University of Macau / Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences

本篇論文的目的在於討論詹姆斯˙喬伊斯（James Joyce）的小說《尤利西斯》（Ulysses）中對女性角色的描摹與傅柯（Michel Foucault）思想中所關切的議題：論述（discourse）、知識與權力、個體主體性之間的相互作用，並且論證喬伊斯的小說充分落實及展演傅柯的理論表述。透過研究小說中女性角色以何種形貌出現在1904年的都柏林與思考他們如何被形塑成為其樣貌，我發現喬伊斯呈現出一道女性主體之光譜，在此光譜中，不同女性角色面對著論述力量的運作，映照出不同程度的個體主體性。更重要的是，喬伊斯對這些角色的處理預示了傅柯念茲在茲的獨立且自決的個體主體性能夠出現的可能。本論文的第一、二章著重討論論述的規範化（normalization）機制，憑藉規範化的技術，任何特定的言說論述得以確立合法性地位，並且於已被規範化的個體身上展現其權力效應（power-effect）。第一章論證愛爾蘭國族主義的論述展現如同傅柯理論中所探討的論述之規範化力量，控制並且充分利用小說的太陽神牛（“Oxen of the Sun”）該章中的產婦普里福伊太太（Mrs Purefoy）之馴服的身體，本章的討論說明，龐大論述的網絡中女性個體主體性的完全臣服且消匿無蹤。第二章藉由格蒂（Gerty）與二位奧蒙德飯店酒吧的女侍（Ormond barmaids）與論述言說的互動，討論個體主體性形成的過程所涉及到論述力量的影響，論述施加於此三位角色身上的既是個體化（individualization）的力量又同時發揮規範化的效果。第三章的討論落實傅柯對「真理」（truth）不證自明的真實性（truthfulness）的質疑和批判。莫莉（Molly）在小說最終章的獨語，表現出她面對論述力量宰制時足以獨立思考且批判的主體性，就此而言，喬伊斯對莫莉的處理合乎傅柯對個體獨立的主體性之期待。這樣的光譜式研究，目的並非在於塑造個體主體性的刻板典型（stereotype），而是將此一光譜視為個體主體性出現的種種可能性與可行的面貌。藉由喬伊斯小說與傅柯理論的對話，我期望《尤利西斯》中女性角色的主體性這道光譜，能夠於討論個體主體性之相關議題時，提供某種程度上可行的解決之道。 / The goal of my thesis is to argue that Joyce’s portrayal of the female characters in Ulysses fleshes out Foucault’s theoretical formulation of the interplay of discourse, power and knowledge, and individual subjectivity. Studying the appearances of the female citizens in 1904’s Dublin and how they are shaped into such appearances, I argue that Joyce’s characterization demonstrates Foucauldian distrust of the discursively elaborated truth (truthful knowledge) and anxiety about the encompassing exercise of power and discourse functioning in an individual’s sense of self and subjectivity. More importantly, Joyce envisions a spectrum of subjectivities in his delineation of these Irishwomen—the spectrum that expresses distinct degrees of subjectivities formed in different individuals in the face of various discursive practices incessantly entrenching and shaping their lives. In this spectrum, Joyce also prefigures the actualization of Foucauldian struggle for the coming about of a self-determined and autonomous subjectivity in an individual against the ubiquitous discursive dominations. Chapter One and Two focus on the normalization mechanism of discourse and the discursive power-effect achieved in the individual. In Chapter One, the discussion is to demonstrate how the discourse of Irish nationalism incorporates what Foucault theorizes about the normalizing technologies by means of which a specific discourse attains its discursive effect and exerts coercion upon the individual. The lying-in Mrs Purefoy in “Oxen of the Sun” represents the subjection and omni-disappearance of the individual’s subjectivity within the discursive network. Chapter Two stresses the simultaneously individualizing and normalizing forces of discursive power concerning the making of an individual subjectivity. With their interactive gestures and responses to discourses, Gerty and the two Ormond barmaids seem to have attained the individual identity of her own, whereas the