A presente tese analisa as formas de estruturação e as relações entre as comunidades lituanas radicados na Argentina, Brasil e Uruguai. De forma comparada, buscaremos compreender as referências identitarias deste grupo nacional durante o processo de desenraizamento territorial e a formação dos laços de solidariedade ao longo do processo de inserção nos diferentes Estados nacionais. Ao mesmo tempo, analisaremos como estas comunidades se relacionavam, para além das fronteiras dos países em que se estabeleceram, construindo intercâmbios de experiências e organizando movimentos sociais e políticos. Das diferentes posturas políticas identificaremos os conflitos no interior das comunidades e destas com os Estados e a sociedade argentina, brasileira e uruguaia. Ainda consideraremos o papel do governo lituano nas formações comunitárias, durante o período de independência do país (1918 1940). Procuraremos observar a relação entre os lituanos de origem judaica com a estruturação das comunidades nacionais lituanas. Adotaremos como balizas temporais os anos de 1920 a 1950, contemplando os dois principais momentos desta imigração para a América do Sul. / We aim to investigate the forms of organization and the relation among the Lithuanian communities rooted in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. By comparing them, we seek to understand the identity references within each national group during the process of territorial unrooting and solidarity bonding along with the inset processes in the different national States. At the same time, we intend to analise how those communitites have related to each other, beyond the country boundaries in which they had established themselves, building experience interchanges and organizing social and political movements. From the different political postures, we intend to identify the conflicts within the communities and against the Argentinian, Brazilian, and Uruguayan States and societies. We still intend to consider the Lithuanian government role in the community formation during the period of the country independency (1918-1940). We also look for observing the relation among the originally Jewish Lithuanian and the Lithuanian national communities formation process. We have considered the years between 1920 and 1950 as our time range, comprising the two main moments of the imigration to South America.

A presente tese analisa as formas de estruturação e as relações entre as comunidades lituanas radicados na Argentina, Brasil e Uruguai. De forma comparada, buscaremos compreender as referências identitarias deste grupo nacional durante o processo de desenraizamento territorial e a formação dos laços de solidariedade ao longo do processo de inserção nos diferentes Estados nacionais. Ao mesmo tempo, analisaremos como estas comunidades se relacionavam, para além das fronteiras dos países em que se estabeleceram, construindo intercâmbios de experiências e organizando movimentos sociais e políticos. Das diferentes posturas políticas identificaremos os conflitos no interior das comunidades e destas com os Estados e a sociedade argentina, brasileira e uruguaia. Ainda consideraremos o papel do governo lituano nas formações comunitárias, durante o período de independência do país (1918 1940). Procuraremos observar a relação entre os lituanos de origem judaica com a estruturação das comunidades nacionais lituanas. Adotaremos como balizas temporais os anos de 1920 a 1950, contemplando os dois principais momentos desta imigração para a América do Sul. / We aim to investigate the forms of organization and the relation among the Lithuanian communities rooted in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. By comparing them, we seek to understand the identity references within each national group during the process of territorial unrooting and solidarity bonding along with the inset processes in the different national States. At the same time, we intend to analise how those communitites have related to each other, beyond the country boundaries in which they had established themselves, building experience interchanges and organizing social and political movements. From the different political postures, we intend to identify the conflicts within the communities and against the Argentinian, Brazilian, and Uruguayan States and societies. We still intend to consider the Lithuanian government role in the community formation during the period of the country independency (1918-1940). We also look for observing the relation among the originally Jewish Lithuanian and the Lithuanian national communities formation process. We have considered the years between 1920 and 1950 as our time range, comprising the two main moments of the imigration to South America.

In 1990 a small self-published journal/magazine called The Watcher was distributed among New Zealand's occult underground. The Watcher described itself as 'the New Zealand Voice of the Left Hand Path', and was published as the journal of the Order of the Left Hand Path. The Watcher and the Order directed its attentions towards those occultists who identified themselves as Satanists and, as such, the journal articulated a distinctly Satanic philosophy and perspective. However, as the journal evolved and developed, renaming itself as The Heretic and The Nexus in later years, there arose alongside Satanic philosophy an increasing emphases on what could be called esoteric Nazism or esoteric Nationalism. Given that the editor of The Watcher was Kerry Bolton, a man who has been immersed in New Zealand's Nationalist/neo-Nazi movement since the early 1970s, such an increasingly political orientation was perhaps unsurprising. This thesis examines the way in which the Order bought Satanic and neo-Nazi ideologies together and the resulting synthesis. It also looks at the transition from being a Satanic order led by a neo-Nazi to an openly neo-Nazi Order that uses Satanic philosophy to justify and popularise its conception of National Socialism.

From 1933 to 1945, thousands of European Jews attempted to gain access to Canada in order to escape Nazi oppression. This thesis examines Canada’s immigration records and policies during this period. In addition to bringing light to key issues concerning popular Canadian perceptions of Jewish immigrants and refugees in the thirties and forties, this history raises important questions about the Canadian government and ethical responsibility in a time of war; about the relationship between government policy and provincial politics; and about the position taken by Canada’s longest serving Prime Minister, William Lyon Mackenzie King, and his Cabinet. The author’s research brings attention to Irving Abella and Harold Troper’s work, None is too Many, which, since its publication in 1982, has stood as the authoritative work on the subject. A variety of important issues which are not treated in detail in this earlier monograph are examined in depth in this analysis: The prevalence of anti-Semitism in French and English Canada, and the Canadian immigration record are treated in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 and 4 investigate accusations that William Lyon Mackenzie King, Ernest Lapointe, Frederick Charles Blair, and Vincent Massey harboured anti-Semitic views. It is found that such charges suffer from a serious lack of evidence. Although sometimes the language used by these men in their correspondence and letters can be shocking to the modern reader, it was the colloquial language during their lives. Furthermore, their personal documents often exhibit evidence of sincere sympathy for the Jews of Europe, and frustration with Canadian popular opinion. The author concludes that collective memory of the Holocaust has affected perceptions concerning the Canadian immigration record during the period in question. Anti-immigration sentiment was strong in Canada during the Depression. Nevertheless, as the Canadian Government became increasingly aware of the persecution of Jews within the Reich, particularly following the events of Kristallnacht in November of 1938, measures were put into place to ease Jewish immigration to Canada, such as including refugees among the admissible classes of immigrants. The Canadian Government did not begin to receive information concerning the extermination of European Jewry until 1942. By this time, there was hardly anything Canada could do. Heinrich Himmler had forbidden Jewish emigration from the Reich in October of 1941, the war was in full swing by 1942, and ships carrying refugees and PoWs were not safe from U-boat attacks. From 1933 to 1945 Canada allowed 8,787 Jews into the country. However, all immigration to Canada was slowed during this time. Consequently, Jews, in actuality, represented a higher percentage of immigrants arriving in Canada, at this time, than they had from 1923 to 1932. This illustrates Canada’s doors we not closed specifically to Jewish refugees during the Depression and Second World War.

本論文企圖透過有史以來最受爭議的電影《受難記：最後的激情》（2004），探究「耶穌電影」與「反猶主義」之間的複雜關係。《受難記：最後的激情》是一部由著名演員梅爾吉伯遜所自行出資、製作與編導的典型「耶穌電影」，本片憑藉著鮮明寫實的銀幕形象與極度暴力的詮釋風格，在美國社會掀起前所未有的文化論戰與「反猶主義」爭議熱潮；儘管「耶穌類型」電影經常流露「反猶主義」傾向，唯本片卻是其中一個非常顯著而特殊的例子。 從一個基督論的分析觀點，本文企圖從本片呈現出來的銀幕形象背後，揭示本片如何大量取材具有反猶爭議的經典與非經典元素，並運用魔鬼化的敘述手法加以詮釋。此外，本文也將論析圍繞在本片製作、發行與映演過程中，所產生的宗教社群、基督教派與商業行銷延伸爭議，說明現今美國電影工業生態與保守社會氣氛如何渲染本片當中的反猶爭議。 透過《受難記：最後的激情》例證的考察，我們將會發現，由於「耶穌電影」通常不僅具有濃厚的基督宗教色彩，觸及基督宗教與猶太教的互動關係，也傳達刻板的「基督論」教義和神學，使得「耶穌電影」幾乎很難迴避「反猶主義」的指控，特別是在現今市場導向和宗教社群日益對立的情況之下。 / This dissertation proposes a discussion about the relationship between the Jesus film genre and anti-Semitism by exploring Mel Gibson’s film The Passion of the Christ (2004), which has been ranked as “the most controversial movie of all time”. The release of The Passion of the Christ has triggered an unprecedented controversy over anti-Semitism in the America. Individual and critical responses to the film have ranged from those who charge the director with pornographic violence or reviving anti-Semitism to others who found Gibson’s portrayal of Jesus to be profoundly moving and spiritually uplifting. Although Gibson claimed that The Passion of the Christ was faithful to the gospels and the gospels were faithful to history, there were still plenty of historical problems and non-biblical material, such as the stations of the cross, passion play and mysticism of the Middle Ages, seamlessly woven into the film narrative. After addressing problems inherent in The Passion of the Christ, this dissertation lies with an inquiry into the demonized narrative and anti-Semitic material behind the silver screen, viewed from a Christological perspective, and with the surrounding communal, denominational and commercial disputes which occur in the course of film production, distribution and exhibition.

Die Arbeit setzt sich mit Abwertungsmechanismen und Ressentiments auseinander. Es wird ausgeführt, was unter Vorurteilen zu verstehen ist und welche sozialpsychologischen Prozesse damit einhergehen. Weiterhin wurden exemplarisch zehn verschiedene Vorurteilsformen vorgestellt sowie das Konzept Gruppenbezogene Menschenfeindlichkeit erläutert, wonach der Kern einer ‘Ideologie der Ungleichwertigkeit‘ als allgemeine Charakteristika ursächlich hinter allen Ressentiments steht. Ein starker Fokus wurde in dieser Arbeit auf eine Erforschung möglicher Ursachen von Vorurteilen gelegt. Neben einer Reihe von Theorien über den Einfluss soziodemographischer Charakteristika, wurden die Konzepte der Relativen Deprivation, des Autoritarismus und der Anomia ausführlich behandelt. Die empirischen Auswertungen belegen, dass Autoritarismus als zentrale erklärende Variable für das Vertreten von Vorurteilen zu verstehen ist. Zusammenfassend kann ausgeführt werden, dass Menschen mit geringem Bildungsgrad und Personen, die in Ostdeutschland leben, besonders stark dazu neigen autoritäre Einstellungen zu vertreten, was nahezu deterministisch mit der Abwertung von schwachen Gruppen einhergeht.

From 1933 to 1945, thousands of European Jews attempted to gain access to Canada in order to escape Nazi oppression. This thesis examines Canada’s immigration records and policies during this period. In addition to bringing light to key issues concerning popular Canadian perceptions of Jewish immigrants and refugees in the thirties and forties, this history raises important questions about the Canadian government and ethical responsibility in a time of war; about the relationship between government policy and provincial politics; and about the position taken by Canada’s longest serving Prime Minister, William Lyon Mackenzie King, and his Cabinet. The author’s research brings attention to Irving Abella and Harold Troper’s work, None is too Many, which, since its publication in 1982, has stood as the authoritative work on the subject. A variety of important issues which are not treated in detail in this earlier monograph are examined in depth in this analysis: The prevalence of anti-Semitism in French and English Canada, and the Canadian immigration record are treated in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 and 4 investigate accusations that William Lyon Mackenzie King, Ernest Lapointe, Frederick Charles Blair, and Vincent Massey harboured anti-Semitic views. It is found that such charges suffer from a serious lack of evidence. Although sometimes the language used by these men in their correspondence and letters can be shocking to the modern reader, it was the colloquial language during their lives. Furthermore, their personal documents often exhibit evidence of sincere sympathy for the Jews of Europe, and frustration with Canadian popular opinion. The author concludes that collective memory of the Holocaust has affected perceptions concerning the Canadian immigration record during the period in question. Anti-immigration sentiment was strong in Canada during the Depression. Nevertheless, as the Canadian Government became increasingly aware of the persecution of Jews within the Reich, particularly following the events of Kristallnacht in November of 1938, measures were put into place to ease Jewish immigration to Canada, such as including refugees among the admissible classes of immigrants. The Canadian Government did not begin to receive information concerning the extermination of European Jewry until 1942. By this time, there was hardly anything Canada could do. Heinrich Himmler had forbidden Jewish emigration from the Reich in October of 1941, the war was in full swing by 1942, and ships carrying refugees and PoWs were not safe from U-boat attacks. From 1933 to 1945 Canada allowed 8,787 Jews into the country. However, all immigration to Canada was slowed during this time. Consequently, Jews, in actuality, represented a higher percentage of immigrants arriving in Canada, at this time, than they had from 1923 to 1932. This illustrates Canada’s doors we not closed specifically to Jewish refugees during the Depression and Second World War.

The enduring, mythical and antisemitic figure of Ahasuerus is central to the unraveling and reframing of post-Shoah Jewish identity in Rabinovici’s novel Suche nach M for it serves as the mythological color palette from which Rabinovici draws his characters and, to extend that metaphor, how the Jews have been immortalized in European culture. There is no escape in Suche nach M. When painting the Jew, both Jews and non-Jews can only use brush strokes of color from the Christian-created palette of the mythic, wandering Jew, Ahasuerus, who is stained in the blood of deicide, emasculated, treacherous, and evil. He is the constitutional “Other.” By deploying Urie Bronfenbrenner’s (Bio) Ecological Systems Theory, the Mythic Jew and the Ikhud (“Fusion”) Models that represent an evolving psychosocial environment combined with personal reflection, this thesis explores how Suche nach M invokes yet critiques the process of Jewish male identity formation in postwar Austria. / Graduate

This thesis addresses the controversy of Nazism as a political ideology in an ethical context, with emphasis on the role of man. The descriptive section looks at the origins and history of Nazism, its formation as a political party (NSDAP) and its main attributes. The topics of the prescriptive section are disputations the question of how Nazism stands in the context of various historical periods from antiquity to the peak period of Nazism. This section also deals with the problems of neo-Nazism. Two controversial publications of the major neo-Nazism promoters are subjected to examination and criticism. These publications and their promoters are ?My Awakening? by David Duke from the context of the world, and ?Taboos in the Social Sciences? by Petr Bakalář from the context of the Czech Republic.

La recherche porte sur les relations entre les acteurs politiques et l’art subversif et leur positionnement face à des thèmes récurrents tels l’antisémitisme, l’oubli du passé, la condition de la femme, l’écologie. Partant des théories existantes sur les rapports entre l’art engagé et le politique, il s’agit d’étudier les œuvres de quatre artistes représentatifs à la fois de l’évolution des positions politiques et des techniques nouvelles à travers l’histoire de 1945 à nos jours, dans la IIe République d’Autriche : le sculpteur Alfred Hrdlicka, le peintre et architecte Friedensreich Hundertwasser, l’actionniste viennois Günter Brus, la féministe Valie Export. Ces artistes bousculent l’ordre établi à travers leur art agressif et leurs écrits. Le but est de définir la nature et le degré de leur protestation et de déterminer dans quelle mesure ils ont participé au débat démocratique et à la modernisation de la société autrichienne ainsi qu’à la construction identitaire de l’Autriche après 1945. / The research relates to the relation between the political actors and subversive art and their respective position on dominant themes such as anti-Semitism, the denial of the Nazi past, the status of women, ecology. From existing theories on relations between engaged art and politics, it is a question of studying the works of art of four artists representative on both policy statements and newer technologies through history from 1945 up to now, in the Second Republic of Austria : the sculptor Alfred Hrdlicka, the painter and architect Friedensreich Hundertwasser, the Viennese actionist Günter Brus, the feminist Valie Export. Each one, in his own way, shakes up the established order through his aggressive art and writings. The aim is to specify the type and level of protest of these artists and to assess to what extent they have participated in the democratic debate and modernisation within Austrian society as well as in the identity building of Austria after 1945.