Esta dissertação analisa a representação da ambição no romance O pai Goriot, de Honoré de Balzac. A partir da análise da descrição do protagonista desta obra, Eugène de Ratignac, buscamos, com este conceito, expandir a compreensão da mimesis operada por Balzac, em diálogo com a tradição crítica iniciada com Platão e Aristóteles e revista por Erich Auerbach, e com as outras obras do escritor francês compostas no começo da década de 1830, especialmente Eugênia Grandet. / This dissertation analyzes the representation of ambition in the novel O pai Goriot (Father Goriot), by Honoré de Balzac. From the analysis of the description of the protagonist of this work, Eugène de Ratignac, we aim, with this concept, expand the understanding of how Balzac operated his mimesis, in dialogue with the critical tradition started with Plato and Aristotle and reviewed by Erich Auerbach, and the other works of the French writer, mainly Eugênia Grandet, composed in the early 1830s.

Esta dissertação analisa a representação da ambição no romance O pai Goriot, de Honoré de Balzac. A partir da análise da descrição do protagonista desta obra, Eugène de Ratignac, buscamos, com este conceito, expandir a compreensão da mimesis operada por Balzac, em diálogo com a tradição crítica iniciada com Platão e Aristóteles e revista por Erich Auerbach, e com as outras obras do escritor francês compostas no começo da década de 1830, especialmente Eugênia Grandet. / This dissertation analyzes the representation of ambition in the novel O pai Goriot (Father Goriot), by Honoré de Balzac. From the analysis of the description of the protagonist of this work, Eugène de Ratignac, we aim, with this concept, expand the understanding of how Balzac operated his mimesis, in dialogue with the critical tradition started with Plato and Aristotle and reviewed by Erich Auerbach, and the other works of the French writer, mainly Eugênia Grandet, composed in the early 1830s.

Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka om det finns en skillnad mellan barn till invandrare och barn till svenskfödda vad gäller deras studieambitioner. Har barn till invandrare för avsikt att studera längre än sina helsvenska kamrater och förstärks detta när vi jämför barn med samma bakgrund och utbildningsprestation? Kan detta i sådana fall förklaras av att dessa barn har en ambition att erhålla en högre yrkesstatus än sina föräldrar? De teoretiska ramverken som används i denna undersökning är primära och sekundära effekter. De primära effekterna består av studentens skolprestation och de sekundära effekterna av de utbildningsval som studenten gör, givet deras prestation. Det kommer i denna studie att fokuseras på de sekundära effekterna. Tidigare forskning visar övergripande att barn till invandrare har sämre prestation (primära effekter) men högre ambition vad gäller sina utbildningsval (sekundära effekter). Datamaterialet som används kommer från PISA-undersökningen 2015. Urvalet består av totalt 4.706 flickor och pojkar, födda i Sverige år 1999, som går i nionde klass på grundskolenivå. Studiens beroende variabler är antalet år som studenten avser studera. De kontrollvariabler som används är; kön, antal böcker i hemmet, föräldrarnas utbildningsår, föräldrarnas yrkesstatus, prestation på test samt skillnaden mellan föräldrarnas yrkesstatus och yrkesstatusen som barn vill uppnå. Dessa analyserades vidare med hjälp av multipel linjär regressionsanalys. Resultatet visade att barn till invandrare, i Sverige, i genomsnitt har för avsikt att studera längre än barn till infödda svenskar. Vår studie kunde visserligen inte helt redogöra för orsakerna, men viljan att öka sin status tycks vara en starkt bidragande orsak.

Le caractère zhi est traduit en français par différents mots : ambition, aspiration, résolution, volonté....Afin d'obtenir une meilleure compréhension du contenu de la notion de zhi nous l'avons étudiée dans des textes de natures variées (documents historiques, écrits et enseignements des sages, poèmes, romans...) depuis la première utilisation du caractère dans le Livre des Documents (env. mille ans av. J.C.) jusqu'aux dictionnaires de l'époque actuelle. Dans le Livre des Documents l'idée de zhi comprend celle d'une orientation du cœur (-esprit) humain vers un objectif à atteindre ; Les Entretiens de Confucius, le Mencius, le Xunzi affirment l'autonomie de l'être humain et de son cœur (-esprit) ; le Huainanzi (2ème siècle av. J.C.) a utilisé l'expression binaire yi zhi à la place de zhi ; le Glossaire du Maître de Beixi (entre les 12ème et 13ème siècle ap. J.C.) a donné les définitions pour yi et zhi ; il en résulte que zhi , équivalent de yi zhi , a le sens de : Orientation du cœur vers un objectif à atteindre, orientation adoptée après délibération. L'expression " Orientation du cœur vers un objectif " signifie que la personne se concentre sur l'objectif choisi et fait des efforts nécessaires pour l'atteindre. C'est à chacun de déterminer son objectif qui peut être divers: poursuivre la Voie, réussir une carrière politique, vivre une vie simple proche de la nature... Ainsi, à côté d'une gamme d'emplois assez large, la notion de zhi a une définition principale claire, elle forme avec ses corrélats une méthode pour conduire sa vie. L'expression yi zhi très usitée actuellement sert aussi à traduire la notion européenne de " volonté ".

This thesis contributes to a field of Kant’s practical philosophy that has received renewed attention, namely his moral anthropology. While it is true that Kant, in some of his best-known writings, literally says that the fundamental ground of morality must be pure and thus entirely free from admixture with anthropological principles, he nevertheless admits that these “subjective conditions” in human nature that “either hinder or help people in fulfilling the laws of the metaphysics of morals” make up the foundation of all applied ethics. In other words, in order to know if and to which extent human beings are susceptible to moral commands, we need to know our abilities as well as our limitations. Kant wrote several works about these topics and his long-term teaching of anthropology shows that he had a continuing interest in the theory of man. Moreover, it is widely acknowledged that Kant, during the mid-1760s was highly influenced by Rousseau. It is hardly a coincidence that Kant’s first reference to the “unchanging nature of human beings” appeared at the same time as Rousseau proclaimed the need of finding the true nature of man – the unmasked being who has not been damaged by social prejudice. In order to understand man and his moral capacities we need to find his true essence or what really constitutes humanity. Accordingly, a careful examination of the multifaceted characteristics of human nature is needed in order to understand the very concept of a moral being and to account for his moral progress. I will argue that Kant’s early insights about this need runs like a thread through his entire course of philosophy and that Rousseauian ideas actually affect also his critical ethics. They agree that man is sociable, but also suspicious. He has good predispositions but is likewise susceptible to corruption. My analysis will shed light on man’s eternal balance between conflicting forces and on the means needed for the progress towards the vocation of humankind. This reveals the need of knowing oneself and explains why the question: “what is the human being?” ought to be taken seriously.

The aim of the dissertation is to add to our knowledge and understanding of how groupwork and group tasks are construed among students. This is accomplished be creating a model, which describes the pattern of interaction and the experience that emerge as students try to handle the group-work situation. An additional aim is to use the outcomes of the study as a basis for discussions about how to carry out group-work in the classroom. The methodological point of departure is grounded theory and the theoretical perspective is symbolic interaktionism. A theoretical model - Students’ creation of trust in group-work - has been constructed from observations and interviews in grade 7 and 8 from a local school. The model describes what happens when students with different social and academic ambitions meet in a group assignment and become interdependent. The students have to consider their own and others’ ambitions, the composition of the group, as well as the task, and they have different possibilities to influence these factors. Easiest to influence are the construction of the task and the group composition, which they also try to do so as to diminish the differences in ambitions and the interdependency. They do not always succeed and they handle the remaining differences in ambitions and dependency through creation of trust, by constructing different behaviours during the group-work. The insights derived from the theoretical model - Students’ creation of trust in groupwork - could have practical implications when group-work is applied. This means that teacher could assist the students in their efforts to create trust among group members. This study has pointed out construction of the task, clear goals, and group composition as import pre- requisites for the use of group-work as a means of instruction. The dissertation ends with a discussion about teachers’ possibilities to contribute to collaboration in group-work through the construction of tasks, composition of the groups and to the construction of goals which creates situations of trust in group-work. / Syftet med avhandlingen är att öka kunskapen om och förståelsen för hur grupparbete och grupparbetsuppgift konstrueras mellan eleverna. Detta sker genom att skapa en modell, som beskriver det interaktionsmönster och de upplevelser som uppstår när elever försöker hantera sin situation vid grupparbete. Ytterligare ett syfte är att studiens innehåll ska kunna ge underlag för diskussion om hur grupparbete kan användas i skolan. I studien används grounded theory som metodologisk ansats och det teoretiska perspektivet är symbolisk interaktionism. En teoretisk modell – Elevers tillitsskapande i grupp (ETG-modellen) – har konstruerats med hjälp av en observations och intervjustudie i år 7 och 8 på en kommunal grundskola. Modellen beskriver vad som händer när elever med olika social och ämneskunskapsmässig ambition möts i en gruppuppgift och blir ömsesidigt beroende av varandra. När ett grupparbete ska genomföras har eleverna sin egen och de andras ambition, gruppsammansättning och uppgiften att beakta, vilket de har skiftande möjligheter att påverka. De försöker påverka gruppsammansättning och uppgiften för att minska ambitionsdifferensen samt beroendet till andra. Hur de hanterar den kvarstående ambitionsdifferensen via ett tillitsskapande genom att konstruera olika tillvägagångssätt i grupparbetet visas i studien, vilket bidrar till en ökad förståelse av elevernas upplevelse och hanterande av grupparbetsuppgifter. Kunskapen från ETG-modellen kan ha praktisk betydelse när grupparbete som arbetsform används. För att i undervisningen med grupparbete bistå eleverna med deras strävan till att skapa tillit har avhandlingen visat att uppgiften, gruppsammansättningen, och deras olika ambition blir viktiga förutsättningar för detta. Avslutningsvis diskuteras därför lärarens möjligheter att bidra till en samarbetssituation genom att utforma gruppuppgifter, konstruera grupper och sätta mål som skapar samarbetssituationer som eleverna kan uppleva som tillitsfulla.

Introduction: The abundance of reforms that have characterized governance in the public sectorin recent decades has shown a discrepancy between the reforms ambition and outcome, as the results of the reform implementation rarely reach expectations. In 2016, the government appointed a delegation with the aim of developing a new way of working that was based ontrust to deal with the problems that were perceived to exist in the public sector, the working method that was developed is called trust-based governance (TBS). As TBS is a relatively new and Swedish concept, there is a lack of empirical evidence on how various public authorities have introduced trust-based governance and developed their governance. Aim: The aim of this study is to increase knowledge about governance changes in the public sector and trust-based governance (TBS). To achieve this, the change work in a selected municipality that claims to work with TBS will be studied. Method: The study is a qualitative case study in a selected municipality, Östra Göinge. The empirical collection consists of two parts; first describes TBS based on Tilitsdelegationen definition and then TBS is examined in the selected municipality. The empirical collection from the municipality is mainly based on interviews with respondents on strategic, tactical and operationa levels but has been supplemented with documents from the municipality. Conclusion: Östra Göinge's change work has been developed with inspiration from the private sector and not based on the work of Tillitsdelegationen, but the municipality's current governance can be equated with the description of TBS that the delegation emphasizes. The municipality has influenced the delegation's work regarding the design of the trust reform, which shows that the design of public governance reforms can be influenced by the public sector. Furthermore, Östra Göinge's change work is described as an ongoing and dynamic process in which successive adjustments of control have been made in order to fix the gaps that exist between ambition and outcome. The outcome of the change work is judged to have been affected by; interpretation, intra-organizational factors, organizational characteristics, sedimentation, and contradictions, and of five challenges that exist with TBS as a way of governance; culture clashes, dismissals, difficulties in maintaining TBS and that there are no exact limits to the employee's playing field. / Inledning: Den uppsjö av reformer som har präglat styrningen av den offentliga sektorn under de senaste decennierna årtioenderna har påvisat en avvikelse mellan reformers ambition och utfall, då utfallet av reforminförandet sällan når upp till förväntningarna. 2016 tillsatte regeringen en delegation vars syfte var att utveckla ett nytt arbetssätt med tillit som utgångspunkt för att hantera de problem som upplevdes finnas inom den offentliga sektorn, detta nya arbetssätt kom att kallas tillitsbaserad styrning (TBS). Då TBS är ett svenskt och relativt nytt koncept saknas det empiriska underlag på hur olika offentliga myndigheter har anammat TBS och utvecklat sin styrning. Syfte: Syftet med denna studien är att öka kunskapen om styrförändringar i offentlig sektor och tillitsbaserad styrning (TBS). För att uppnå det här kommer ett förändringsarbete i en vald kommun som uppger sig arbeta med TBS studeras.  Metod: Studien är en kvalitativ fallstudie av en vald kommun, Östra Göinge. Empiriinsamlingen består av två delar; den första beskriver TBS utifrån Tilitsdelegationens definition och sedan undersöks TBS i den valda kommunen. Empiriinsamlingen från kommunen bygger främst på intervjuer med respondenter på strategisk, taktisk och operativ nivå men har kompletterats med underlag från kommunen.  Slutsats: Östra Göinges förändringsarbete har tagits fram med inspiration från den privata sektorn och inte utifrån Tillitsdelegationens arbete. Kommunens nuvarande styrning kan likställas med den beskrivning av TBS som delegationen framhåller. Kommunen har påverkat delegationens arbete kring utformningen av TBS och resultatet visar att utformningen av offentliga styrreformer kan påverkas av den privata sektorn. Vidare beskrivs Östra Göinges förändringsarbete som en pågående och dynamisk process där successiva justeringar har gjorts för att åtgärda gapen mellan ambition och utfall. Utfallet av förändringsarbetet bedöms ha orsakats av; tolkning, intraorganisatoriska faktorer, organisatoriska karaktärsdrag, sedimentation och motstridigheter. Det identifierades också fem utmaningar med TBS som styrsätt; kulturkrockar, uppsägningar, svårigheter att upprätthålla styrsättet samt att det inte finnsexakta gränser för spelplanen.

A pesquisa que dá lugar a presente tese de doutorado tem como seu objeto de estudo a carreira política dos vereadores paulistanos eleitos para seis legislaturas que compreendendo o período que vai da eleição de 1982 até a de 2004. A hipótese principal é de que a Câmara Municipal de São Paulo (CMSP), a maior do país em Magnitude (55), caracteriza-se como sendo um incentivo político para a vida política daqueles que em sua maioria procuram progredir em direção a outros cargos públicos, mas precisam do capital político necessário para tornar tal empreendimento viável. Tal incentivo, embora não seja uma exclusividade da câmara paulistana, encontra-se nas poucas edilidades de maior Magnitude. Paradoxalmente, esta mesma instituição, que tem o condão de recrutar os candidatos que irão assumir diferentes postos na administração pública brasileira, depara-se com enorme dificuldade para estimular uma carreira que se faça no próprio município, o qual lida com significativo orçamento público, elevado quadro de funcionários, conta com importantes empresas públicas e privadas, gera muitas riquezas para o próprio Brasil, atrai recursos humanos de diferentes quadrantes do Brasil e do mundo, entre tantos outros fatos de grande relevância. / The subject of the present research is the political career of the São Paulo councilors elected along six terms, from 1982 till elections of 2004. The main hypothesis is that as the largest City Council of Brazil, with magnitude of 55 seats, the municipal legislative branch is eventually an important incentive to those whom want to go ahead in the political career, as getting an incumbency of state legislative, federal representative or in the executive branch. Besides, São Paulo municipality is the richest of Brazil local governments, its public budget is around R$ 15 billions (2004), and its councilors are able to pass bills of several different important matters. Paradoxically, the City Council is not being a sufficient incentive to develop a permanent career, once the most councilors have only one term (although law affords they can run for office any time they want) or run for state and federal levels.

A proposta de dissertação de mestrado, intitulada Tensões Políticas e Psicológicas em Macbeth e no Drama de Shakespeare, é fazer uma leitura crítica à luz dos aspectos históricos e dos problemas psicológicos apresentados na obra de Shakespeare (1564-1616). Serão analisados os problemas políticos, históricos e psicológicos em Macbeth e no drama shakespeariano, pois, percebe-se uma intrínseca relação entre as tensões políticas e históricas e a consciência na obra de Shakespeare, nem sempre elucidada pela crítica contemporânea. Assim, notam-se dois elementos opostos, que geram tais conflitos: de um lado, o Estado monárquico, cuja necessidade é manter uma ordem harmônica e estável, que, para isso, cria mecanismos punitivos que regem e determinam a conduta do indivíduo, como por exemplo as idéias de ordem, de justiça retributiva, pregadas nas homilias, e da mística dos dois corpos do rei; de outro, o indivíduo, por exemplo Macbeth, cujo desejo entra em conflito com o Estado e sua necessidade de ordem, a fim de tentar sobrepô-los para satisfazer sua vontade. Como se observa, a oposição dos problemas históricos se revelam não só no plano político, mas Shakespeare também cria artifícios estéticos que ampliam as tensões políticas no plano psicológico. Assim, elementos históricos como o tiranicídio e a monarcomaquia vão figurar como elementos propulsores das tensões psicológicas. Essa dissertação está organizada em três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo, intitulado Tensões Políticas e Históricas em Macbeth e no Drama de Shakespeare, apresenta problemas históricas amplamente discutidos na era elisabetana e jacobina como a tirania, a monarcomaquia, a violação da soberania, as idéias de ordem e a teoria os dois corpos do rei. No segundo capítulo, Consciência no Drama de Shakespeare e na era Elisabetana e Jacobina, pretende-se mostrar como tais problemas históricos desencadeiam tensões psicológicos em algumas peças de Shakespeare, em particular em Macbeth, Richard II, Richard III e Hamlet. No terceiro capítulo, Tensões Psicológicas em Macbeth: a Consciência e a Ambição, apresenta-se uma análise da consciência e da ambição em Macbeth, como uma reação a esses embates entre o estado, seus mecanismos superegóicos e o indivíduo. / This master thesis, entitled Political and Psychological Tensions in Macbeth and in the Shakespearean Drama, aims to analise Shakespeare’s (1564-1616) masterpiece in terms of historical aspects and psychological issues. I propose to analise political, historical and psychological problems in Macbeth and in the Shakespearean Drama, for we can perceive an intrinsic connection between these political and historical tensions, and conscience in Shakespearean work, which is not always explained by some contemporary critics. At this point, there are two opposing elements, which create such conflicts: on the one hand, there is the monarchal State, whose necessity is to keep the harmonious and stable order, which hence forge punitive tools in order to control and determine the individual behaviour, such as the order ideas, retributive justice, and the theory of the King’s two bodies, which were preached in the homilies; on the other hand, there is the individual, for instance Macbeth, whose desire comes into conflict with the monarchal State and its necessity of order, for satisfying his will. That opposition of the historical problems appears not only in the political realm, but Shakespeare creates aesthetic devices as well, which spread out the political tension into the psychological level. Thus, historical issues as tyrannicide and monarchomachy will reappear as propulsioning elements to the psychological tensions. This thesis is organised in three chapters. The first one, entitled Political and Historical Tensions in Macbeth and in the Shakespearean Drama, presents some historical issues widely discussed in the Elizabethan and Jacobean Ages, such as tyrany, monarchomachy, the violation of sovereignty, the order ideas and the theory of the king’s two bodies. In the second chapter, Conscience in the Shakespearean Drama and in the Elizabethan and Jacobean Ages, it is presented how these historical problems unchain psychological tensions in some of the Shakespeare’s plays, especially in Macbeth, Richard II, Richard III and Hamlet. In the third one, Psychological Tensions in Macbeth: Conscience and Ambition, it is provided an analysis of conscience and ambition in Macbeth, as a result of a reaction against these collisions between the monarchal State, its superegoic mecanicisms and the individual.

Previous research has focused limited attention on how personality affects job search for university educated people in work and no studies have focused on the difference between active and passive job seekers. This survey-based study that examined university educated economists and engineers with 5-25 years of experience, showed that career ambition mediated active job search for the personality dimensions of openness, agreeableness and extraversion and also gave clear evidence that active job seekers have lower levels of job satisfaction, and higher levels of career ambition, agreeableness and extraversion, compared with passive job seekers. These findings provide a more nuanced picture of the impact of different recruitment strategies and provide a starting point for in-depth studies on passive job seekers / Tidigare forskning har riktat begränsad uppmärksamhet mot hur personlighet påverkar jobbsökande för akademiker i arbete och inga studier har fokuserat på skillnaden mellan aktivt och passivt jobbsökande. Denna enkätbaserade studie som undersökt universitetsutbildade ekonomer och ingenjörer med 5-25 års erfarenhet, visade att karriärambition medierade aktivt jobbsökande för personlighetsdimensionerna öppenhet, samstämmighet och extraversion och gav också tydliga belägg för att aktivt jobbsökande har lägre grad av arbetstillfredställelse, och högre grad av karriärambition, samstämmighet och extraversion, jämfört med passivt jobbsökande. Dessa rön ger en mera nyanserad bild av konsekvenser av olika rekryteringsstrategier och utgör en utgångspunkt för fördjupade studier beträffande passivt jobbsökande.