The subject of this thesis was creating of teaching material for an interactive whiteboard using ActivInspire program. The material was created in a form of interactive presentations designed to be used in chemistry lessons at secondary schools. The theme of these presentations was the 15th group of the periodic table of elements. The thesis also includes a description of the way the presentations were made and instructions for teachers how to work with them.

[pt] Neste trabalho foram sintetizados fotocatalisadores baseados em Ti e suportados nas sílicas mesoporosas HMS e SBA-15 preparados pelos métodos de deposição estrutural e impregnação ao ponto úmido. Os fotocatalisadores foram testados na reação de separação da água para a produção de hidrogênio usando radiação UV. Estudou-se também a influência da razão molar Si/Ti de 20 e 40, e o uso de diferentes fontes de titânio como: isopropóxido de titânio, oxalato de titânio, butóxido de titânio, incluindo o óxido de titânio comercial P25. Também foi estudado o uso da platina e do cério como cocatalisadores. Os suportes e os fotocatalisadores foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de ICP-OES, FRX, DRX, isotermas de adsorção e dessorção de N2, ATG, MET, MEV, DRS UV-Vis e espectroscopia de IV. Os resultados mostraram que a substituição parcial do Ti na rede da sílica mesoporosa modificou a estrutura sem destruir os canais cilíndricos dos suportes. Os fotocatalisadores preparados por deposição estrutural em HMS usando diferentes fontes de Ti apresentaram produções de H2 diferentes, seguindo a ordem isopropóxido maior do que oxalato maior do que butóxido, devido à formação de diferentes espécies de Ti isoladas tetraedricamente e octaedricamente coordenadas. Foi comprovado também que com o aumento do teor de Ti a atividade fotocatalítica diminui. A comparação entre os suportes mostraram que a produção de H2 para os fotocatalisadores baseados em HMS foram superiores aos preparados em SBA-15. Quanto aos métodos de preparo, a atividade fotocatalítica para as amostras preparadas por impregnação foi maior após 3 h de reação que nos fotocatalisadores preparados por deposição estrutural. O TiO2-P25 incorporado na HMS também criou espécies octaédricas isoladas possibilitando uma produção de H2 mais eficiente que o TiO2-P25 puro. / [en] Photocatalysts were synthesized based on Ti and supported on mesoporous silica SBA-15 and HMS. They were prepared by structural deposition and wet impregnation methods. The photocatalysts were tested in the reaction of water splitting to produce hydrogen using UV radiation. It was also studied the influence of the Si/Ti molar ratio of 20 and 40 and the use of different titanium sources: titanium isopropoxide, titanium oxalate, titanium butoxide and titanium oxide P25. Platinum and cerium were also studied as cocatalysts. The supports and photocatalysts were characterized by the techniques of ICP-OES, XRF, XRD, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, TGA, TEM, SEM, FT-IR and UV-Vis DRS. The results showed that when Ti was partly substituted into the silica framework the structure was modified without destroying the supports cylindrical channels. The photocatalysts prepared by structural deposition into HMS using different sources of Ti showed different production of H2, following the order: isopropoxide more than oxalate more than butoxide due to the formation of different isolated Ti species tetrahedrally and octahedrally coordinated. It was also demonstrated that increasing Ti content the photocatalytic activity decreases. The comparison between the supports showed that H2 production for photocatalysts based on HMS were superior to those prepared with SBA-15. Regarding methods of preparation, the photocatalytic activity for the samples prepared by impregnation method was higher after 3 h of reaction than photocatalysts prepared by deposition structure. The TiO2-P25 incorporated into HMS also create the octahedral isolated species enabling a H2 production more efficient than pure TiO2-P25.