presumable individuality of theirs is still enveloped in the process of normalization. Foucault’s critical attitude towards the “truthfulness” of the so-called truth and the neutrality of any seemingly truthful knowledge finds a counterpart in Molly’s soliloquy in “Penelope”—the finale of Ulysses. Discourse as a construct on which Foucault insists is incorporated in the interrogative attitude that Molly has towards the ostensibly neutral discursive statements. Molly’s actions and thoughts register her subversive and resistant gestures towards the imposing discursive practices. She would epitomize the possible actualization of the Foucauldian prospect of an autonomous and self-determined subjectivity taking form in the individual. From the omni-subjection of an individual to the individuality within normalization and to the coming forth of the individual’s subjectivity, my discussions of Mrs Purefoy, of Gerty and the two Ormond barmaids, and of Molly comprise a spectrum showing distinct power-effect demonstrated respectively in these women through discursive practice. My study does not intend to stereotype the result of discursive practice imposed upon these women by locating these female characters in such a spectrum of subjectivities. Rather, I see the spectrum as a multiplicity of subjectivities taking shape in distinct individuals confronted with discourse and power. In addition to sharing the similar insight with Foucault, Joyce rather has the vision, prior to Foucault’s theorizing, in which the Foucauldian anticipation of the liberation from the regime of discourse is made possible. The enormous pressure facing today’s people in the forming of subjectivity is definitely the normalizing power, the imposing discursive knowledge as truth, and the power-effect which shapes individuals’ life without being discerned. It is to be hoped that the correspondence between Joyce’s characterization and Foucault’s critical concerns could propose a practicable solution to the issue of individual subjectivity.

本論文在分析 SP500 指數其中交易最為頻繁的 345 家公司在 1996年各月份的股票數據,市場模式的空間特性已經被證實出來[3][4][5],而我們利用卡忽南 -拉維展開來分解股價對數報酬的時間序列, 利用傅立葉分析,並考慮股價對數報酬是否有時間序列重疊,與比較高頻移動平均對時間序列的影響,藉由參考各股市系統的特徵參數來尋找相似或不同之處。 / We present the results of our analysis of time series for a collection of 345 stocks listed in S&P 500, to show that integrated information on collective fluctuations in financial data can be revealed quantitatively by combined analysis, focusing separately on either the deterministic or the stochastic contents of the system. In comparing the fluctuations of high frequency one-day moving averages (HF1MA) of the original prices of individual stocks with those inherited in the trajectories of Brownian particles [1], also comparing the log return with overlapping time interval with the log return without overlapping time interval, we can quantify the time characteristic properties of the whole system which would direct the motions of tracer particles. In this study, we decompose the fluctuations in Karhunan-Loeve expansions and reveal the system-specific collective properties by analyzing those collective modes in their time-wise as well as the stock-wise bases, obtained for either the original prices or those of HF1MA, and for the log return with or without overlapping time interval.

