Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:25:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Henrique de Araujo.pdf: 1160649 bytes, checksum: b2b94295509e7481d188ba4f67f15506 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-11 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The study on the capital structure of companies has been one of the most common issues in the area of corporate finance since the seminal article conducted by Modgliani and Miller (1958). Since then, several studies have sought to identify the factors and reasons that cause companies to choose their sources, but there is still no conclusion or uniformity in the results.Among the theories that stand out during discussions are the trade-off theory, the pecking order, the market timing and the managerial optimism. This study aimed to examine whether there were structural changes in the determinants of capital structure after the implementation of Law 11.638/07, which altered the composition of proxies study. To perform the analysis, were done cross-sectional regressions for the periods before and after implementation of the law, with a sample of 93 companies. The equations generated in the presence of 13 variables were compared following the Chow test. The results presented by the regression of pre Law 11.638/07, indicate that size, tangibility, the participation of debentures, the risk of bankruptcy, profitability, the presence of BNDES and the level of corporate governance have significant relationship with the structure of indebtedness. Already, the result presented by the regression of the post Law 11.638/07 indicated that the size, tangibility, profitability, the share of bonds, the presence in the regulated sector and the level of corporate governance have significant relationship with the capital structure. A Chow test indicated that there was structural change between the regressions of the two periods. When comparing debt ratios between the two periods, it was found that there was no significant change. This result is in line with the Chow test, indicating that there was no change in indebtedness of companies, but crucial relationship between structure and debt ratios. It should be noted that during the period of analysis was the global financial crisis, which could generate some bias in the results, making it impossible to isolate the relationship between the change in the law and changing structure of the determinants. / O estudo sobre a estrutura de capital das empresas tem sido um dos temas mais presentes na área de finanças corporativas desde o estudo seminal realizado por Modgliani e Miller (1958). Desde então, diversos estudos buscam identificar os fatores e as razões que fazem com que as empresas escolham suas fontes de recursos. Contudo, ainda não há conclusão ou uniformidade nos resultados. Dentre as teorias que se destacam estão as do trade-off, do pecking order, do marketing timing e do otimismo gerencial. Este estudo teve como objetivo principal a análise da existência de alteração estrutural nos determinantes de estrutura de capital após a implantação da Lei 11.638/07, que alterou a composição das proxies estudadas. Para realizar a análise, foram feitas regressões cross-section entre os períodos pré e pós-implantação da lei, com uma amostra de 93 empresas. As equações geradas com a presença de treze variáveis foram comparadas seguindo o teste de Chow. Os resultados apresentados pela regressão do período pré Lei 11.638/07, apontam que o tamanho, a tangibilidade, a participação de debêntures, o risco de falência, a rentabilidade, a presença de BNDES e o nível de governança corporativa apresentam relação significante com a estrutura de endividamento. Já, o resultado apresentado pela regressão do período pós Lei 11.638/07 indica que o tamanho, a tangibilidade, a rentabilidade, a participação de debêntures, a presença em setor regulado e o nível de governança corporativa apresentam relação significante com a estrutura de capital. O teste de Chow indica que houve alteração estrutural entre as regressões nos dois períodos. Ao comparar os índices de endividamento entre os dois períodos, verifica-se que não ocorre uma alteração significativa. Este resultado esta de acordo com o teste de Chow, que indica a não alteração nos endividamentos, mas na relação da estrutura entre os determinantes e os índices de endividamento. Deve-se ressaltar que, durante o período da análise, ocorreu a crise financeira mundial, o que pode gerar algum viés nos resultados, impossibilitando assim, isolar a relação entre a mudança da lei e a alteração estrutural dos determinantes.

Purpose: The thesis purpose is to, with regards to relevant theories, explain how the variables industry affiliation, growth, uniqueness and tangiability affect modern, swedish firms capital structure. Method: A quantitative method along with a deductive approach has been used to make this study. Multiple regression analysis has been applied in order to identify statistical relationships between various variables. Conclusion: The empirical results can only to a certain degree confirm what the theories are claiming. The statistical relationship the growth, profitability, uniqueness in a firm has with leverage is negative. Moreover, tangibility turned out to have a positive relationship to leverage, which coincides with said theories. / Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att utifrån relevanta teorier förklara hur variablerna lönsamhet, branschtillhörighet, tillväxt, unikhet och tillgångsstruktur påverkar svenska bolags kapitalstruktur. Metod: En kvantitativ metod med deduktiv ansats har använts för att möjliggöra denna studie. Multipel regressionsanalys har tillämpats för att statistiskt kunna identifiera samband mellan olika variabler. Slutsats: Resultatet stämmer nästan genomgående med teoriernas antaganden. Sambandet mellan tillväxt, lönsamhet, unikhet mot skuldsättningen är negativt. Det visade sig dessutom att det finns ett positivt samband mellan tillgångsstruktur och skuldsättningsgrad, vilket stämmer med vad teorierna hävdar.

