層次加工產業下的關稅結構 32
第五節 本章結語 35
附錄 37
第三章 外銷比例政策與技術選擇 39
第一節 本章前言 39
第二節 外籍廠商獨佔下的技術選擇 42
第三節 寡占下的外籍廠商技術選擇 48
第四節 本章結語 54
附 錄 56
第四章 外籍廠商技術授權:關稅與配額政策的比較 58
第一節 本章前言 58
第二節 基本模型 61
第三節 外籍廠商在關稅政策下的授權技術選擇 62
第四節 外籍廠商在等量配額政策下的授權技術選擇 70
第五節 外籍廠商在等率配額政策下的授權技術選擇 78
第六節 範例說明 82
第七節 本章結語 86
第五章 結論 87
參考文獻 89
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技術發展型態與經濟成長關係之研究 / A Study of Technology Development Type and Economic Growth張綱紘, Chang, Kang-Hung Unknown Date (has links)
本文嘗試在傳統的R&D模型中,引入技術引進的概念,並從技術發展型態的角度來探討其與經濟成長之關係。理論的結果告訴我們各個國家會採取何種技術發展的型態決定於其本身的技術水準。技術水準愈低的國家,基於成本的誘因,會採取較具優勢的技術引進的發展策略;相反地,技術水準較高的國家,則會利用本身較佳的技術優勢而自行研發。
採取不同技術發展型態的國家,其經濟成長的型態也跟著不同。採取技術引進策略的國家其成長的速度取決於本身和世界的技術差距,當差距愈大時,成長的速度就愈快;相反地,隨著差距的縮小,成長的速度也就會跟著緩慢下來。採取研發的國家,如同大部分R&D模型的結論,其均衡的成長路徑是維持一固定的成長率。
不同於以往內生成長模型只專注於長期的成長,我們的模型中,除了具有長期持續成長的特色外,更強調各個國家由於初始條件的差異及其成長的速度和世界成長的速度的不同,致使成長的路徑也會不同,而且每個國家收歛的恆定狀態也不相同,這也說明了為什麼世界各國之間會存在廣泛的所得差異性的現象。
另外,我們的理論也強調技術落後的國家不見得會永遠處於落後的地位,只要其成長的速度足夠支持其發生技術發展型態的結構性改變,就有可能追趕上先進國家,甚至超越。而原先處於領先地位的先進國家,也有可能因本身研發的效率退步,致使成長速度落後於世界的平均水準,結果反倒是由領先的地位退到落後國家之林。
而成長的另一個普遍獲得實證支持的現象,也就是在Solow模型中預測的條件性收歛,在我們的模型中的解釋是當一個國家的成長路徑一直高於世界的平均水準的話,換言之,該國家是一直在不斷進步的過程中,則也會發生所謂條件性收歛的現象。而我們的理論更預測了另一種現象是,當一個國家的成長路徑是處於世界平均水準之下的話,也就是說是由原本的領先退步到落後的過程中,其成長的速度反倒是開始時會較慢,而在接近收歛時開始加快速度,然後達到恆定狀態,這種現象和所謂的條件性收歛恰好反其道而行,我們稱之為逆條件性收歛現象。
除了理論之外,我們更藉由數值模擬的方式進行了政策上的分析。我們發現在成長速度上處於領先地位的國家,若要保持其領先的優勢,必定要採取研發的策略。而處於成長速度較緩慢的國家,若想要擺脫落後並追趕上領先國家的話,就得靠技術引進的方式來加快其成長的速度。
同時我們亦分析了幾種改變成長速度的政策手段,發現每一種政策的效果對不同的國家而言也不盡相同,所以各個國家所應採取的手段應視其條件而定。另外,當外生的世界成長率加快時,我們發現這個現象對成長速度落後的國家是很有幫助的,因為可以使得其速度加快趕上世界的水準。
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連續性審計理論分析與系統技術探討-以物件式雛型系統為例周濟群 Unknown Date (has links)
傳統的財務報表審計服務,其查核作業的執行時點主要是以會計期間為基準,每季、每半年或一年才針對企業財務揭露,進行事後的交易查核。然而,近年來企業普遍地應用網際網路和全球資訊網技術之後,在沒有任何第三者稽核的情況下,企業的財務資訊幾乎可選擇於任何時點在網路上公開揭露,再加上投資者藉由網路瀏覽器等工具蒐集或分析這些資訊的成本降低,更使得此類資訊被使用的機率大幅增加。由資訊效率的觀點來看,市場投資者使用這些未經查核的資訊,將可能導致因資訊信賴度低而產生的資訊不效率,故傳統期間性的審計服務,顯然亦即當即時性網路資訊環境逐漸形成時,不但已不能提昇資本市場網路時代的資訊品質,同時也會逐漸喪失審計專業一直所強調的審計品質和權威性,故為了因應此一即時性資訊揭露市場的來臨,審計專業該當尋求更符合即時性資訊環境的審計方法。
改善資訊效率的方法之一,即所謂連續性審計(Continuous Auditing)的觀念,其目的乃是希望擴充即時線上資訊系統診斷機能至外部審計服務,以達成「交易結束後,立即進行查核;財務報表發布後,立即出具審計意見報告」的目標。但此一課題目前仍屬新興階段,不論是理論或技術架構皆存在許多未盡之處。例如連續性審計是否在任何經濟環境下均較具效率?或是某些經濟條件必須符合時,才適合應用連續性審計方法?此等重要的經濟適用性問題,均無任何研究曾明確地交代。此外,如何有效率地整合各種資訊技術,來實地發展連續性審計技術,以對目前網路財務揭露系統進行連續性審計?而完整的一般化系統架構、技術指引與系統發展方法論又如何建立?這些問題,在相關的文獻中,均皆未能提出適切的答案。
本研究即針對上述各項議題分別提出解決方案,首先從資訊經濟學理論的角度,探討在連續性財務資訊揭露的環境下,連續性審計的必要性,並以較嚴謹的定義,來建立連續性審計的理論架構,並討論可能影響連續性審計效率性的各種經濟條件;確認連續性審計的重要性後,其次將整合應用審計專業知識、連續性審計觀念架構與相關的資訊技術,以發展出適用於連續性審計的一般化技術架構;最後則依照連續性審計一般化的技術架構,實地設計出一個應用物件技術的連續性審計雛型系統,以驗證連續性審計理論與技術架構的可行性。 / Through years, regulation parties consistently emphasized the importance of timely accounting information in their formal statements. Despite those highlights from regulation parties, professional accountants can't achieve timeliness due to the lack ofrealtime disclosure technology. However, in the past a few years, situation is changing dramatically. The combined innovative technology on production (such as the on-line transaction processing and the on-line analytical processing) and dissemination (such as the Internet distributed object technology and World- Wide-Web technology) of the real-time accounting information definitely made timeliness feasible. In fact, there is strong evidence to believe there would be more and more public companies posting their timely important financial or operating information on Internet in the near future. Although the increasing provision of timely accounting numbers on the web is expected to strengthen the quality of accounting information, behind the web-disclosure behavior, the information asymmetry problem still will bother both the reporting companies and information users since those web-releases are usually remained unaudited.