Para atestar a imunogenicidade de vacinas contra raiva, os testes de titulação e de soroneutralização de vírus rábico em células BHK-21 foram validados quanto à linearidade, precisão, exatidão e robustez. Cinco esquemas de imunização com diferentes concentrações, vias de inoculação e intervalos entre as doses foram avaliados em camundongos com vacina contra raiva em células Vero. O grupo II que recebeu um esquema de 2 doses e intervalos maiores (0 e 60 dias) apresentou títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes [ACN] mais elevados (46,1 UI/mL) do que o Grupo I (19,4 UI/mL), de 3 doses e intervalos menores (0,7 e 28 dias). O grupo III, que recebeu 2 doses, sendo a 1ª diluída 1/10, apresentou ACN semelhantes ao grupo II (39,2 UI/mL), sendo igualmente eficaz. Nenhum animal do grupo IV, imunizado por via oral (VO) apresentou ACN, indicando supressão e todos os do grupo V, imunizados VO com antígeno adsorvido/encapsulado em sílica nanoestruturada SBA-15, apresentaram títulos de ACN detectáveis, mostrando que o antígeno foi protegido da degradação no trato gastrointestinal. / To assure the reliability of the results of immunogenicity of rabies vaccines, tests of virus titration and neutralization in BHK-21 cells were validated for linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. Five schemes of immunization with different concentrations, routes of inoculation and intervals between doses were evaluated in mice with rabies vaccine in Vero cells. Group II, immunized with 2 doses and enlarged interval (0 and 60 days) presented higher levels of neutralizing antibody (NAs) (46,1 IU/mL) than group I (19,4 IU/mL), with 3 doses and shorter intervals (0,7 and 28 days). Group III, which received 2 doses, the 1st diluted to 1/10, presented results similar to group II (39,2 IU/mL). None mouse of Group IV, immunized by oral route, presented NAs, indicating suppression and all mice of group V, immunized by oral route with vaccine adsorbed/encapsulated in nanostructured SBA-15 silica presented detectable NAs titers, showing that the SBA-15 silica prevented the antigen degradation in the gastrointestinal tract.

Embora já tenha sido comprovada a ação adjuvante da SBA-15, pouco se sabe sobre o seu mecanismo molecular que leva a modulação positiva da resposta imunológica. Foi avaliada a ativação do inflamassoma NLRP3, sobre estímulos de SBA-15, em macrófagos de camundongos C57BL/6. Como parâmetro dessa ativação, foi analisada a produção de IL-1β por ELISA. A SBA-15 foi capaz de induzir a produção de IL-1β a níveis semelhantes quando comparado com um agonista de NLRP3 (Nano-SiO2), sugerindo a ativação do inflamassoma. Para avaliar o envolvimento da caspase-1, nos resultados obtidos com a SBA-15, os macrófagos foram estimulados com sílica na presença do inibidor de caspase-1, e como esperado, a produção de IL-1β foi restaurada para o seu nível basal. A ativação do inflamassoma, por estímulos da SBA-15, parece ser parcialmente dependente da fagocitose e da produção das espécies reativas do oxigênio. Além disso, foi visto que a SBA-15 não induz a produção de IL-6, confirmando que essa sílica está envolvida na via do inflamassoma e não em outras vias, como por exemplo, NF-κB. / Although it has already been proven adjuvant action of SBA-15, little is known about its molecular mechanism leading to positive modulation of the immune response. NLRP3 inflammasome activation was evaluated on SBA-15 stimulation in C57BL/6 mice macrophages. As this parameter activation, it analyzed the production of IL-1β by ELISA. The SBA-15 was able to induce the production of IL-1β at levels similar when compared to an agonist of NLRP3 (Nano-SiO2), suggesting the activation of the inflammasome. To assess the involvement of caspase-1, the results obtained with SBA-15, the macrophages were stimulated with silica in the presence of caspase-1 inhibitor, and as expected, IL-1β production was restored to its baseline level. Activation of the inflammasome, by stimuli of SBA-15, appears to be partly dependent on phagocytosis and production of reactive oxygen species. In addition, it was seen that the SBA-15 does not induce IL-6 production, confirming that silica is involved inflammasome the path of and not in other ways, eg, NF-κB.