「餐桌變化多端，輕鬆管理菜籃。」是Chef Mommy帶給使用者的主要價值。 Chef Mommy為了解決有烹飪需求者在菜色變化與食材選購上的問題，透過網站與手機應用程式，應用雲端科技提供食譜搜尋引擎、食材庫存管理、食譜比對推薦、一週菜單規劃與採購清單管理等服務，為使用者提供方便省時，又可兼顧菜色變化與食材管理的料理解決方案。使用者藉由Chef Mommy的服務，能夠以家中庫存食材為基礎，得到原本沒想到的菜色建議，進而在備餐時搭配出更多菜色變化，為家人、朋友準備出豐盛而美好的一餐。 以台灣為例，行政院主計處2010年的家庭收支調查顯示，國內家庭花費在飲食相關採購上的支出，高達8,400億元，在這當中，國內整體食材供應市場規模粗估超過2,000億元。Chef Mommy除了在第一、二階段，針對網站與手機應用程式開發服務功能外，第三、第四階段更將規劃與食材供應業者或連鎖超市業者進行合作，將食譜推薦服務與食材購買進行連結，切入使用者的購買流程，並據此獲利。 藉著滿足使用者輕鬆管理食材與希望菜色天天有變化的需求，Chef Mommy將投入資源，培養使用者常用的習慣，以深入使用者的飲食體驗。透過使用者長期使用的歷程記錄，可了解使用者習慣購買的食材與偏好的食譜、料理方式等資訊，據此拓展出更大的飲食市場商機。 / In order to solve users’ problems of dish variety and ingredients purchase, Chef Mommy will provide services such as recipe search engine, ingredient inventory management, recommended recipes, weekly menu planning and shopping list management via its website and mobile app. As for these convenient services, Chef Mommy wants to provide a total cooking solution that can help users saving their time and giving consideration to dish variety and ingredients purchase at the same time. Based on ingredient inventory in home, Chef Mommy will recommend recipes that users may not expect or remember originally, and then with more dish variety, they can prepare a bountiful meal for family and friends. In Taiwan, 2010 Family Income and Expenditure Survey by the DGBAS shows that domestic household expenditures spent on diet-related purchase, up to NTD$ 840 billion, in which the overall food supply market size were roughly over NTD$ 200 billion. Chef Mommy will focus on developing services functions in the 1st and 2nd stages, and cut into the users’ buying process by recipes recommend service in the 3rd and 4th stages. By linking users’ recipe choice and ingredient purchase, Chef Mommy will cooperate with food supply companies or supermarket chains and gain profit from it. Chef Mommy will invest resources to training users’ habits of using Chef Mommy’s services. Via users’ long-term usage history, Chef Mommy will know users’ accustomed to buy ingredients, preferred recipes, cooking methods and other cooking information. According to this, Chef Mommy will be able to expand to a greater diet market.

摘 要 無線電頻率不當使用會導致相互干擾，故需要由政府介入管理。任何人或團體，未經政府或代表政府之機構核准並發給執照，不得設置無線電台，發送射頻信息，是世界各國共同遵守的管制無線電頻率基礎。世界各民主先進國家均深知執照核換發是廣播媒介管理的主要手段，將廣播電台應獎勵或禁止之事項，納入執照核換發的評斷標準，透過電臺執照申請、撤銷與換發等方式，藉以制約經營者之不當使用或未能實現公共利益行為，發揮無線電頻率之最高使用效益，達成頻道資源之管制目的。 鑑於有五個廣播電台經行政院新聞局駁回換照與撤銷籌設許可處分案件，均在行政救濟過程被判處原處分撤銷，致主管機關對於電台的管理無法發揮制約的效果，因而引發探討我國及歐美先進國家廣播電台執照核換發作業及其他相關管理措施的動機，俾了解我國在管理廣播電台上之問題。本研究並將該五個電台歸納成四種情形，探究我國現行廣電法令規範，在換照審議及撤銷廣播電台證照管理上，違反法律保留、比例原則、明確性原則、最後手段性原則及信賴保護原則等不符合行政程序法之一般性原則之問題缺失。 