The aim of diploma thesis titled The Building Act and the protection of archeological heritage is the introduction of preservation of archeological sites related to contemporary building boom. Sources of law devoted to this topic are primarily the Building Act which regulates town and country planning as the instrument of preventive protection of archeological heritage and secondly the Preservation of Monuments Act that enshrines rights and duties of builders concerning to their activities due to the protection of archeological sites. Keywords Archeological heritage, Building Act, Preservation of Monuments Act, Town and country planning, Civic engineering

2009/2010 infördes i Miljöbalken och Plan- och Bygglagen ett nytt begrepp, landsbygdsutveckling i strandnära lägen (LIS). Lagändringen genomfördes med motiveringen att områden med låg exploateringsgrad samt god tillgång till stränder skulle få en möjlighet till lättnader i strandskyddet, detta för att kunna erbjuda attraktiva lägen för boende och verksamhet inom kommunen. Sedan denna ändring infördes har kommunerna huvudansvaret för att pröva dispenser för strandskydd inom kommunen, Länsstyrelsen har huvudsakligen en granskande roll. När lagändringen 2009/2010 kom infördes det i Plan- och Bygglagen en möjlighet för kommunerna att sedan 1 februari 2010 peka ut LIS-områden inom kommunen i sin översiktsplan, tematiskt tillägg till översiktsplanen eller i en fördjupad översiktsplan. Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra och kartlägga hur 44 kommuner runtom i landet använder sig av LIS. Studien syftar även till att kartlägga hur olika Länsstyrelser i olika län runtom i landet arbetar tillsammans med kommunerna i frågan om LIS. Studiens första del är kvantitativ för att sammanställa den statistik som ligger till grund för studiens resultat. Studien innehåller även en kvalitativ del som syftar till att analysera den statistik som framställts inom studien. Studien mynnar ut i slutsatsen att kommunerna och Länsstyrelsen har olika syn på LIS i helhet, vilket syns genom de synpunkter som Länsstyrelsen lämnar till kommunen via sitt granskningsyttrande. Ett mönster för vilka synpunkter som är vanligast att Länsstyrelsen lämnar har uppmärksammats inom studien. De vanligaste synpunkterna från Länsstyrelsen är att kommunerna inte tillgodosett syftet med LIS, syftet med strandskyddet samt ett eller flera riksintressen som påverkar tillämpningen av LIS. Studien visar att kommunerna följer den lagstiftning som reglerar var LIS-områden får pekas ut. Studiens fördjupande del visar att kommuner med olika politisk styrning arbetar med LIS på varierande sätt. De huvudsakliga skillnaderna i hantering av LIS-områden beroende av politisk styrning är antalet områden som pekas ut. Den politiska styrningen inom en kommun har större inverkan på utpekande av antalet LIS-områden än kommunens geografiska läge i Sverige, enligt den fördjupande delen i studiens resultat. / 2009/2010 a new concept was brought into Environmental code and Planning and Building Act, which was countryside development in areas close to shores (LIS). This amendment was motivated by that areas which have a low degree of exploited land area and high access to seaside areas would get an opportunity to reliefs in coastal protection regulations, in order to be able to offer attractive areas for living and establishing different activities within the municipality. Since the amendment came into force the main responsibility for approval of exceptions from costal protection regulations is on the county. The county administrative board main responsibility is to keep an eye on the granted approvals of the municipalities. The amendments in the Planning and Building Act resulted in the possibility for the municipalities to present areas in with a relief in coastal protection regulations, as a part of the comprehensive plan, an addition to the comprehensive plan or an extensive version for a part of the comprehensive plan. The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare how the legislation about LIS is applied, by studying 44 municipalities including the documents of comments from the county administrative board. The first part of the study is the quantitative part which contains collecting and compile information and statistics in which the study will be founded. The study also contains a qualitative part of analyzing the results obtained in the quantitative part. Overall the study shows that there is a disagreement between the municipalities and the county administrative board regarding costal protection regulation. The conclusion is based on the results from the study presenting the comments from the county administrative board to the municipalities during the final examine before the comprehensive plan is adopted by the municipal council. The results in the study show a pattern in the most frequent comments from the county administrative board compiled. The most common comment from the county administrative board is that the municipality has not fulfilled the purpose of the legislation about LIS. Furthermore, the municipality has not considered national interests in the municipal areas meant for LIS. The study shows that different political ideology has an influence on the execution of the legislation about LIS in municipalities. The results in the study show that the political ideology has an impact on the numbers of areas which the municipalities present as LIS. As a matter of fact, the impact of political ideology is greater than the impact of geographical similarities between two municipalities, according to the results in the study.