Recently, in AICPA and CICA's joint report, they emphasized on the importance of continuous auditing as a soluetion to this emerging web-release problem. Unfortunately, besides their awakenings on this material, those official reports did not provide much insight on both continuous auditing theoretic and technical framework. For instance, what exactly is the economic definition and implication of continuous auditing? Would continuous auditing be the most efficient way to audit the real-time information? How to prove it? Also, technically, how to conduct this new approach successfully? Depending on what kind of information technology this approach could be best implemented?
From research design view, the above problems are certainly not appropriate to be answered through an empirical research approach since there are still no continuous auditing practice existing. Accordingly, the most emerging research now is to construct a complete continuous auditing theory and technical framework. This paper, based on the motivation to examine both the theoretic and technical framework of continuous auditing, is going to address the following issues. First, some formal modeling tools are adopted to analyze different auditing approaches to show why, from an economic view, continuous auditing would dominate others in different dimensions. Secondly, we derive a generic technical framework from the continuous auditing concepts to guide the implementation of technical issues. Finally, an object-oriented prototype system implemented by Java language is developed to support the proposed theoretic and generic technical framework.
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影響我國大學技術移轉績效因素之研究 / The research on the factors of the performance of technology transfer in the universities and colleges in Taiwan葛孟堯, Ger, Galland, M.Y. Unknown Date (has links)
本研究目的在探討我國大專院校的技術授權績效影響因素,並探討各變項的中介及調節效果解釋。透過相關文獻的整理,本研究將影響因素可分為五個族群種類,包含:投入資源、智慧財產、專業技轉組織、環境因素及學校因素等五個族群,而觀察指標則採用學校的授權績效,據此五類因素設計出三個主要的研究假設。
本研究收集採用2007年我國大專院校全體164所完整資料,整理出34個變項資料,對於我國技術移轉迴歸模型的有效解釋能力為71.5%至68.0%,認為各校的美國專利數是具有顯著中介效果的變項。具有顯著意義的調節變項中,可以歸納出TTO影響績效的三個主要變項群組,包含:(1)TTO總員工數能增強研發資源產生專利權的解釋;(2)推廣活動辦理能增強研發資源產生專利權與授權績效的解釋,唯發明人引介數與專利權有較顯著相關性;(3)TTO職員的專業背景也是重要的調節變項,當學校研發資源充足時會聘請技術及法律背景的員工。
另學校鄰近科學園區、設置醫學系、公立一般大學,這三項具有調節效果的環境及學校變項,對於解釋能力具有增強的效果,但是因果關係上傾向解釋為資源優勢,本研究認為環境變項具有顯著影響,但相對難以透過管理機制產生績效的實質影響,相對地,TTO影響的因素卻可以透過管理產生績效的實質影響,是當前各學校在發展技術移轉上可參考的重要實證資料。本研究最後提出針對大學技術移轉研究的侷限問題,以及五種能夠修正本研究限制的建議。 / The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors of technology transfer performance in the universities and colleges in Taiwan. Furthermore, this study finds the mediation variables within the factors. This study differentiates the factors into 5 major elements, including investments, intellectual property, TTO, social environments, and the university itself. The annual royalty is the dependent variable. The study builds three hypotheses according to the 5 major elements mentioned.
The study collects the complete data in 2007 of 164 universities and colleges in Taiwan. The intervening and mediation variables are taken into the regression model; the higher R-square is 68.0% to 71.5%. The study divides the significant mediation variables into 3 groups, including (1) The TTO scope will increase R-square of the patents. (2) The promotion actives will increase R-square of the patents and royalties. However, there is the high correlation between inventor promotion and patents. (3) When there are sufficient RD resource in the universities, TTO will employ employees of legal and technology background.
About the environments and university issues, there are three significant mediation variables, including the distance to Science Park, the faculty of medicine, the public or private universities. The environmental variables were the significant impact on regression model, but the variables were controlled difficultly by universities. Comparatively, the universities controlled the TTO variables easily, and its will be significant impact on the performances of TTO. The study argues that variables are the effect issues with resource advantage. At last, the study recognizes some limits about the research of technology transfer and proposes 5 suggestions for future research.
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