本研究探討頻率稀有論、公共利益理論、市場經濟論、社會價值論、媒介接近使用論及財產權論等理論，並分別研析美國、英國及澳洲的廣播執照核換發作業及相關廣播電台管理措施，發現該三個國家都有獨立負責的委員會，並以法律位階清楚的將主管機關的組織職權、換發執照程序與標準、廢止執照或撤銷許可等加以規定；此外，各國都已採行拍賣方式核配新的商用廣播執照；在換照方面，各國亦多有民眾參與監督媒介經營與換照機制；在經營管理方面，各國均允許廣播執照讓售交易，並以上限管制作為避免所有權集中與壟斷的配套；在媒介接近使用方面，除了保障應有的答覆權及更正權外，並開放一般民眾得申請設置低功率的廣播電台；並特別鼓勵民選公職人員候選人透過廣電媒體宣揚政治理念，在不得歧視任何候選人規定下，使各候選人得以公平、平等的接近使用廣播媒介。 反觀我國的廣播業者使用稀有頻率卻未盡公共利益；主管機關開放廣播電台，引進市場自由競爭制度，卻不允許執照轉讓交易，更缺乏電台多重擁有權上限管制措施；對於為了落實媒介接近使用權而開放的低功率小範圍的廣播電台，主管機關卻認為不符合經濟規模，擬將其整合成中功率的商業性電台；而各國均逐漸將頻率執照准予分租或轉讓交易，我國卻仍停留在執照不得出租轉讓或借貸的思維模式。 本研究最後根據研究過程分析之資料，提出具體的改革行動方案及配套措施與結論建議，其中包括主管機關組織分工與權責整合的改造；執照的核發制度、執照的換發制度等程序與標準之法令修正；引進民眾參與核換照監督機制、允許商用執照拍賣、轉讓交易、輔以多重擁有權上限管制配套、落實民眾與政治人物公平接近使用廣播媒介權益、檢討廢止廣告時間限制、儘速開放數位廣播等有效的管理措施等，以供政府機關參考，並引發學界之共鳴。

介質輔助雷射脫附離子化/飛行時間質譜 (Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Ionization/ Time-of-Flight –Mass Spectrum, MALDI-TOF-MS)，是種屬於高維度的蛋白質質譜儀資料，主要是用來偵測蛋白質分子的表現，而這項技術的原理，是先將蛋白質與介質混合，再利用雷射將蛋白質分子打碎，分散出帶電荷的離子，接著運用離子飛行時間的偵測，最後掃描出質譜圖形，圖形上有兩個重要變數，分別為:質量電荷比(Mass to Charge Ratio, m/z)以及強度(Intensity)，我們希望利用這些質譜資料，研究出臨床上癌症病人以及正常人的質譜資料差異，藉由找出質譜資料的生物標記，來作為判斷是否為癌症患者的依據。但是由於MALDI的技術上的限制，導致掃描出來的質譜資料往往存在著雜訊以及誤差，這時候，事前處理(Preprocessing)步驟，就顯的格外重要。生物學家認為，蛋白質質譜資料，其表現異常的蛋白質，會顯現在質譜圖的峰上面，因此在維度如此龐大的質譜資料中，如果將分析重點著重在這些峰上面，可以簡化我們事後的分析，因此在分析質譜資料的流程中，事前處理步驟的峰偵測，便成為了一個很重要的環節。Du, Kibbe以及Lin在2006年的文獻中提到，使用連續型小波轉換(Continuous Wavelet Transform, CWT)的方法來進行峰偵測，可以改善我們使用傳統峰偵測方法所產生的誤差，因此本文將CWT峰偵測方法，與傳統峰偵測方法，對已知峰正確位置的MALDI質譜資料進行分析，結果發現在不同訊號雜訊比(Signal to Noise Ratio, SNR)下，CWT峰偵測方法的敏感度(Sensitivity)都比傳統峰偵測方法來的高，且誤判率(False Discovery Rate, FDR)也都較傳統峰偵測方法低，因此就本文所使用的模擬資料，CWT峰偵測確實是一個較佳的峰偵測方法。

對宣稱以「報導真相」為職責的新聞專業而言，一旦新聞報導的「真實」被解構，不再有客觀真實做為新聞是否正確的參照依據，一切報導都是符號建構的結果，此時新聞專業「報導真相」的宣稱是否仍然有效？特別是當前新聞媒體打著「真實」的招牌進行與真實無關的活動，「真實」淪為新聞常規的儀式化象徵，新聞專業的正當性倍受質疑，新聞記者究竟該如何安身立命？難道真的沒有人在乎真實嗎？ 本文從新聞記者的實際個案故事裡，探究新聞專業中的「真實」意謂什麼？除了新聞報導所再現的真實之外，從倫理主體的角度來看，記者更在乎的是新聞採訪報導過程中的真實性（truthfulness），關切的是在追求報導真相的過程中，記者是否盡可能真誠地報導他所知的一切？報導內容是否正確地反映他所掌握的現實？此時，真實不再只是報導的對象，真實做為一種價值，它是主體行事判斷的依據，也是主體追求的德行。記者在實際情境下行使專業判斷時，他所感到的良心不安，便是驅使他成為追求真實性的倫理主體之可能所在。 藉由傅柯晚期的倫理系譜學架構探究當代新聞專業的倫理問題，本文所關注的是記者如何運用自我技術將自己形塑為道德的行動者。因為良心不安的焦慮促使記者重新關心自己，透過真理意志的作用使他突破集體規訓對於個體的束縛，經由長期的自我修練促成個體由內而外的轉變，將自己打造成為追求真實性的倫理主體。如此一來，才使得新聞專業追求報導真實的理想，在不完美的現實情境下仍然有落實的可能。

近年來微機電系統之技術與產品發展迅速，所衍生之微型光譜儀技術與產品，具有架構簡單、元件數少、輕薄短小、性價比高等特點，可以解決傳統光譜分析儀器之應用困境，並可應用至諸多領域，受到各方重視。微機電產業與半導體產業相容的特性，被視為下階段成長動力；2003年光譜分析儀器產業發生兩件併購案，可見微小化光譜儀的技術與市場，備受光電與醫藥集團重視與期待。在此產業環境與時空背景下，微型光譜儀技術是否具有市場價值，其產品應用領域是否具有成長潛力，而其技術價值是否得以評估與衡量，是一個具有技術與市場意義的研究主題。 透過技術文獻與專利資料之搜尋，本研究追溯光譜分析儀器的技術沿革與演進、光柵設計與製程的改善，討論微型光譜儀之技術特點與發展趨勢；其次並蒐集主要應用領域產業之市場資訊，包含光電、環境、生醫、農業、色彩等產業，分析各主要應用市場規模與相關產業概況；最後根據技術生命週期與技術評價方法，以假設條件建立價值分析模型，並與產業研究報告及國際併購案例進行比較分析。 研究結果發現，微型光譜儀之技術趨勢包括光學架構力求簡化與扁平設計，先進的凹面繞射光柵採向量電磁波法演算與可量產之微機電製程，而訊號處理能力與偵測器特性將成為新技術競爭之關鍵；專利搜尋結果透露大型光譜儀廠商尚未積極切入，而掌握應用領域且具有關鍵製程能力者，將主導技術市場。 本研究也發現在微型光譜儀的應用市場中，生醫感測與環境檢測最具爆發潛力，十年內之市場規模分別可達到新台幣200億及100億元；農業食品與色彩管理之應用市場也具有相當吸引力，若能開發低價且方便使用之消費性檢測裝置，其市場規模皆可達到新台幣60億以上；而光電量測主要屬產業設備應用，屬於穩定成長市場，規模大約維持在10億以內。總和微型光譜儀之五大應用市場，其規模在2015年預估約為新台幣150億，並將於2020年成長一倍至新台幣300億元。 