The National Board of Housing, Building and Planning have been conducting housing needs assessments since 1995 (Boverket 2015). The latest assessment was conducted in 2015 and showed that 71,000 homes will need to be built annually by 2020. To be able to contribute to building more homes, Willhem AB is carrying out a project called ”Så bygger vi för alla”. As part of the work, this thesis will examine the building rules and how they can contribute to innovation. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate which rules, laws and norms we have to keep to in Sweden regarding housing construction. The aim of the work is to investigate whether the regulatory framework can create creativity amongst the players in the market. This thesis is limited to examining which laws, government policies and eventual municipal requirements that exist in Sweden. Therefore, industry rules, such as the AMA, and contracting regulations, such as AB and ABT, will not be taken into consideration. The survey is also limited to newly built multifamily houses only. Finally, the reference objects that are studied in the thesis will be in Sweden and be limited to being either construction-technical or plan-based innovative and have been recently executed. This thesis is based on the existing regulations and theories from previous studies. The data collected for this survey will be studied from a qualitative point of view. The survey aims to investigate a number of reference objects more thoroughly and conduct interviews with key people involved in the project, which means a qualitative approach is best suited. In 1987, Sweden received a new building legislation according to Örnhall (2017), which has resulted in a transition from specification requirements to functional requirements in order to increase the liberty in housing production. However, according to Örnhall (2017 the new legislation has contributed to a wider picture of the regulatory framework. The National Board of Housing, Building and Planning is the authority that has the overall responsibility for community planning, urban development, construction and housing (Nordstrand 2008). The most important laws and government policies that the social planning sector primarily have to obey are the Planning and Building Act (PBL), the Planning and Building Regulation (PBF) as well as and the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning (BBR) (Örnhall, Swedish Construction Service 2017a). The Planning and Building Act (SFS 2010:900), PBL, regulates the planning for land and water whilst the responsibility for maintaining the regulations lies with the municipalities. The purpose of PBL is to promote social development for long-term, equal, social and environmental sustainable development for today’s society and future generations (SFS 2010: 900). When creating new homes, special consideration should be given to long term use of the home (Boverket 2016). At the interview stage, six areas emerged that were considered to be particularly problematic or interesting for the development of innovative and cheap housing. These areas were; accessibility, municipal requirements, rules, advice and interpretations, energy, innovation and development, and the ability to build for everyone. I perceived the accessibility aspect as very complex. Several interviewees argue that the accessibility requirements entail an increased cost for new builds, in one case it was even expressed that today’s availability requirements means the housing becomes less accessible to a larger group. The rules for creating an inclusive society also emerged at the interview stage while another recurring opinion is the renewal of the legislation. Several interviewees stated that they consider the regulations to be outdated and need to be updated according to today’s society. Based on this, I found The National Board of Housing, Building and Planning requirements contradictory whilst providing support for innovation, many requirements inhibits the development of housing. Therefore, extensive research should be carried out on how people in Sweden want to live today; thereafter the regulations can be updated according to today’s needs. In one way or another, all reference objects have been at the forefront when it comes to housing development. A common factor for the various reference objects is that a major problem was identified in all projects, which led to a product or solution being developed. They show that there is not one solution to the problem, but that different solutions can be found to achieve the same goal: better housing for more people.

The purpose of my thesis is to analyze the legal regulation of the public law contract on realization of the structure, which can be concluded under the Section 116 of the Building Act with the approval of the respective authorities between the building office and the developer and the summary building permit proceedings under the Section 117 of the Building Act, which consists in a concluded contract on making a check of the design documentation for the structure between the developer and an authorized inspector. The main aim of the reform of public administration is among others to democratize and more privatize the building permit proceeding and create the alternatives to the classical building permit proceeding. These alternatives are above mentioned the public law contract on realization of the structure and the summary building permit proceedings. The both institutes are capable to replace the building permit. The other purpose of my thesis is to point out shortcomings in the current legislation in connection with the proposed amendment to the Building Act. The thesis is composed of two extensive chapters, each of them dealing with different alternatives to the classical building proceeding. Chapter One deals with the public law contract on realization of the structure and with the connected...

Umeå University, Sweden, 2013 Title: Mindre avvikelse från detaljplan - Kartläggning och undersökning av tillåtna mindre avvikelser från detaljplan i Umeå kommun år 2012 English title: Minor deviation from local plan – Survey and analysis of allowed minor deviations from local plan in the municipality of Umeå, Sweden year 2012 Author: Elise Ljung Language: Swedish, with an English abstract Department: Department of Geography and Economic History   The aim with this essay is to analyse the frequency of minor deviations from the local plans in the municipality of Umeå year 2012. The analysis includes what kind of building arrangements that are deviating from the local plan, in what way these buildings are deviating, what kind of buildings that are concerned of deviations and what kind of applicants that apply for building permits that are deviating from the local plan. The provisions that are concerning minor deviations are presented in the results. The analyse is also investigating why deviations are made from the social plans and how the spatial distribution of minor deviations are in the municipality of Umeå and the urban areas of Umeå.   The survey is made from datasets provided by the office of building permits in the municipality of Umeå. The data has been encoded and categorised into four main categories; Type of applicant, type of building, type of building arrangement and type of deviation from local plan. The mapping of data has been made using the property map provided by the Ordnance Survey of the municipality of Umeå.   According to the survey extensions of buildings applied for by private housing owners are the most common minor deviations that are allowed and the deviation from the plan are placement of the extension part. The minor deviations are not a spatial phenomenon in the municipality of Umeå. The occurrence of minor deviations is evenly distributed in the municipality and in the urban areas as well. Provisions of the Planning -and Building act says that a minor deviation from the local plan can be made under conditions that the deviation is small and do not contradicts against the aim of the local plan.

Det har nu gått 5 år sedan den nya plan- och bygglagen trädde i kraft, där bland annat det obligatoriska arbetsplatsbesöket infördes. Införandet grundade sig i att myndigheterna tidigare inte hade så bra insyn i byggnationerna runt om i landet. För att öka myndigheternas insyn infördes obligatoriska arbetsplatsbesök. Vid ett arbetsplatsbesök som utförs av en handläggare som representerar byggnadsnämnden är den kontrollansvarige och oftast en byggherre närvarande. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka kontrollansvarigas och byggherrars tankar om kvalitéten på arbetsplatsbesöken motsvarar plan- och bygglagskommitténs intention till att införa obligatoriska arbetsplatsbesök. Detta har gjorts genom intervjuer med kontrollansvariga och byggherrar i två olika kommuner. Intervjuerna visar att införandet av det obligatoriska arbetsplatsbesöket upplevs positivt men det finns fortfarande förbättringspotential. En av utvecklingspotentialerna handlar främst om brist på erfarenhet hos de yngre handläggarna. Det har även framkommit att det råder brist på resurser för att kunna utföra arbetsplatsbesöken i den omfattning som önskas. Det framkommer också att den nya plan- och bygglagen lämnar ett stort utrymme för egen tolkning av lagen, vilket har lett till att det är svårt att avgöra om ett arbetsplatsbesök har utförts på ett korrekt sätt. / It has now been five years since the new Planning and Building Act (Plan- och bygglagen) came into force, in which the mandatory workplace visit was introduced. The introduction was based in that the authorities had not previously had such a good insight into the construction work around the country. To increase transparency, the authorities introduced mandatory workplace visits. At a workplace visit conducted by an officer who represents the building committee is the control manager, and usually a developer present. The purpose of this essay is to examine the control manager´s and developer´s thoughts on the quality of workplace visits corresponds to the Planning and Building Committee's intention to introduce mandatory workplace visits. This has been done through interviews with control managers and developers in two different municipalities. The interviews show that the introduction of the mandatory workplace visit is perceived positively but there is still potential for improvement. One of the development potential is mainly about the lack of experience of the younger officers. It has also emerged that there is a lack of resources to carry out workplace visits, to the extent desired. It also emerged that the new Planning and Building Act (Plan- och bygglagen) leaves a lot of room for your own interpretation of the law, which has led to difficulties to determine whether a workplace visit has been carried out correctly.

The diploma thesis describes theoretical issues of land-use planning with applicable legislation, analyzes the current state of land-use planning documentation, evaluates development goals of village and proposes practical solution to their inclusion to the land-use plan.