Le développement de nouveaux donneurs d’oxyde nitrique (NO) dans le traitement chronique des maladies cardiovasculaires nécessite l’étude de leur biodisponibilité après administration par voie orale. Les S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs) apparaissent d’intéressants candidats médicaments pour ce faire, et l’étude de leur perméabilité intestinale est une première étape indispensable. Il est nécessaire de disposer d’une méthodologie analytique suffisamment sensible et sélective, en particulier permettant de différencier entre la production endogène de NO, l’apport alimentaire en ions nitrites et nitrate et le médicament lui-même. Nos travaux de thèse ont consisté à utiliser le S-nitrosoglutathion (GSNO) comme modèle après son marquage par l’isotope stable 15 de l’azote (15N). La dérivation du 15NO libéré par deux méthodes conventionnelles (méthode de Griess conduisant à la formation d’un adduit azoïque ; réaction avec le 2,3-diaminonaphtalène (DAN) formant l’adduit 2,3-naphtotriazole (NAT)) et l’étude de la fragmentation en spectrométrie de masse tandem (MS/MS) des deux adduits correspondants ont mené à sélectionner la dérivation par le DAN comme étant la plus sensible. Une transition originale résultant de la fragmentation du NAT en mode Higher-energy Collisional Dissociation (HCD) au lieu du mode conventionnel Collisionally Induced Dissociation (CID) a été mise en évidence ; elle permet d’atteindre une limite de quantification de 5 nM (soit 20 fois plus basse que celle offerte par la fluorescence). La méthode LC-MS/MS a été validée et appliquée à l’étude de la perméabilité intestinale du GS15NO par deux modèles : l’un in vitro (monocouche de cellules épithéliales type Caco-2), l’autre ex vivo (intestin de rat isolé (ileum) dans une chambre de Ussing). Les valeurs de perméabilité apparente calculées à partir des concentrations des métabolites du GS15NO (ions nitrites, nitrates et RSNOs) le classent comme un médicament de perméabilité intermédiaire. En outre, des études sur les mécanismes de dénitrosation du GSNO ont été menées sur intestin isolé, démontrant en particulier le rôle d’enzymes telles que la γ-glutamyltransférase et la protein disulfide isomerase / The development of innovative nitric oxide (NO) donors for the chronic treatment of cardiovascular diseases implies their bioavailability studies after oral administration. S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs) look interesting drug candidates for this purpose and evaluating their intestinal permeability appears the first step to be realized. Thus, an analytical method offering high sensitivity is needed; moreover this method should be selective by differentiating between the endogenous production of NO, the intake of nitrite and nitrate ions via the diet, and the drug itself. Our work consisted in using S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) labeled with the stable nitrogen isotope 15 (15N) as a model. Released 15NO species were derivatized by two conventional methods: Griess method leading to the formation of an azo adduct; reaction with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) producing 2,3-naphtotriazole (NAT); fragmentation studies of the two adducts by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) allow the selection of DAN method because it provides the highest sensitivity. An original transition resulting from the NAT fragmentation in Higher-energy Collisional Dissociation (HCD) mode instead of the conventional Collisionally Induced Dissociation (CID) mode was pointed out and permitted to reach a limit of quantification of 5 nM (20 fold less than when using fluorescence). The LC-MS/MS method was validated and applied to the GS15NO intestinal permeability studies with two models: in vitro (a monolayer of Caco-2 epithelial cells), and ex vivo (isolated intestine of rat (ileum) in an Ussing chamber). The apparent permeability values calculated with concentrations of GS15NO metabolites (nitrite, nitrate ions and RSNOs) classify it as a middle permeable drug. Studies on GSNO denitrosating processes using isolated rat intestine demonstrate that the enzymes γ-glutamyltransferase and protein disulfide isomerase play a pivotal role

Une des difficultés majeures dans le traitement des cancers est l’acquisition de résistance par les cellules tumorales vis-à-vis de la mort induite par les différentes chimiothérapies. Au sein du laboratoire, nous nous intéressons aux propriétés anti-tumorales d’un donneur de monoxyde d’azote (NO), le Glycéryl TriNitrate (GTN), fréquemment utilisé dans le traitement de l’angine de poitrine. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons étudié les mécanismes moléculaires par lesquels le GTN sensibilise les cellules tumorales de plusieurs types de cancer (colique, mammaire, prostatique) à la mort impliquant des voies de signalisation régulées par des cytokines telles que le TNFα, l’IL-6 ou encore le GDF-15.Une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes sous-jacents à l’action anti-tumorale du GTN permettrait de potentialiser son utilisation comme nouvelle thérapie anti-cancéreuse.Modèle colique : le GTN, en présence de la cytokine pro-inflammatoire TNFα, sensibilise les cellules cancéreuses coliques et mammaires à l’apoptose. Du point de vue mécanistique, le GTN induit la S-nitrosylation de cIAP1, inhibant ainsi son activité ubiquitine E3 ligase. Ce qui abroge la voie de signalisation classique NF-кB de survie cellulaire activée par la voie TNFα/TNFR1 en faveur d’une voie de signalisation pro-apoptotique.Modèle mammaire : le GTN intervient au niveau de la migration cellulaire en altérant la voie de signalisation Jak2/STAT3 activée par la cytokine pro-inflammatoire IL-6, dans un modèle de cancer du sein triple négatif. En présence de dérivés du platine (carboplatine) générant de l’IL-6, le GTN freine la migration des cellules en induisant la S-nitrosylation, et probablement l’inactivation, de la kinase Jak-2, indispensable pour l’activation de la voie.Modèle prostatique : le GTN sensibilise à la mort les cellules cancéreuses prostatiques résistantes au docétaxel en modulant le taux de deux marqueurs de résistance à cette chimiothérapie : la clusterine (CLU) et le growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15). Au niveau moléculaire, le GTN diminue le taux de l'isoforme cytoprotectrice soluble de la CLU (sCLU) et augmente le taux de l'isoforme cytotoxique nucléaire (nCLU) dans les cellules prostatiques résistantes au docétaxel. Plus particulièrement, en présence de GTN, nous avons établi un lien entre le GDF-15 et la modulation du taux des isoformes de la CLU. / One of the main difficulties in the treatment of cancers is the acquisition of resistance by the tumor cells vis-à-vis the death induced by the different chemotherapies. In the laboratory, we are interested in the anti-tumor properties of a nitric oxide (NO) donor, Glyceryl TriNitrate (GTN), frequently used in the treatment of angina pectoris. In this work, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which GTN sensitizes tumor cells of several types of cancer (colonic, mammary, prostate) to death involving signaling pathways regulated by cytokines such as TNFα, IL-6 or GDF-15.A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the GTN's anti-tumor action would make it possible to use it as a new anti-cancer therapy.Colon model: GTN, in the presence of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα, sensitizes colon and mammary cancer cells to apoptosis. From a mechanistic point of view, GTN induces S-nitrosylation of cIAP1, thus inhibiting its ubiquitin E3 ligase activity. This abrogates the classical NF-κB signaling pathway of TNFα / TNFR1 activated cell survival in favor of a pro-apoptotic signaling pathway.Mammary model: GTN intervenes at the level of cell migration by altering the Jak2 / STAT3 signaling pathway activated by the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, in a model of triple negative breast cancer. In the presence of platinum (carboplatin) derivatives generating IL-6, GTN inhibits cell migration by inducing S-nitrosylation, and probably inactivation, of Jak-2 kinase, essential for the activation of the way.Prostate model: GTN sensitizes prostatic prostate cancer cells to death by modulating the level of two markers of resistance to this chemotherapy: clusterin (CLU) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15). At the molecular level, GTN decreases the level of the soluble cytoprotective isoform of CLU (sCLU) and increases the level of nuclear cytotoxic isoform (nCLU) in prostatic cells resistant to docetaxel. More particularly, in the presence of GTN, we have established a link between GDF-15 and the modulation of the isoform rate of the CLU.