經由技術評價文獻、研究報告併購案例與分析結果，本研究認為微型光譜儀產業屬於成長期階段，適合採用淨現金流量折現法評估技術價值；而近十年之微小光譜儀產業之併購案例，除展現綜效外，其併購規模與內容也反映了其技術價值與評價方式所隱含之技術生命週期認定。 最後，本研究假設一具有關鍵技術之新創公司模型，並以淨現金流量折現法計算其技術價值，在技術貢獻度（研發費用比例）接近40 % 條件下，技術價值約末與長期稅後純益相當，且與專利貢獻度及營收成長幅度呈現高度正相關。 基於以上研究發現，本研究建議國內相關研發機構與學術單位，加強微型光譜儀相關技術人才之培育，以及應用市場之保護措施，並且積極經由產學合作，建立專利或其他智慧財產防護壁壘，同時鼓勵企業投資與新創事業，以建立產業聯盟、加強獎勵措施與租稅優惠等方式，讓我國的半導體、光電、微電子與微機電等高科技產業，共同在新的微型光譜儀產業與市場競爭中取得先機。 / Because of the advantages of simple structures, less components, lower price, light weight and compact size, micro spectrometers apply to more and more fields which need optical spectrum detection and overcome the drawback of conventional spectrometers, which shows great market potential and business opportunities. Since MEMS fabrication is highly compatible to semiconductor industry and plays important role in the product and technology evolution of micro spectrometer, the development and applications of micro spectrometer are expected as a moving force of MEMS industrial growth. Two M&A cases in 2003 also indicate the market potential and technology value of miniature spectrometers are highly appreciated by the photonic enterprises and biomedical industry. Therefore, the topic of technology development and applied market value of miniature spectrometers is worth investigated. Spectrometer can analyze physical and chemical properties in material, which the used wavelength will depend on applications. The features of spectrum detection include: non-invasion, non-destruction, chemical discrimination, wavelength flexibility, high sensitivity and fast analysis speed. Apparently even with wide range of application, its popularity is not big enough. The main reasons come that conventional spectrometer uses the scanning mechanical design with long measurement time, high unit price and bulky size as well as inconvenient movement, complicated daily maintenance and wavelength calibration, so will substantially limit the industrial scale and growth. By analyzing the technical literatures and related patents, the technology trend of miniature spectrometers include: less components and simplified system designing, the advanced optical algorithm to cancel aberration of wavelength dispersion, and mass- productive MEMS fabrication. Signal processing and the characteristic of detector will be the key competitiveness of next evolving stage. Players who know the applications well and own the fabrication of key components will dominate the market. The applied markets of miniature spectrometer are also investigated in this thesis. The biomedical and environmental uses have most market potential, and the market value target 600M USD and 350M USD respectively. The market value of application in agricultural foods and color management are also target 200M USD and 180M USD once consumer-type devices with low price entering the markets. In the photonic instrument industry and optical measurement application, the market value will stably growing up and maintain the size around 30M USD. The sum total