My point in this essay has been to look beyond the regulations governing urban develop-ment - this by focusing on how the laws are interpreted and translated into physical action. Is there room for a more effective organization of urban development? By studying how Nacka municipality in Stockholm County has organized its urban con-struction process has three distinct areas with scope for efficiency improvements been identified. The political role in urban development  Increased public dialogue at an early stage in urban development process.  Focus political control towards this vision, the early stages and conceptual planning of urban construction.  Reduce the number of political detail decisions during the planning process. Purify the division of responsibility between management and policy. Urban planning as a process  City development is a process, with several stages. This should be reflected in the planning organization and management.  The vision phase before the formal planning process begins and management stage after the implementation stage ends should be more closely integrated into the ur-ban planning process. Knowledge management in urban development  Ensure that the right conditions are organizationally for a structured experience- reversal work - regarding quality and IT support, resources, incentives, and under-standing of the importance of the individual to the whole. / Min utgångspunkt i denna uppsats har varit att titta bortom regelverken som styr stadsbyg-gandet - detta genom att fokusera på hur lagarna tolkas och omsätts till fysisk handling. Finns det utrymme för en effektivare organisation av stadsbyggandet och dess ingående processer? Genom att studera hur framförallt Nacka kommun har organiserat sin stadsbyggnadspro-cess har tre avgränsade områden med utrymme för effektivisering kunnat utpekas. Den politiska rollen i stadsbyggandet  Ökad medborgardialog i tidiga skeden i stadsbyggandet.  Fokusera den politiska styrningen mot visionen, tidiga skeden och översiktliga pla-nering av stadsbyggandet.  Minska antalet politiska detaljbeslut under planprocessen. Renodla ansvarsfördel-ningen mellan förvaltning och politiken. Stadsbyggandet som en process  Stadsbyggandet är en process, med flera ingående skeden. Detta bör speglas i stadsbyggandes organisation och styrning.  Idéskedet innan den formella planprocessen börjar och förvaltningsskedet efter ge-nomförandeskedets slut, bör i större utsträckning integreras i stadsbyggnadsproces-sen. Erfarenhetsåterföring i stadsbyggandet  Säkerställ att rätt förutsättningar finns organisatoriskt för ett strukturerat erfaren-hetsåterföringsarbete – gällande kvalitets- och IT-stöd, resurser, incitament och för-ståelse av individens betydelse för helheten.