Revenue is a central part of financial reporting and business activities, but there is a great deal of criticism and problems related to revenue recognition. In connection with this, a new standard IFRS 15 has been developed, in a convergence project between international standards setters IASB and FASB. This puts listed companies under new requirements when reporting revenue from 1 January 2018. The purpose of the standard is to harmonize international accounting, but for companies IFRS 15 means changes that must be implemented in the accounting work of companies. This aroused interest in the study of change by focusing on the implementation of the new standard. The problem discussion explains the importance and potential impact of the new standard, as well as essential elements to take into consideration when implementing accounting change. The model for accounting change, which focuses on the implementation of change in accounting work, is also presented. In this way, by combining claims in previous research, an analysis model is designed. The analysis model is a tool to cover the identified knowledge gap within IFRS 15 and implementation of accounting change. The aim of the study is to explain the change in revenue recognition and to describe the implementation of accounting change, with a focus on IFRS 15. The question that is answered is, how has the new revenue standard IFRS15 been implemented in the company’s accounting works? The theoretical framework describes the background to international accounting and the new revenue standard. Furthermore, the change behind IFRS 15 is described as an option to highlight balance-oriented approach, five-step model and extended disclosure requirements. Consequently, the change is limited to the abovementioned three points and is analyzed by means of a model of accounting change based on three types of impact and three types of barriers. The model, in turn, was combined with noted factors in implementing new accounting standards. These factors are described by authors as incentives, early planning, knowledge, external expertise, education and IT system. The study is characterized by deduction and with a descriptive character. The survey was conducted with qualitative semi-structured interviews, which was considered the most appropriate method in the case of circumstances and the development of the issue and purpose. Empirics are consisting of interviews that have been summarized and divided into two categories by the respondent’s perspective, as external specialists and internal employees. Interviews were further analyzed with the help of anchoring in previous research compiled in one model. The conclusion of the study is that the degree of involvement in IFRS 15 implementation varied considerably between companies. This can be explained by industry affiliation, size, incentives and organizational structure. The conclusion also shows that majority of groups revenue, was not affected in most cases. Another important moment is that many companies had underestimated the work that IFRS 15 implementation meant. It was found that early planning was a prerequisite for increasing knowledge and understanding of the balance sheet approach, which is central to the correct application of five-step model in relation to revenue, which is now to be carefully disclosed by companies. Among the companies, a great deal of knowledge shortages has been observed, which has been covered by external expertise. The most common questions concerned mainly five-step model and the hardest part proved to be step two, to identify various performance commitments. The most common motivation in the implementation process is the set of rules that are easy to follow and integrate into the organization and IT systems. The work in the case companies were going on in intended project groups that first learned the meaning of IFRS 15, with the support of either group management or external expertise. The implementation was implemented using appropriate education and IT systems switching, which resulted in successful implementation of both case companies.