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Cette thèse est constituée de trois essais visant à comprendre dans quelles mesures la performance sociale des entreprises exerce une influence sur leurs politiques financières.Nous souhaitons ainsi contribuer à la littérature portant sur les conséquences sur les marchés financiers de l’engagement RSE des entreprises. Puisque les décisions financières sont affectées par les problèmes d’agences, ou ont un impact sur eux, nous soutenons que l’analyse de l’effet de la performance sociale des entreprises sur leurs décisions financières est une piste de travail intéressante pour comprendre si une performance sociale élevée est compatible avec la maximisation de la richesse des actionnaires. Ainsi, dans notre premier essai, nous étudions l’impact de la performance sociale sur la valeur des actifs liquides. Nous montrons que les investisseurs attribuent une valeur supérieure aux disponibilités détenues par des entreprises ayant une performance sociale élevée. Ce résultat est cohérent avec l’idée selon laquelle une performance sociale élevée conduit à une utilisation efficace de la trésorerie. En outre, nous exposons que l’impact positif de la performance sociale sur la valeur des actifs liquides n’est observé que pour des entreprises se situant dans des pays dans lesquels la protection des investisseurs est élevée. Ainsi, nous soulignons que la qualité des institutions joue un rôle important dans la relation entre la performance sociale et la valeur de marché des entreprises.Dans un second essai, nous étudions l’influence de la performance sociale sur la politique de dividendes. Dans un contexte international, nous révélons que les entreprises socialement responsables ont plus tendance à verser des dividendes que les autres et à payer des dividendes plus élevés. Cet essai semble montrer que la politique de dividendes est un moyen de résoudre les problèmes d’agence potentiels associés aux politiques de RSE. En ce sens,nous observons que la relation positive entre performance sociale et niveau de dividendes est vraie seulement lorsque la qualité de la gouvernance est élevée. Enfin, notre troisième essai se penche sur l’impact de la performance sociale à la fois sur la structure financière, sur le choix de la source de financement et sur la taille des émissions d’actions. Nous montrons que la performance sociale a un impact négatif sur le niveau d’endettement. Nous observons également que les entreprises socialement responsables émettent des actions plus souvent que les autres. De plus, en se basant sur la littérature montrant un effet négatif de la performance sociale sur l’asymétrie d’information, nous soulignons que les entreprises socialement responsables émettent de plus gros volumes d’actions. Nous révélons également que ces entreprises sont moins sensibles aux conditions de marché lorsqu’elles décident d’avoir recours à l’émission d’actions. En définitive, nos résultats suggèrent que la performance sociale est un déterminant significatif des politiques financières des entreprises et que les entreprises semblent prendre en compte les conséquences financières de leurs politiques de RSE dans leurs prises de décisions financières. / This thesis consists of three essays investigating the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) performance on several firms’ financial decisions. We aim to contribute to the growing literature on the capital market consequences of CSR activities. Since many financial decisions affect or are affected by agency problems, we argue that analysis of the impact of CSR commitment on firms’ financial policies is an interesting way to observe whether and how high CSR performance and shareholder wealth maximization are compatible.Thus, in our first essay, we study the impact of CSR performance on the value of cash holdings. We find that investors assign a higher value to cash held by high CSR firms. This result is consistent with the idea that investors expect that high CSR performance leads to an efficient use of cash holdings. In addition, we show that the positive impact of CSR performance on the value of cash holdings is observed only for firms operating in countries with high investor protection. Hence, we underline that country-level governance seems to shape the relationship between CSR performance and market value. In the second essay, we investigate the influence of CSR performance on dividend policies. In an international context,we reveal that high CSR firms are more likely to pay dividends, and to pay larger dividends.This essay provides evidence that dividend policy is a means to reduce potential agency problems related to CSR activities. In this way, we also show that the positive relationship between CSR performance and dividend payout is observed only when corporate governance is effective. Finally, our third essay investigates the impact of CSR performance on capital structure, debt-equity choice and the size of equity issuances. We find that CSR performance is negatively related to leverage. We also highlight that high CSR firms issue equity instead of debt more frequently. Moreover, consistent with recent papers that show a negative effect of CSR performance on information asymmetry, we highlight that high CSR firms issue larger amounts of equity than other firms. We also show that these firms are less dependent on market conditions for their equity issuances. Overall, our results suggest that CSR performance is a significant determinant of firms’ financial policies, and that firms seem to take the financial consequences of their CSR policies into account in their financial decisions.