Purpose: The purpose of this work is to identify shortcomings and challenges that occur within the building permit process and then present concrete improvement proposals to streamline the building permit process in Växjö municipality. Method: To identify the shortcomings in the building permit process, several methods have been used such as a literature study, a case study and document analysis. The case study was covered by four interviews with administrators who work in the building permit department in Växjö municipality to get a glimpse of how the building permit process works, what shortcomings the administrators have experienced with the process and how the process is managed. In addition, a document analysis of internal and publicly published documents has taken place to skew a picture of the way of working in the department as well as the routines of the department. Results: Results show how Växjö municipality nowadays works around the building permit process and how applications are handled. Administrators in the municipality use a program called Castor to perform procedures in the OneNote Program.  Furthermore, the shortcomings experienced by the administrators with this routine are also presented. The e-service for the application for a building permit worked for private individuals but was complicated for organizations. The building permit website needs more specific information regarding guidance for the preparation of documents as well as information on which documents must be submitted in connection with the application. Finally, in the results section, several improvement proposals on how the building permit process can be made more streamlined were presented. For example, by updating the website to expand the knowledge of a private applicant, by developing the e-service and by expanding the competence supply of administrators. in addition, municipality’s opinion in implementing the proposed measures is discussed. Conclusions: The conclusion of this work is that implementing the measures can indeed help to resolve existing short comes, thereby streamlining the building permit process. For the building permit process to be more efficient for both administrators and applicants, an implementation of measures can be made. Administrators can increase their skills supply and learn the existing digital tools as well as expand learning in IT. Furthermore, updates to the municipal website can be made to expand applicant knowledge in applications for building permits. / Detta examenarbete grundar sig i problematiken omkring en effektiv handläggning av bygglovsprocessen. Med hjälp av en ökad effektivisering kan bygglovsprocessen bli mer lätthanterad för handläggare samt bidra till snabbare bygglovsprocess. Syftet med detta arbete är att studera bygglovsprocessen i Växjö kommun för att identifiera brister och utmaningar samt föreslå konkreta förbättringsförslag för att effektivisera denna process. Fyra intervjuer med handläggare som jobbar i bygglovsavdelning i Växjö kommun genomfördes för att få en bild av hur bygglovsprocessen fungerar, vilka brister handläggarna har upplevt med processen samt hur processen hanteras. Det har även genomförts en dokumentanalys av interna och allmänt publicerade dokument för att få ytterligare insikter av arbetssättet och rutinerna på avdelningen. Resultat visar hur Växjö kommun för närvarande arbetar kring bygglovsprocessen och hur ansökningar hanteras. Handläggare i kommunen använder sig av ett program som heter Castor för att utföra handläggningar enligt rutiner i programmet OneNote. Vidare presenterades även de brister som handläggarna upplevde med denna rutin. E-tjänsten för ansökningen om bygglov fungerade för privata personer men inte för organisationer. Bygglovs hemsidan behöver mer specifik information angående vägledning för upprättelse av handlingar samt information om vilka dokument som det är måste lämnas in i samband med ansökan. Slutligen presenteras i resultatdelen flera förbättringsförslag på hur bygglovsprocessen kan effektiviseras genom exempelvis en uppdatering av hemsidan för att utöka kunskapen hos en privat sökande. Ytterligare ett förslag är att utveckla e-tjänsten samt utöka kompetensförsörjningen hos handläggare. Efter presentationen av resultatet diskuterades effektiviteten av dem föreslagna åtgärderna med handläggaren. Enligt handläggaren anses dem föreslagna åtgärderna vara rimliga och kan bidra till förbättring i processen om avdelningen väljer att implementera dem. Detta har sin anledning i att flera åtgärder kommer tillsammans att komplettera varandra och lösa befintliga brister samt förebygga återuppståendet av dessa brister. Slutsatsen som kan dras är att genomförandet av föreslagna åtgärderna kan bidra till och hjälpa med att lösa befintliga brister och därigenom effektivisera bygglovsprocessen. Bygglovsprocessen kan effektiviseras mer för både handläggare och dem sökande genom implementeringen av åtgärder. Handläggare kan öka sin kompetensförsörjning och lära sig dem digitala verktygen samt utöka lärandet inom IT. Vidare kan kommunens webbplats  uppdateras med bättre exempel och information som ökar dem sökandes kunskaper om bygglovsprocessen  och bygglov.

Studien undersöker hur effektiv plan- och bygglagen är för att skydda kulturvärden vid bygglovsprocessen genom att kartlägga förändringar på särskilt värdefulla villor och undersöka om dessa skett med eller utan bygglov samt om de lett till förvanskning. Studien fokuserar på villor klassade som särskilt värdefulla i kommunala kulturmiljöunderlag i Örebro och Karlstad, med syfte att ge en helhetsbild av hur kulturvärden hanteras i bygglovsprocessen. Undersökningen visar på att en övervägande del av villorna förvanskats sedan de kulturmiljöinventerades och att förvanskningarna till störst del skett utan bygglov. Vidare påvisas att en majoritet av de förändringsåtgärder som skett i enlighet med bygglov inneburit att villorna förvanskats. Kommunernas kulturmiljöunderlag används bristfälligt i bygglovsprocessen vilket innebär att kulturvärden negligeras. Ytterligare en faktor som bidrar till denna negligering är att begreppen varsamhet och förvanskning som återfinns i PBL är allmänt hållna, vilket öppnar upp för tolkningar om dess innebörd. För att öka skyddet för villors kulturvärden behöver värdena integreras i detaljplaner som är juridiskt bindande. / The study examines how effective the Swedish Planning and Building Act is in protecting cultural values during the building permit process by mapping changes to particularly valuable villas and investigating whether these changes occurred with or without a building permit and whether they led to degradation. The study focuses on villas classified as particularly valuable in municipal cultural environment documents in the cities Örebro and Karlstad, aiming to provide a comprehensive picture of how cultural values are managed in the building permit process. The investigation shows that most of the villas have been degraded since their historical values were inventoried, and most of the degradations occurred without a building permit. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that most of the changes that occurred in accordance with building permits resulted in the villas being degraded. The municipalities' cultural heritage documents are used inadequately in the building permit process, which means that cultural values are neglected. Another factor contributing to this neglect is that the concepts of caution and degradation found in the Planning and Building Act are generally formulated, allowing for interpretations of their meaning. To increase the protection of the historical values of villas, these values need to be integrated into legally binding detailed development plans.