隨著新興國家金融管制的鬆綁，國際間銀行業併購的標的已逐漸由美國、歐洲等已開發國家延伸至拉丁美洲、東南亞等新興國家。本論文以事件研究法對2005年到2014年，已開發國家銀行跨國併購新興國家金融產業的併購活動，共49個樣本進行分析，藉由迴歸分析的結果去觀察目標國家的經商環境對於併購績效的影響。 本研究的立論在於，過去文獻表示銀行跨國併購的主要動機之一為追隨客戶，而如今許多銀行的客戶為了降低勞動成本，紛紛前往新興國家設廠，而新興國家相較於已開發國家的其中一個特點為，其經商環境尚未發展健全，不如已開發國家穩定，故目標國的經商環境好壞很可能是影響主併銀行客戶決定是否進入或擴大投資的因素，進而成為影響主併銀行跨國併購的成敗因素之一。 而本論文的結果可分為三個層級。第一層是各別經商環境指標對主併銀行宣告效果的影響；第二層逐漸收斂為企業創立、企業擴建與企業經營三組指標對主併銀行宣告效果的影響；第三層則收斂為綜合性經商環境指標對主併銀行宣告效果的影響。在第一層級中發現：目標國家開辦企業程序的便利簡潔度、取得信貸的流程明確度與能否有效執行合約等排名，在事件窗口(-1,+1)呈現顯著負相關，亦即此三項經商環境指標排名越高（數字越小）對主併銀行的宣告效果有正面影響。在第二層級中則觀察到企業擴建層面的指標對主併銀行宣告效果的解釋力是最大的、其次是企業創立，最後為企業經營。在第三層面中發現收斂後的綜合經商環境指標確實對銀行的宣告效果1%的顯著水準，亦即當主併銀行選擇經商環境較佳的目標國家進行跨國併購時，市場的反應會較為正面。 / Prompted by financial liberalization and the expansion into emerging market economies (EME) by corporate customers, international banks increasingly penetrated EME. This research uses 49 cross-border M&A samples between 2005 and 2014 in which the acquiring banks is in developed countries and the targets is the financial industry of emerging countries. Using event study methods, the study establish whether the business environment of target countries explain returns to shareholders in acquiring banks from cross-border M&A. From the past study, we observe that one of the main motivations for the banks to cross-border M&A is following customers to new markets. Recently, in order to reduce labor costs, the customers of bank have more FDI in emerging countries. However, the feature of emerging countries is that the business environment is not as stable and clear as the developed countries. Therefore, the business environment will affect the customers of banks decide whether to enter or expand investment in EME and further affect the acquiring banks. The results of this research can be divided into three levels. (1) in the individual business environment indicators level, the study find when the target countries are easier starting a business, getting credit or enforcing contracts, the CAR of acquiring banks will significant negative in event window (-1, +1); (2) in the group of business environment indicators level, the study observe the explanatory power of the business expansion group is larger than the group of start-up and operations; (3) the composite business environment indicator have significant negative affect to the CAR of acquiring banks.

新聞報導在現今社會中為最便利與即時的資訊來源，也是公司與管理階層用來發布年度表現與其他重要消息的管道。本研究想要去找出新聞報導的內容與股票市場的反應之間的關連性，以及財務報表附註提供比新聞報導更多的其他資訊。 本研究以2013年度臺灣90家上市公司為樣本去探討股票市場與新聞報導及財報附註之間的關係。藉由內容分析法的方式去評估新聞報導與財報附註中的正向、負向情緒以及兩者之間的資訊差異以及兩者對股票市場的影響。藉由兩種不同的資訊來源，找出股票市場對於此兩者是否有不同的反應，並從中判斷兩種資訊內容的差異。 本研究發現新聞報導中的正向情緒與股票市場有正向的關連性，然而無法顯著證明在市場反應方面，財報附註能提供比新聞報導更豐富的資訊。 / Financial news articles are the most convenient and timely information in today’s world. Companies and managers can announce current year performance and other concurrent disclosures to investors and stakeholders by financial news articles. This study hopes to find the relationships between financial news articles and the stock market and the information content gap between financial news articles and footnotes to financial statements. This study uses 90 listed companies in TSE of 2013 to test stock market responses to the information content in the financial news articles and footnotes to financial statements. This study implements content-analysis technique, which count words for characterizing as optimistic and negative tone and helps to decide the abundancy of information content elaborated, to find the information content to stock market reactions and compare the information content gap between financial news articles and footnotes to financial statements. This study finds that optimistic sentiment expressed in financial news articles positively relates to the stock price movement. However, this study is unable to reach a conclusion that information disclosed in the footnotes to financial statements is significantly enough to represent the existence of information content gap as compared to financial news articles.