of five main applications of miniature spectrometers will target 450M USD in 2015 and 1000M USD in 2020. Regarding the studies on literature, market reports and M&A cases, the industry of miniature spectrometer can be identified in the growth stage, which discounted cash flow (DCF) method is most suitable for technical value analysis. The size and terms of two M&A cases of miniature spectrometer industry in 2003 also echo the evaluation, market value estimation and the identification of growth state in technical life cycle. A business model of a start-up company with key technology in miniature spectrometer is build and analyzed in this thesis. By DCF method and under the circumstance when R&D cost ratios 40 % of total cost, the technical vale equals long-term net annual profit and is highly related to R&D cost ratio and net profit size. By the investigation of this thesis, we suggest domestic research and academic institutes put more effects on technical development and talent education of miniature spectrometer. The preferential treatment to local firms and intellectual property barrier should be build as soon as possible. In such a way, the advantageous of semiconductor, opto-electronic, micro-electronic and MEMS industries in Taiwan will take more preference and business opportunity in miniature spectrometer market competition in the near future.

研究目的：失眠已是臨床上常見的健康抱怨之一，而近年來在探討原發性失眠的病因理論上，又以失眠患者的過度激發（hyperarousal）有較多的實徵研究支持。主要的理論之一為Perlis等人提出的「失眠神經認知模式」，該模式認為失眠患者的睡眠問題乃肇因於其在睡眠時內在的認知運作仍處於過度活躍狀態。後續相關研究透過腦波頻譜分析發現，原發性失眠患者不論在靠近入睡開始或NREM睡眠，都較一般正常睡眠者有增加的高頻腦波活動與減少的低頻腦波活動，顯示失眠患者確實有較高的生理激發狀態與較低的睡眠恆定趨力。而臨床上，失眠患者最常見的主觀抱怨為入睡困難，故本研究希望透過原發性失眠患者在睡眠中的腦波頻譜分析，以探討失眠患者在入睡歷程的生理激發狀態與睡眠恆定趨力的變化，並進一步探討失眠患者睡前主觀激發狀態感受與客觀生理激發測量之相關性。 研究方法：本研究的原發性失眠組共30人（男10人，女20人，平均年齡為36.7歲），正常睡眠者（控制組）共25人（男8人，女17人，平均年齡為34.8歲）。參與者需至睡眠實驗室進行一晚的多頻道睡眠檢查（PSG），以作為睡眠相關呼吸疾患與睡眠相關運動疾患之篩檢，並以入睡前5分鐘至入睡後15分鐘（共20分鐘）所記錄之腦電波（EEG）作為後續腦波頻譜分析之用。另外，參與者須在睡前填寫睡前激發量表（PSAS），以評估參與者在睡前的主觀激發狀態感受。 研究結果：在睡前主觀激發狀態評估中，原發性失眠患者不論在生理激發或認知激發主觀感受上，皆顯著高於一般正常睡眠者(F = 23.950，p < .001；F = 64.235，p < .001)。在PSG記錄的睡眠相關參數上，則顯示失眠患者有較多的入睡後醒來總時數(F = 5.510，p = .023)、較少的階段二睡眠時間與比例(F = 7.088，p = .010；F = 32.616，p < .001)、較少的REM睡眠比例(F = 4.810，p = .033)，以及較差的睡眠效率(F = 8.685，p = .005)。在入睡歷程的腦波頻譜分析上，結果顯示失眠患者在睡醒的過渡期有較高的Alpha波功率，在進到睡眠後則有較低的Delta波功率，並且在整個入睡歷程中則是有較高的Theta波功率與Beta波功率。進一步比較兩組在入睡歷程腦波頻譜波段的上升與下降速度，結果顯示失眠患者在入睡歷程中，不論是睡眠恆定趨力上升的速度或生理激發下降的速度，皆顯著較一般正常睡眠者慢。另外，主觀認知激發狀態感受與入睡後的Delta波呈現顯著正相關；而與Theta波的相關上，則主要在入睡過渡階段有顯著正相關；Alpha波則僅與入睡歷程最後階段有顯著負相關；在與Beta波相關上，則從入睡過渡階段到入睡後皆有顯著負相關。主觀生理激發狀態感受則僅有與入睡過渡階段的Theta波有顯著正相關。 結論：本研究發現原發性失眠患者在入睡歷程中，不論在睡眠恆定趨力的上升速度或生理激發的下降速度上，皆明顯較正常睡眠者慢，雖生理激發狀態仍會隨著時間而有所降低，但卻仍維持較一般正常睡眠者高；睡眠趨力雖亦會有所增加，卻較一般正常睡眠者難以發揮較佳的作用，而可能造成失眠患者在入睡歷程中需花費更長的時間才能入睡，且進入睡眠後，仍維持較高的生理激發狀態與睡眠趨力發揮較差，進而可能導致失眠患者較淺眠或難以維持睡眠等問題。 / Introduction：Insomnia is a common healthy complain. The neurocognitive perspective of hyperarousal model of insomnia, as proposed by Perlis(1997), hypothesized that the sleep difficulties in insomniacs may result from enhanced information processing around sleep onset and during sleep. Supporting evidences were primarily from the findings that insomnia patients have increased high frequency EEG activity and decreased low frequency EEG activity during sleep, indicating insomniacs in general have higher physical arousal and lower sleep homeostasis. This study further aims to explore arousal level and sleep homeostasis during the period of sleep onset by comparing the level and change of EEG spectrum in primary insomnia patients and normal control subjects during the process of sleep onset. Methods：30 patients with primary insomnia (10 men, 20women, mean age of 36.7years) and 25 normal sleepers (8 men, 17women, mean age of 34.8years) underwent one night of PSG recording in a sleep laboratory to screening sleep-related breathing disorders and sleep-related movement disorders. They also completed the Pre-sleep Arousal Scale (PSAS) before bedtime. EEG spectrum analyses were conducted for the EEG data collected during the 5 minutes prior to sleep onset and the 15 minutes after. Results：Subjective ratings of both pre-sleep cognitive and somatic arousal were significantly higher in insomnia group (F = 23.950, p < .001; F = 64.235, p < .001) than control group. More WASO (F = 5.510, p = .023), less time and percentage of stage 2 sleep (F = 7.088, p = .010; F = 32.616, p < .001), less percentage of REM sleep (F = 4.810, p = .033), and poor sleep efficiency (F = 8.685, p = .005) were showed in PSG. The EEG spectrum during sleep-onset period showed that insomniacs had higher alpha power in the sleep-wake transition, lower delta power after falling asleep, and higher theta and beta power during sleep-onset period. In terms of the slope of EEG specrtrum change during the period of sleep onset, insomniacs had slower change than normal sleepers in increasing of sleep homeostasis and decreasing of physical arousal. In addition, the correlations between PSAS score and EEG power, cognitive arousal and delta power after falling asleep and theta power in sleep-onset process showed significant positive correlation. Alpha power in the later part of sleep-onset period and beta power around sleep-wake trainsition, on the other hand, showed negative correlations with cognitive arousal. Physcial arousal only showed positive correlation to theta power in sleep-wake trainsition. Conclusions：Patients with primary insomnia showed significantly less and slower increase in sleep homeostatic drive as well as less and slower decrease in EEG arousal during sleep-onset period. Although EEG arousal did showed gradually decreased by time, it still maintianed higher than normal sleepers. Sleep homeostasis did also increase, but may be interfered by the hyperarousal. This may explain the complaints in insomnia patients of difficulty falling asleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, and light sleep.

University of Macau / Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences