Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jefferson de Paula Fernandes Barbosa.pdf: 1168635 bytes, checksum: 3f177a510dfa22c0b368c4b7a34aa5b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-22 / This study had for main objective to performed a comparative analysis of the accounting measures of risk between the companies listed in Bovespa audited by Big Four and Non Big Four, and the secondary objective concentrated on the existence of accounting measures of risk that its indicate an uncertainty about the normal continuity of the businesses, and its influence to disclosure in the audit report an emphasis paragraph related such uncertainty. The interest in a study about the audit quality with focus in the capital market it has as motivation to evaluate the auditing opinion is accomplishing its role to provide credibility in financial statements. The hypotheses of this study are the following ones: (i) company audited by Big Four has lower risk when compared to the company audited by Non Big Four; and (ii) if the company audited by Big Four has higher risk probably the auditing opinion has an emphasis paragraph about the going concern. The evaluation of the quality of the auditing is a difficult task, once the only public result of the auditing work is the audit report. 236 companies listed in Bovespa in the period from 2002 to 2007 composed the study sample. The obtained results indicated that companies audited by Big Four have lower risk than companies audited by Non Big Four. However, due to the occurrence of three inconsistencies in the audit reports from Big Four, which did not report an emphasis paragraph about the going concern, the second hypothesis of this research was rejected / O estudo teve por objetivo principal proceder a uma análise comparativa das medidas contábeis de risco entre as companhias listadas na Bovespa clientes das Big Four e clientes das Non Big Four, e o objetivo secundário concentrou-se na existência de medidas contábeis de risco que indicam uma incerteza sobre a continuidade normal dos negócios, e sua influência na emissão de um parecer de auditoria com um parágrafo de ênfase sobre a referida incerteza. O interesse num estudo sobre a qualidade da auditoria com ênfase no mercado de capitais tem como motivação avaliar se o parecer de auditoria está cumprindo o seu papel de proporcionar credibilidade as demonstrações contábeis. As hipóteses deste estudo são as seguintes: (i) as companhias abertas clientes das Big Four possuem menor risco em relação aos clientes das Non Big Four ; e (ii) as companhias abertas clientes das Big Four que possuem medidas contábeis de alto risco terão um parágrafo de ênfase sobre a continuidade operacional. A avaliação da qualidade da auditoria é uma tarefa difícil, uma vez que o único resultado observável do trabalho de auditoria é o parecer. A amostra utilizada foi composta por 236 empresas de capital aberto listadas na Bovespa no período de 2002 a 2007. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que companhias abertas que são clientes das Big Four possuem um risco menor em relação às companhias abertas que são clientes das Non Big Four. No entanto, devido à ocorrência de três inconsistências nos pareceres de auditoria de companhias abertas de clientes das Big Four, pela omissão dos parágrafos de ênfase sobre a continuidade normal dos negócios, a segunda hipótese desta pesquisa foi rejeitada

Bakgrund: År 2016 infördes lagen om tidsbestämd obligatorisk byrårotation för företag av allmänt intresse in i svensk lagstiftning. Definitionen "företag av allmänt intresse" innefattar börsnoterade företag och vissa finansiella företag. Regeln om obligatorisk byrårotation ingick i EU:s så kallade revisionspaket. Tanken med EU:s revisionspaket var att förbättra revisionskvaliteten och stärka reviorns oberoende för medlemsländerna. Det fanns även ett behov av att stärka förtroendet för revisionen efter alla revisionsskandaler som inträffat. Tidigare forskning anser att det finns både för- och nackdelar med obligatorisk byrårotation. Vissa forskare menar att revisionskvaliteten ökar av obligatorisk byrårotation medan andra menar att revisionskvaliteten minskar. Således är det intressant att studera vilken påverkan obligatorisk byrårotation har på revisionskvaliteten samt revisionens legitimitet. Problemformulering: Hur påverkas revisionskvaliteten och revisionens legitimitet av obligatorisk byrårotation? Syfte: Syftet med studien är att utifrån ett revisorsperspektiv undersöka hur obligatorisk byrårotation påverkar revisionskvaliteten samt allmänhetens förtroende för revisionen. Studien syftar således till att skapa en ökad förståelse kring hur revisionskvaliteten och revisionens legitimitet påverkas av obligatorisk byrårotation. Metod: Studiens tillvägagångssätt var kvalitativt och datainsamlingen bestod av sex stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer. Alla informanter har revisorsbakgrund. Resultat och slutsats: Studien visar att obligatorisk byrårotation har en övervägande positiv påverkan på såväl revisionskvaliteten som revisionens legitimitet. Detta gäller för både börsnoterade företag och finansiella företag. Obligatorisk byrårotation motverkar långvariga relationer mellan revisor och klient. Samtidigt går kunskap om ett företag förlorad när det genomförs en byrårotation. / Backgrounds: In 2016, mandatory audit firm rotation was confirmed as a new law for public interest entities into Swedish legislation. The definition of "public interest entities" include listed companies and certain financial undertakings. The mandatory audit firm rotation rule was included in the EU audit package. The idea with the audit package was to improve the audit quality and increase the auditor independence for the member states of EU. There was also a need to improve the legitimacy confidence in the audit after all the scandals that occurred. Previous research finds that there are both advantages and disadvantages with mandatory audit firm rotation. Some research shows that the audit quality increase by mandatory audit firm rotation, while some shows that the audit quality decrease. Thus, it is interesting to study the impact of mandatory audit firm rotation on audit quality and audit legitimacy. Questions: How does the audit quality and the audit legitimacy affect by mandatory audit firm rotation? Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate, form an auditor's perspective, how mandatory audit firm rotation affects audit quality and public confidence in the audit. The study thus aims to create an increased understanding about how audit quality and audit legitimacy are affected by mandatory audit firm rotation. Method: The study's approach was qualitative and the data was collected by six semi-structured interviews. All informants have background in the audit profession. Result and conclusion: The study shows that mandatory auditor rotation has a predominantly positive impact at the quality of the audit and the audit legitimacy. This applies to both financial undertakings and listed companies. Mandatory auditor rotation decreases the risk of counteracts long-standing relationships between the auditor and tha client. At the same time, knowledge of a company is lost when an audit firm rotation is implemented.

Chen et al.(2010)以中國審計市場為調查對象，研究會計師對簽證客戶的經濟依存度(以資產衡量)對審計品質的影響。他們發現在2001年以前經濟依存度會傷害審計品質；然而在2001年至2004年間，因中國法律規範的改善，而未發現經濟依存度的負面影響。基於近年中國資本市場的長足發展且審計公費成為公眾可取得之資訊，本文延伸他們的研究樣本期間(至2008年)並以實際的審計公費計算經濟依存度。實證結果發現，無論以整體事務所或合夥會計師來計算經濟依存度，Chen et al.(2010)的結論並未改變。 / Chen et al.(2010) examine how the legal and regulatory changes in China affect the relationship between client economic importance (measured by assets audited by audit firm ) and audit quality. They find that audit quality is negatively correlated with client importance from 1995 to 2000. Therefore, when the institutional environment became more investor friendly, started from 2001 to 2004, they do not find that audit quality negatively correlated with client importance anymore. Following Chen et al.(2010), this study extends the sample period to 2008 and I use ratio of client’s total audit fees to audit firm’s total revenue as proxies for client importance to examines whether the client importance affect audit quality in china. Based on the data for firms listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges from 2004 to 2008, I do not find that audit partners compromise independence for economically important clients, no matter at the firm or the partner level.

<p>Auditing is common in many organizations and a legal requirement for all limited liability companies in Sweden (ABL 9:1). In directives from the government it is clearly stated that small firms will be exempted from the statutory audit requirement. In light of this forthcoming change in regulations, this thesis is used to analyze which factors are associated with a demand for auditing. Analysis in this thesis is based on a national survey including 900 Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). Around 2/3 of respondent’s (CEO or CFO) state that the firm will choose to have audited accounts even in the absence of such a legal requirement. Based on responses from 421 firms, logistic regression results indicated that firms purchasing advisory services from an audit firm will choose to have their accounts audited to a higher extent than those firms not receiving advisory services. This finding, not identified in prior studies, is linked to advisory services being of higher quality when the audit firm also performs audit work. The demand for auditing is further positively associated with firm size, use of a Big 4 audit firm and firms located in the county of Småland. From these findings it follows that the traditional view of auditing as merely a control mechanism needs to be complemented by consideration of aspects of the internal value of auditing.</p><p>The approaches of SME’s when engaging an audit firm for different types of advisory services is examined in this study based upon survey data. It is shown that the majority of advisory services provided are related to core competencies of an auditor such as tax, accounting and law. Logistic regression results show a positive association between firms purchasing advisory services and the length of the relationship with the provider as well as with the respondent’s perception of the audit quality. The latter association further confirms the close connection between audit and advisory services. It should be noted that when an audit firm recommends advisory services their use is significantly higher. There is also support for the demand for advisory services being positively related to firms that are corporate subsidiaries and located in Småland and Norrland, but negatively associated with the respondent’s level of education. It follows that factors related to demand for advisory services on an aggregate level could be categorized as being dependent on firm characteristics, audit firm characteristics and the relationship between the parties.</p><p>Provision of non-audit services (NAS), such as different types of advisory services, to audit clients and the potential consequences for auditor independence and audit quality have been discussed in public debates and research as well as being subject of regulation. OLS regression results show that reporting quality is higher when the audit firm provides advisory services as well as preparing accounts. These findings hold for both discretionary accruals and a respondent’s perception of reporting quality. The provision of NAS improves the reporting quality due to better knowledge of the client and its operations. From the perspective of reporting quality this finding implies that there is no necessity to further restrict the possibility for an audit firm to provide advisory services as well as preparing accounts for audit clients.</p>

本研究探討中國國務院國有資產監督管理委員會(國資委)，實施統一委託審計之規範對於中央國有企業審計品質及審計公費的影響。國資委於2004年發布有關統一委託審計的規定，要求中央國有企業的年度財務決算審計須由國資委統一委託會計師事務所進行，並規定會計師事務所的審計年限必須介於2~5年之間，本研究欲探討此規定對中央國有企業審計品質及審計公費的影響。具體而言，本研究以異常應計數作為審計品質的代理變數，並使用差異中的差異法檢驗統一委託審計的影響，研究樣本為2001~2009年中國滬深A股上市公司。實證結果顯示，就審計品質而言，實施統一委託審計後中央國有企業的審計品質有提升，但其中會計師事務所的審計年限規定並未對審計品質造成明顯影響；就審計公費而言，實施統一委託審計後中央國有企業的審計公費下降，且在市場發展程度愈低的地區效果愈明顯。 / This paper examines the effect of regulations on audit quality and audit fees in China. China’s State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (SASAC) issued some rules in 2004 to improve audit quality for state-owned enterprises controlled by the central government (CSOEs), such as SASAC Order No. 5 and SASAC Rule No. 173. Under these rules, SASAC mandatorily assign auditors for CSOEs, and CSOEs’ managers have to retain auditors for at least 2 years and at most 5 years. This paper investigates listed companies in Shenzhen and Shanghai Stock Exchange from 2001 to 2009, and uses abnormal accruals as proxy for audit quality and a difference-in-differences design to examine the effect of these rules on audit quality and audit fees. The empirical results suggest that after the enactment of these rules, the audit quality for CSOEs relative to other companies improves and the audit fees for CSOEs relative to other companies reduce.

This study examines whether there is an association between the length of the client-auditor relationship and audit quality, using absolute unexpected accruals estimated by industry as a measure of audit quality based on a modified Jones model. The study is motivated by the proposal on mandatory audit firm rotation for publicly traded companies from the European Commission, which is based on the notion that longer auditor firm tenure creates a familiarity threat which reduces the audit quality. Both the relation between audit quality and auditor partner tenure and audit firm tenure is examined in this study, using multivariate regression controlling for auditor type (Big 4 versus non-Big 4), signing auditors (one versus two auditors), firm size, profitability, leverage and age. There is a significant negative relationship between audit quality and audit partner tenure when only companies employing Big 4 is tested, which indicate that auditors constrain managements extreme accounting measures with longer tenure. The results provide no significant evidence of an increase in the absolute unexpected accruals with audit firm tenure, when only Big 4 companies are tested. The results also overall suggest that the audit quality is lower for shorter tenure relative to longer tenure, which is consistent with previous studies. The results of this study therefore implies that under the current regime with no obligation of firm rotation, longer audit tenure is on average associated with auditors in greater extent constraining managements extreme accounting choices. The results therefore do not support the call for mandatory rotation. However, the majority of the regression results were not statistically significant, which limits the possibility to apply these results to a population outside the scope of this study. / Revisorers oberoende i förhållande till sina klienter har under de senaste åren med anledning av finanskrisen samt de omtalade revisionsskandalerna medfört diskussioner om huruvida den befintliga lagstiftningen som reglerar revisorers arbete är tillräcklig. Det har även diskuterats om det behöver vidtas ytterligare åtgärder för att säkerställa revisorernas oberoende. Som ett led att stärka revisorernas oberoende har Europeiska Kommissionen lagt på förslag att införa obligatorisk byrårotation för publika bolag. Det har redan införts obligatorisk revisorsrotation. Dock anser emellertid kommissionen att detta inte är tillräckligt, då långa revisionsbyråuppdrag kan vara skadliga för oberoendet på grund av att det med tiden kan skapas en vänskaplig relation mellan revisionsbyrån och klienten. Majoriteten av tidigare forskning på området har emellertid inte funnit stöd för att varken långa partneruppdrag eller byråuppdrag skulle vara skadliga för revisionskvaliteten som omfattar revisorers oberoende. I studien undersöks således huruvida det finns ett samband mellan längden på revisionsuppdraget och revisionskvaliteten. Studiens syfte är därmed att undersöka om längden på partneruppdraget och byråuppdraget påverkar revisionskvaliteten. Utifrån studiens resultat syftar studien även till att kommentera rimligheten i Europeiska Kommissionens förslag på införandet av obligatorisk byrårotation. Studien utgår ifrån ett intressentperspektiv, eftersom det i slutändan är intressenter såsom aktieägare, investerare, långivare, anställda, kunder och staten som drabbas av de negativa konsekvenserna av att revisorer inte är oberoende i sin granskning, då tillförlitligheten till årsredovisningarna minskar.    De teoretiska utgångspunkterna baseras på tidigare forskning inom revision och företagsekonomi. I studien tillämpas teorier och tidigare forskningsresultat som främst gäller revisionskvalitet, vinstmanipulering och längden på partner- samt byråuppdraget i syfte att beskriva den befintliga forskningen som vid tiden för studien behandlar ämnet. En kvantitativ metod med ett deduktivt angreppssätt efter den positivistiska synssättet har använts för att på bästa möjliga sätt undersöka studiens uppställda problem och syfte. Urvalet består av publika bolag börsnoterade på NASDAQ OMX Nordics Large, Mid och Small Cap listor. I linje med tidigare studier används oväntade periodiseringar beräknad utifrån branschtillhörighet som mått på revisionskvalitet.    Resultaten visar att partnerlängden är signifikant negativt associerad med de absoluta oväntade periodiseringarna när endast företag reviderade av Big 4 studeras, vilket indikerar att revisorer begränsar företagsledningens möjlighet att genomföra extrema redovisningsbeslut i takt med att längden på partneruppdraget ökar. Resultaten ger inget stöd för att långa byråuppdrag påverkar revisionskvaliteten negativt, detta då inga signifikanta samband observerades. Studiens resultat visar även att korta revisionsuppdrag överlag har högre oväntade periodiseringar i förhållande till längre uppdrag. Studien ger således inget stöd för införandet av obligatorisk byrårotation.