本研究探討台灣會計師公費揭露的市場反應，並以累計異常報酬（CAR）來衡量市場反應。第一階段針對是否揭露會計師公費研究其不同的反應；第二階段再將有揭露會計師公費的公司區分為主動揭露與被動揭露，並探討是否會造成不同的影響；第三階段更進一步將被動揭露的公司依其所符合的法規揭露原因再做細分，特別探討因為非審計公費過高而揭露公費者之市場反應。 研究結果發現，相較於不揭露會計師公費的公司，市場對於有揭露會計師公費資訊的公司會給予較正面的反應；其中，有揭露會計師公費的公司，若屬於主動揭露，市場更是會給予正面的肯定；相反的，有揭露會計師公費的公司，若是因非審計公費達審計公費之四分之一以上者而被動揭露者，市場會對此公司之會計師之獨立性有所懷疑，故給予負面的反應。可見會計師公費的資訊對投資大眾而言確實是一項有意義且重要的資訊。本研究並加入公司治理的相關變數，研究結果發現，若公司之治理程度較差，但「有揭露」會計師公費資訊者，投資大眾會給予正面的反應，此外，相對於被動揭露者，市場對於「主動揭露」之公司會給予更正面的肯定。另一方面，若公司之治理程度較佳，但其揭露原因是屬於非審計公費達審計公費四分之一以上而被動揭露者，市場會對會計師獨立性有所質疑，故對於此種公司仍給予負面的反應。 / This study attempts to examine audit fee disclosure and market reactions. We use Cumulative Abnormal Returns to measure market reactions. First, we analyze whether audit fee disclosure has any market reactions at all. Second, we divide the samples into voluntary disclosure and forced disclosure groups. Third, we make further segmentation from the forced disclosure group according to their disclosure reasons, and specially focus on the disclosure reason of high non-audit fees. We find that market reactions are significantly more positive for firms with audit fee disclosures than for firms without fee disclosure. Market reactions are also significantly better for firms with voluntary disclosure than the forced disclosure group. In contrast, market reactions are significantly lower for firms which disclose audit fees due to high levels of non-audit fees. Our evidence supports that audit fee is a piece of useful and important information to investors. Additionally, we include corporate governance variables in the analysis. We find that when firms’ corporate governance is not good, if they choose to disclose audit fee voluntarily, the market responds with positive reactions. In contrast, if a firm’s corporate governance is quite good but discloses audit fees due to high levels of non-audit fee, the market then reacts with negative returns.

本研究探討我國導入一系列公平價值會計之市場反應，本文分別從市場景氣狀況以及財報品質、盈餘管理及公司治理四個面向檢視資本市場之反應。實證分析顯示，由於公平價值會計的順循環效果，於市場景氣較佳時其異常報酬較高，反之則較低，而金融業順循環效果比一般產業來的強，而財報品質愈差、盈餘管理可能性愈高、公司治理機制愈弱的企業，股票市場對此事件的正向反應愈強，其原因可能為公平價值會計導入將有助於提升財報品質、降低盈餘管理的機會，並減少內外部人資訊不對稱的情況。 本研究結果顯示公平價值會計的採行將有助於財報透明度的提升，避免企業財報隱藏其財報增減值的部分，對投資者是具有效益的，但同時，公平價值會計將財報資訊與市場景氣連結，將造成其財報數值的波動加劇。 / This research from four aspects, business cycle, financial reporting quality, earnings management, and corporate governance, examines that Taiwan stock market reaction to the seventeen events associated with adoption of Fair Value Accounting (FVA). The empirical results reveal that due to Fair Value Accounting’s procyclical effect, when economic is booming the market tends to positively react with FVA and banking industry displays a higher procyclical effect than other industries. The study also finds that with FVA investors tend to have positive reaction on firms’ pre-adoption information with lower financial quality, higher earnings management possibility and weaker corporate governance. The findings suggest that the FVA adaption increased the quality of financial reporting, reduced earning management and decreased information asymmetry. In the meantime, the FVA links financial reporting with business cycle which might aggravate the financial reporting’s fluctuation.

This Study uses a period between 1939-2017 to analyse calendar anomalies on the Swedish equity market. We test whether calendar anomalies’ return deviates from the return of ordinary trading days. Our result shows that the day of the week effect, weekend effect, turn of the year, turn of the month and holiday effect have had an impact on the daily rate of return, both domestic and abroad. Similar to international markets the calendar anomalies in Sweden start to be less prominent during 1980’s. Also, our result displays that, since the 1970’s, UK holidays have had a negative impact on the daily return in Sweden. In contrast, American holidays have since the 2010’s had a positive impact. Turn of the year and turn of the month in Sweden have been more clustered around the first trading day of the year and month, compared to studies on other equity markets. Negative returns on Tuesdays, rather than Mondays, do also distinguish Sweden’s equity market relative to other markets.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate whether executives can earn abnormal return by purchasing their own stocks and establish an understanding of possible aspects. Method: In order to observe if abnormal return exists on insider buy-transactions, a method triangulation with deductive approach has been made. An event study has been adopted to measure the transaction events. In addition, CAAR has been calculated with aid of a model. These values go through a significance test in order to support the hypothesis.  Theory: The study is grounded on the efficient market hypothesis, information asymmetry, behavioural finance and signalling. Furthermore, previous research has been adopted to support the study.  Conclusion: The results of the study show that executives for growth companies can profit from abnormal returns. / Syfte: Syftet med studien är att studera om personer i ledande ställning profiterar vid insynsförvärv av aktier samt skapa en djupare förståelse kring möjliga underliggande faktorer. Metod: För att studera om det uppstår abnorm avkastning vid insynsförvärv har en metodtriangulering med deduktiv ansats behandlats. Eventstudie har använts för att mäta transaktions händelserna. Vidare beräknas CAAR med hjälp av en modell. Dessa kommer sedan att signifikanstestas för att stödja hypoteserna.  Teori: Teorier som behandlas i denna studie är den effektiva marknadshypotesen, informationsasymmetrin, beteendebaserad finansiering och signaleringshypotesen. Vidare behandlas tidigare forskningar som ger stöd till studien. Slutsats: Resultaten för studien påvisar att personer i ledande ställning för tillväxtföretag kan profitera på abnorm avkastning.

本研究旨在探討臺灣中型100 指數成分股調整事件之價量關係以及新聞報導效果。研究樣本分為純粹納入股、向下納入股、純粹剔除股以及向上剔除股，並分別以成份股調整之宣告日與執行日作為事件日，採用事件研究法，分析事件前後之價量變化，同時，進一步探討，宣告日至執行日期間，新聞報導對於成分股調整效果之影響。實證結果顯示，純粹納入(剔除)股於宣告日當天以及執行日前一天具有顯著的正(負)向異常報酬，且短期內皆有反轉的現象產生；向下納入(向上剔除)股，在宣告日與執行日前一交易日享有負(正)向異常報酬，且執行日後五日旋即反轉；此外，此四類個股於宣告日以及執行日附近，皆有異常週轉率生。在新聞效果部分，本研究將純粹納入(剔除)股分為有利多(空)新聞之組別以及無新聞之組別，探討其異常報酬現象。實證結果發現，有利多(空)新聞之純粹納入(剔除)股，相較於無新聞之純粹納入(剔除)股享有較高的正(負)向異常報酬率，顯見在成分股調整事件中，新聞報導亦會影響股價表現。 / This paper examines the effects of Taiwan mid-cap 100 index revision and news coverage on stock price and volume. Using event study method, the sample of this study is divided into four groups: pure additions, downward additions, pure deletions, upward deletions to analyze the changes of stock prices and volume on the announcement day and effective day. Furthermore, the effects of news coverage between announcement day and effective day are also investigated. Results of our analysis suggests that there are significantly positive (negative) abnormal returns (ARs) for pure additions (deletions) on announcement day and the day before effective day but transitory. For downward additions and upward deletions, there are significantly negative ARs for the former and significantly positive ARs for the latter. However, both ARs reverse within five days. Besides, there are abnormal volumes in the entire sample. As for the effects of news coverage, pure additions (deletions) are divided into two groups to examine the existence of ARs, one group with bullish (bearish) news and one group without. Results show that pure additions (deletions) with bullish (bearish) news have higher ARs than those without news coverage, supporting our hypothesis that in the event of index revision, news coverage do affect stock prices

Förvärv av företag sker till höger och vänster, i alla länder, branscher och kategorier. Motiven till förvärv må vara av varierande art, men det som är av betydelse för ett företag är vilket värde ett förvärv kan generera. Denna studie undersöker marknadsreaktioner vid olika typer och kombinationer av förvärv; däribland horisontella, vertikala och branschspecifika förvärv, med huvudsaklig inriktning på värdet som skapas vid gränsöverskridande och nationella förvärv. Detta görs i syfte att kartlägga eventuella överlägsna typer av förvärv. Klassiska teorier i form av effektiva marknadshypotesen och “random walk”-teorin i kombination med insiderhandel utgör den vetenskapliga utgångspunkten i studien. Metoden är en eventstudie, där den abnormala avkastningen vid dessa förvärv beräknas, för att kunna analyseras i förhållande till tidigare forskning. Vidare testas studiens hypoteser med hypotesprövning och samband analyseras med hjälp av enkla linjära regressioner som sedan tolkas. Resultatet visar på att gränsöverskridande förvärv ger den högsta genomsnittliga kumulativa abnormala avkastningen (CAAR), och vidare är horisontella förvärv att föredra över vertikala av samma anledning. Offentliga sektorn och tjänstesektorn ger de högsta CAAR sett till branscher. / Merger and acquisitions is happening everywhere; in all countries, industries and in all categories. The motives of acquiring other companies may differ, but what is truly meaningful is the value an acquisition can bring. This study deals with different types and combinations of acquisitions; amongst horizontal, vertical and industry specific acquisitions, with main focus on the value created in Cross Border and national acquisitions. The aim of the study is thereby to plot superior types of acquisitions. Classic theories like the Efficient market hypothesis and the Random walk theory will be used as a theoretical framework, along with the idea of Insider trading. The method used is an Event study, where the abnormal return is calculated at the announcement day of acquisition and is later analyzed in association to prior studies. Deduced hypothesis are then processed in hypothesis testing and correlations are being studied through simple linear regressions. The result show that Cross Border acquisitions give the highest value (CAAR) to acquirer and the horizontal acquisitions are superior to vertical ones for the same reason. The public sector and the service sector yield the highest CAAR when industries are being studied.

Background: Underpricing is the most studied area in the subject of IPO. The phenomenon is mainly described as a compensation for the risk of investing in a newly introduced company. Underpricing of shares is explained for many reasons, but the main reason is assumed to be the presence of asymmetric information on the market. Due to differences in financial systems between different countries, creates an incentive to conduct this study on the swedish market. Purpose: The purpose with this essay is to study the short term profitability of IPOs on the swedish market Method: The study is based on a quantitative research design with a deductive approach. The main method is the well established Event Study Method used by MacKinlay (1997), to measure the abnormal return of initial public offerings from the first-day return up to the following month’s return. Research has included 179 publicly traded incorporated companies on the swedish market between the years 2010 to 2020. Conclusion: The authors concluded, through analysis of the empirical basis with relation to previous studies and theories, drawn their own conclusions. Initial public offerings historically show higher returns compared to the market index. The study shows an abnormal first-day return of 0,4490%. Based on an analysis of the empirical results, it was found that the results were consistent and corresponds with previous research in the field of IPOs in other markets. In addition, the selected variables, namely the initial return of 9,21% as a result of IPOs, could partially interpret the abnormal first-day return as well as the following week’s and month’s. The other variables did not appear to be of statistical significance during any of the study periods. / Bakgrund: Underprissättning är det mest undersökta området inom ämnet börsintroduktion. Fenomenet beskrivs huvudsakligen som en kompensation för den risk som råder vid investering i ett nyintroducerat bolag. Underprissättning av värdepapper förklaras ha många anledningar men främsta orsaken antas vara på grund av närvaron av asymmetriska informationen på marknaden. Med skillnader i finansiella system mellan olika länder, skapar detta incitament för att genomföra denna studie på den svenska marknaden. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera kortsiktiga lönsamheten för IPO investeringar på den svenska marknaden. Metod: Studien utgår från en kvantitativ metod med deduktiv ansats. Undersökningens huvudsakliga metod utgick från den väletablerade Event Study method nyttjad av MacKinlay (1997), för att mäta den abnormala avkastningen från initiala erbjudandet efter börsintroduktion för första-dagsavkastning samt upp till en månad framåt. Studien omfattades av 179 publika aktiebolag på stockholmsbörsen mellan åren 2010 till 2020. Slutsats: Författarna har genom analys av det empiriska underlaget med koppling till tidigare studier samt teorier dragit egna slutsatser. Börsintroduktioner visar historiskt tillföra högre avkastning jämfört med marknadens index. Undersökningen visar en abnormal första-dagsavkastning på 0,4490%. Utifrån analys av resultatet, visade det sig att resultatet var konsistent samt överensstämde med tidigare forskning inom området börsintroduktion på andra marknader. Dessutom, kunde vi av de utvalda variablerna, nämligen den initiala avkastningen på 9,21% till följd av IPOs, delvis tolka den abnormala första-dagsavkastningen samt för efterföljande vecka och månad. De övriga variablerna visade sig inte vara av statistisk signifikans i någon av undersökningsperioderna.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka förhållandet mellan aktiesplit och överavkastning och att fastställa om en enskild investerare kan uppnå en överavkastning genom att investera i aktier noterade på OMXSPI som har genomfört en aktiesplit. Genom en genomgå av tidigare forskning samt genomförande av en egen dataanalys kommer denna studie att undersöka huruvida aktier som har genomfört en aktiesplit genererar en överavkastning jämfört med aktier som inte har genomgått en split. Teoretisk referensram: Denna studie bygger på och utmanar antagandet av den effektiva marknadshypotesen som hävdar att det inte är möjligt för en enskild investerare att uppnå överavkastning. Signalhypotesen och handelsintervallshypotesen kommer också att beaktas i undersökningen. Metod: Denna studie är av kvantitativ karaktär och använder en deduktiv ansats. Undersökningsmodellen är baserad på 131 handelsdagar som är uppdelade i fem olika eventfönster. Prisdata har samlats in för hela händelseperioden, och därefter har data bearbetats matematiskt och analyserats statistiskt. Slutsats: Resultaten från studien antyder att aktier som genomgick en aktiesplit mellan 2010 och 2022 genererade en avkastning som var 10,89% högre än aktier som inte genomgick en aktiesplit. Resultaten av studien kan bekräftas med 99% säkerhet. / Purpose: The study examines the relationship between stock splits and abnormal return, in order to investigate whether an individual investor can generate excess returns by investing in stocks listed on OMXSPI that are scheduled to undergo a split. By reviewing previous research and conducting an independent data analysis, the study will investigate whether stocks that have undergone a split generate abnormal return compared to those that have not undergone a split. Theoretical perspectives: The study builds on and challenges the efficient market hypothesis assumption that it is not possible for an individual investor to generate excess returns. The signaling hypothesis and the trading range hypothesis will also be considered. Method: The study is of a quantitative nature with a deductive approach. The research model is based on 131 trading days divided into five different events. Price data is collected for the entire event period and is mathematically calculated and analyzed statistically. Conclusions: The study's results indicate that stocks that undergo a stock split between 2010-2022 generate a 10.89% higher return than stocks that do not undergo a stock split. The results can be confirmed with a 99% level of certainty.