As síndromes talassêmicas (?- e ?-talassemia) são as desordens mais comuns e frequentes associadas com eritropoese ineficaz. O desbalanço na produção das cadeias ?- e ?-globinas resulta no comprometimento da produção de eritrócitos, em anemia e aumento de progenitores eritroides no sangue periférico. Enquanto os pacientes homozigóticos afetados por essas desordens demonstram alterações características dos parâmetros relacionados a eritropoese, a relação entre grau de anemia, eritropoese alterada e disfunção do metabolismo de ferro ainda não foram investigados nos indivíduos com ?+-talassemia heterozigótica ou ?+-talassêmia. Duzentos e vinte seis indivíduos (75 do gênero feminino e 151 do gênero masculino) foram recrutados e divididos em 5 grupos: Controle (n=28), doadores de sangue regulares (DSR, n=23), ?+-talassemia heterozigótica (TAT, n=14), ?+-thalassemia (traço ?-talassêmico, TBT, n=20) e ?0-talassemia, (?-talassemia maior, BTM, n=27). As amostras foram analisadas para parâmetros hematológicos (Micros ABX 60); ferro sérico, capacidade total de ligação ao ferro e saturação de transferrina por método colorimétrico (Pointe Scientific, Inc., Canton, MI, USA), ferritina e proteína C-reativa ultra sensível por imunoensaio (Immulite 1000); receptor solúvel de transferrina, eritropoetina, fator de diferenciação do crescimento 15 (R&D Systems) e hepcidina (Intrinsic LifeSciences, La Jolla, CA) por ELISA. As razões sTfR/log ferritina e (hepcidina/ferritina)/sTfR foram calculadas para avaliar o metabolismo do ferro. sTfR/log ferritina pode distinguir depleção dos estoques de ferro de eritropoese deficiente de ferro, enquanto (hepcidina/ferritina)/sTfR pode avaliar os estímulos contrários (disponibilidade de ferro e atividade eritropoética) que controlam a síntese de hepcidina e a absorção de ferro, na ausência de estímulos inflamatórios. Foi demonstrado que TAT teve significativa redução da hepcidina e aumento do receptor solúvel de transferrina, com parâmetros hematológicos relativamente normais. Em contraste, todos os parâmetros hematológicos de TBT foram significativamente diferentes do Controle, incluindo aumento dos níveis do receptor solúvel de transferrina, ferritina, eritropoetina e fator de diferenciação do crescimento 15. Essas alterações em ambos os grupos sugerem um balanço alterado entre eritropoese e metabolismo de ferro. Os índices sTfR/log ferritina e (hepcidina/ferritina)/sTfR estão, respectivamente, aumentado e reduzido comparados ao Controle, proporcional a severidade de cada grupo talassêmico. Em conclusão, destacamos que, pela primeira vez, foram descritas alterações no metabolismo de ferro em indivíduos com ?+-talassemia heterozigótica. Esses dados demonstram que, no contexto da saúde pública, são necessários identificação e acompanhamento dos portadores de ?+-talassemia. / The thalassemia syndromes (?- and ?-thalassemia) are the most common and frequent disorders associated with ineffective erythropoiesis. Imbalance of ?- or ?-globin chain production results in impaired red blood cell synthesis, anemia and more erythroid progenitors in the blood stream. While patients affected by these disorders show definitive altered parameters related to erythropoiesis, the relationship between the degree of anemia, altered erythropoiesis and dysfunctional iron metabolism have not been investigated in both carriers of ?-thalassemia and ?-thalassemia. 226 subjects (75 females and 151 males) were recruited to this study and divided in 5 groups: Control (n=28), repeat blood donors (DSR, n=23), ?+-thalassemia heterozygous carriers (TAT, n=14), ?+-thalassemia (?-thalassemia trait, TBT, n=20) and ?0-thalassemia, (?-thalassemia major, BTM, n=27). Samples were tested for hematological parameters (Micros ABX 60); serum iron, total iron binding capacity, and transferrin saturation by the colorimetric method (Pointe Scientific, Inc., Canton, MI, USA), ferritin and high sensitive C-reactive protein by immunoassay (Immulite 1000); soluble transferrin receptor, erythropoietin and growth differentiation factor 15 (R&D Systems) and hepcidin (Intrinsic LifeSciences, La Jolla, CA) by ELISA. Were calculated the ratios sTfR/log ferritin and (hepcidin/ferritin)/sTfR to evaluate iron metabolism. sTfR/log ferritin can distinguish storage iron depletion from iron-deficient erythropoiesis, while (hepcidin/ferritin)/sTfR can be utilized to explore and quantify the opposing forces (i.e. iron availability and erythropoietic activity) regulating hepcidin synthesis and iron absorption in absence of inflammatory stimuli. We demonstrate that TAT have a significantly reduced hepcidin and increased soluble transferrin receptor levels but relatively normal hematological findings. In contrast, TBT have all hematological parameters significantly different from controls, including increased soluble transferrin receptor, ferritin, erythropoietin and growth differentiation factor 15 levels. These changings in both groups suggest an altered balance between erythropoiesis and iron metabolism. The indexes sTfR/log ferritin and (hepcidin/ferritin)/sTfR are respectively increased and reduced relative to controls, proportional to the severity of each thalassemia group. In conclusion, we emphasize that, for the first time in the literature, subjects with heterozygous ?