Slopandet av revisionsplikten har lett till att små bolag står mellan valet att anlita revisor eller inte. Studiens syfte har varit att utforska hur den upplevda nyttan med revision påverkar valet att anlita revisor eller inte för etablerade och nyetablerade bolag. Undersökningen genomfördes genom en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod vars syfte var att få en djupgående förståelse för vilka faktorer som påverkar valet att anlita eller inte anlita en revisor i etablerade samt nyetablerade bolag.  Genom intervjuer har studien undersökt vilka faktorer ägarna i både etablerade och nyetablerade anser påverkar valet att anlita revisor. Studiens teoretiska referensram är baserad på agentteorin, legitimitetsteorin, institutionellateorin samt intressentteorin. Referensramen ligger sedan till grund för insamlingen av empiri och genomförande av analysen. Den upplevda revisionsnyttan kunde analyseras genom att vi identifierade olika faktorer som anses påverka valet av att anlita revisor. Enligt studien kan vi inte påvisa någon åtskillnad angående revisionens upplevda nytta mellan etablerade och nyetablerade bolag. Studien visar indikationer på att faktorer som kunskapstillförsel, förbättring, försäkring, tradition, trygghet och legitimitet förklarar vad ägarna anser vara nyttan med revision. Vidare är dessa faktorer bidragande orsaker till att etablerade och nyetablerade bolag väljer att anlita en revisor. / The removal of the auditor requirement has led to the fact that a small company stands between hiring an auditor or not. The purpose of the study was to explore how the perceived usefulness of auditing affects the choice of hiring an auditor or not, for established and new established companies. The survey was conducted through a qualitative research method whose purpose was to gain an in-depth understanding of the factors that influence the above mentioned choice regarding established and new established companies. Through interviews, the study examined the factors the owners in both established and new established companies consider to affect the choice to hire auditor. The theoretical framework is based on agent theory, legitimacy theory, institutional theory and stakeholder theory. The framework is the basis for the collection of empirical data and the analysis. The perceived usefulness of hiring an auditor could be analyzed in that we identified various factors considered to influence the choice of hiring an auditor. According to the study, we can not show any distinction regarding auditing perceived benefit between established and newly established companies. The study shows indications that factors such as the supply of knowledge, improvement, insurance, tradition, security and legitimacy explains what the owners consider to be the benefits of auditing. Furthermore, these factors are contributing causes in why established and newly established companies choose to hire an auditor.

Different scandals around the globe during the past, in specific during the last decade, have intrigued the stakeholders to question the roles of both auditors and management. But most of the fingers since then have been raised on the role of auditors, because it is the auditors who are entrusted with the responsibility to detect any errors or frauds in the financial reports of the client-firm. Apart from this, the long-term auditor client relationship has been the center of attention in most of the discussions and debates as well. Numerous studies have been conducted by the academic researchers, financial and professional analysts, regulatory authorities and governing bodies, and in some cases by the auditors and the firms as well regarding the effects of long-term auditor-client relationship on audit quality, equity risk premium, financial reports quality, audit pricing etc. These studies provide us with different results, both with the positive and negative associations and effects of long-term auditor-client relationship on the basis of different factors and contexts. For long, auditing has been discussed in different studies and research areas but mostly in association with publicly listed companies. Less attention has been paid to the relationship of auditors and clients as far as clients in SMEs are concerned. In any country around the globe, SMEs are of major contribution in terms of backing the economy, giving it both the boost and the stability, as they collectively form the major chunk of the economy. If we specify our study to the SMEs in Sweden, then 99% of the enterprises in Sweden represent the SME sector; in addition they employ around 60% of the manpower. Based on these facts, and due to less attention given to auditor-client relationship in terms of SMEs, instead of; we have directed our concerns towards the study of effects of auditor-client relationship on audit quality in SMEs in this particular research study. In this study, we have opted for qualitative research with semi-structured interviews to be used as the tool for data collection. Interviews were conducted with two different groups of interviewees, one group representing the auditors and the other group representing the client-firms (SMEs). A total of seven interviews were conducted in order to strengthen and validate the results for our research question. Due to the limitations of this study, mostly in terms of cost and time, samples were selected from Umeå, Sweden. The data interview structure, data analysis and discussion, and conclusions were all made based on existing theories summarized in the theoretical review of this study. The results of this study suggests that (1) long-term audit tenure is beneficial for the audit quality if certain risk factors like risk of auditor independence and risk of developing complacency are controlled; and (2) factors such as NAS, industry specialization, knowledge and experience of the auditor, internal control in the client-firm, professional ethics, proper audit plan, providence of unbiased information by the client, and appointment of the auditor by the client-firm itself enhances the audit quality.

Auditing is common in many organizations and a legal requirement for all limited liability companies in Sweden (ABL 9:1). In directives from the government it is clearly stated that small firms will be exempted from the statutory audit requirement. In light of this forthcoming change in regulations, this thesis is used to analyze which factors are associated with a demand for auditing. Analysis in this thesis is based on a national survey including 900 Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). Around 2/3 of respondent’s (CEO or CFO) state that the firm will choose to have audited accounts even in the absence of such a legal requirement. Based on responses from 421 firms, logistic regression results indicated that firms purchasing advisory services from an audit firm will choose to have their accounts audited to a higher extent than those firms not receiving advisory services. This finding, not identified in prior studies, is linked to advisory services being of higher quality when the audit firm also performs audit work. The demand for auditing is further positively associated with firm size, use of a Big 4 audit firm and firms located in the county of Småland. From these findings it follows that the traditional view of auditing as merely a control mechanism needs to be complemented by consideration of aspects of the internal value of auditing. The approaches of SME’s when engaging an audit firm for different types of advisory services is examined in this study based upon survey data. It is shown that the majority of advisory services provided are related to core competencies of an auditor such as tax, accounting and law. Logistic regression results show a positive association between firms purchasing advisory services and the length of the relationship with the provider as well as with the respondent’s perception of the audit quality. The latter association further confirms the close connection between audit and advisory services. It should be noted that when an audit firm recommends advisory services their use is significantly higher. There is also support for the demand for advisory services being positively related to firms that are corporate subsidiaries and located in Småland and Norrland, but negatively associated with the respondent’s level of education. It follows that factors related to demand for advisory services on an aggregate level could be categorized as being dependent on firm characteristics, audit firm characteristics and the relationship between the parties. Provision of non-audit services (NAS), such as different types of advisory services, to audit clients and the potential consequences for auditor independence and audit quality have been discussed in public debates and research as well as being subject of regulation. OLS regression results show that reporting quality is higher when the audit firm provides advisory services as well as preparing accounts. These findings hold for both discretionary accruals and a respondent’s perception of reporting quality. The provision of NAS improves the reporting quality due to better knowledge of the client and its operations. From the perspective of reporting quality this finding implies that there is no necessity to further restrict the possibility for an audit firm to provide advisory services as well as preparing accounts for audit clients.

The faith in financial reporting quality and the corresponding auditing process has suffered a lot within the last decade, due to significant accounting scandals (e.g. Enron, WorldCom, Parmalat, etc.). As an answer to these accounting scandals, the law-makers in Germany and the European Union, respectively, have strengthened audit regulations in order to improve the quality of the conducted audits. The aim of this cumulative dissertation is to provide empirical evidence on the effects of intended and already implemented regulative audit requirements in Germany. ln order to consider the wide range of different audit requirements, the dissertation is based on four different study manuscripts, highlighting various perspectives with regard to the appointment, duration, and remuneration of a statutory auditor in the German audit environment. Besides the empirical evidence for separate auditing issues, this dissertation is also aimed to provide a solid theoretical background and critical suggestions for future research.