+-thalassemia have altered iron metabolism. Our data demonstrate that within the context of public health, identification and monitoring of patients with ?+-thalassemia are needed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:46:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSE ALVES SANTOS.pdf: 1232940 bytes, checksum: 77192de71f53814cec722c0bea8dfb8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-30 / This thesis presents a study on the Kingdom of God in the light of the Gospel of Mark. Begins, with a contextualization of the political, socio-cultural and economic history of Palestine (first century AD), place and context in which Mark wrote his Gospel, in which there is an account of the situation of the recipients of the message of the Kingdom. The Evangelist heads towards all people, especially those living in Palestine and its, surroundings and facing difficult moments of persecution by the Roman Empire and the current religious power. Then approaches the specific theme of the Kingdom of God engendered by Mark from the axis expression that is used in this paper: After John was arrested, came to Galilee proclaiming the gospel of God, saying, The time is fulfilled and the kingdom of God is near. Repent and believe the gospel (Mark 1:14-15). Emphasizes the dynamic character of the proposal from Kingdom in defense of life in all its dimensions expands to a current a reflection, life threatened by climate change / Esta tese contém um estudo sobre o Reino de Deus à luz do Evangelho de Marcos. Ela se inicia com uma contextualização da história política, sociocultural e econômica da Palestina (século I d.C.), lugar e contexto onde Marcos escreveu seu Evangelho, no qual há o relato da situação dos destinatários da mensagem do Reino. O Evangelista se dirige a todos os povos, principalmente àqueles que viviam na Palestina e nos seus arredores, e enfrentavam momentos difíceis de perseguições por parte do Império Romano e do poder religioso vigente. Em seguida, aborda a temática específica sobre o Reino de Deus engendrado por Marcos a partir da expressão-eixo que é utilizada nesse trabalho: Depois que João foi preso, veio para a Galileia proclamando o Evangelho de Deus, dizendo: O tempo está cumprido e o Reino de Deus está próximo. Convertei-vos e crede no Evangelho (Mc 1,14-15). Enfatizando-se o caráter dinâmico da proposta do Reino em defesa da vida em todas as suas dimensões, amplia-se a uma reflexão atual, a vida ameaçada pelas mudanças climáticas.

A sílica SBA-15 devido às suas propriedades físico-química e estrutural tem demonstrado efeito adjuvante, carreando, protegendo e liberando antígenos. Nesse estudo avaliou-se o seu efeito sobre a atividade fagocítica de macrófagos; no recrutamento de células para órgãos linfóides; na expressão de moléculas MHC de classe II e co-estimuladoras pelas APCs; e a influência do tempo de contato imunógeno:SBA15 no potencial de adsorção e geração de anticorpos. Experimentos in vitro evidenciam que diferentes concentrações da SBA-15 não afetam a morfologia ou atividade de macrófagos. A SBA15 induz o recrutamento de macrófagos, células dendríticas, CD4+, CD8+ e B220+ para os linfonodos drenantes, promovendo aumento de expressão de moléculas co-estimuladoras. As análises da produção de anticorpos demonstram que o contato imunógeno:sílica é importante na adsorção e melhora da resposta imune. Esses resultados sugerem que o potencial adjuvante da SBA-15 relaciona-se com a capacidade de adsorver antígenos e liberá-los às APCs, influindo diretamente na reposta imunológica. / The SBA-15 silica is a polymer that due to its physico-chemical and structural properties has shown adjuvant effect, carrying, protecting and delivering antigens. In this study was evaluated the effect of SBA15 in the phagocytic activity of macrophages; recruitment of cells to lymphoid organs; expression of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules by the APCs, and the influence of contact time between immunogen:SBA-15 in potential for absorption and generation of antibodies. In vitro experiments showed that different concentrations of SBA-15 do not affect the morphology or macrophage activity. SBA-15 induces the recruitment of macrophages, dendritic cells, CD4+, CD8+ and B220+ to the draining lymph nodes, increasing the expression of co-stimulatory molecules. Analyses of antibody production showed that the contact immunogen:silica is important for adsorption and improves the immune response. These results suggest that the adjuvanticity of SBA-15 is related to its ability in antigens adsorption and release to APCs, directly influencing the immune response.