L’industrie de l’assurance engage actuellement différentes réformesréglementaires au niveau européen. Celles-ci visent à améliorer le fonctionnement desassureurs et à garantir la stabilité dans les marchés financiers. Les compagnies d’assurancedoivent respecter des nouvelles exigences en fonds propres ainsi que des règlementationsconcernant la transparence dans la communication financière. Dans ce contexte, les assureursont besoin de déterminer les indicateurs qui peuvent leurs servir comme outils pour atteindreune performance financière qui répond aux attentes de toutes les parties concernées.L’objectif de cette thèse est de définir les déterminants de la performance financière enassurance, leurs indicateurs et leurs rôles dans l’aboutissement de celle-ci. Cette thèse proposeun modèle conceptuel de la performance financière des compagnies d’assurance françaisesdurant la période (2000-2009) selon une démarche quantitative. Les résultats empiriquesdémontrent que la structure de capital, la solvabilité ainsi que la rentabilité d’une compagnied’assurance sont les principaux déterminants de sa performance financière. / The insurance industry currently witnesses various regulatory reforms at the Europeanlevel. These reforms aim to improve the functioning of insurers and to guarantee the stability in thefinancial markets. Insurance companies must comply with these new regulations such as capitalrequirements and the financial reporting transparency regulations. In this context, insurers need toidentify the indicators that can help to achieve a financial performance that meets the expectations ofall stakeholders. The aim of this thesis is to define the determinants of financial performance ininsurance, their indicators and their role in it. This thesis proposes a conceptual model for the financialperformance of French insurance companies in the period of (2000-2009) through a quantitativemethod. The empirical results show that the capital structure, the solvency and the profitability of aninsurance company are the main determinants of its financial performance.

影響公司資本結構的理論大體可區分為由租稅、稅盾和破產成本間的互抵關係（trade-off）、由經理人、債權人、以及股東間因利益衝突所引發的代理成本（agency cost）、以及融資順位理論（pecking order theory）等觀點來討論。其中，租稅因素包括有效稅率、以及投資抵減、租稅損失遞延等非負債性稅盾因素。而另一方面，影響有效稅率的因素則包含了公司的資本結構、公司規模、盈餘變動、各項租稅優惠等因素。很明顯的，資本結構與有效稅率兩者間有互為因果、以及聯立的關係存在。但在過去的研究中卻均未考慮到此點，目前的文獻或只論及有效稅率對資本結構之影響，或是資本結構對有效稅率之影響，均為單一方向的考慮，忽略了兩者之間相互影響的關係，因此所得之實證結果也必然有所偏誤。 因此，本文以一全新、與以往不同的聯立方程系統，而非尋舊有兩條分立之模型的方式，就實證結果來分析效稅率與資本結構之間真正的關係，並同時以橫斷面、及Panel Data之固定效果模型來進行迴歸分析。其主要結論為：我國公司之有效稅率與資本結構只存在負相關之結果，當有效稅率愈高（低），公司之舉債愈低（高），也就是說，利息費用所帶來的租稅節餘利益並不影響我國上市上櫃公司之資本結構。此結果不僅與理論不符，也與國內之前之實證研究結果相異。本文推論，這可能與投資抵減所帶來的所得效果、以及股票市場之之蓬勃發展有關。 另外，本文亦針對台灣資本市場以及稅制環境之特色，納入台灣目前停徵證券交易所得稅及土地交易所得稅之因素。實證結果顯示，免稅之證券交易所得與資本結構為負相關，反映出了台灣近幾年股票市場交易熱絡，以及公司以此作為其財務融資來源的特色，租稅因素對於公司融資行為之影響由此可見。這對於租稅中立的追求來說，並不是一個令人樂見之結果。

本研究目的有三：首先經由文獻探討，整理出有關之資本結構決定因素，並將實證結果與其他學者之主張進一步討論，以提供財務主管從事資本結構決策之參考。接著以實際公開的財務報表資料，運用多元迴歸統計方法，驗證有關資本結構的影響因素，並探討各因素與資本結構之間的關係與影響能力。最後以電腦模擬（情節分析）方式，針對資訊電子業中特定公司分析推論其可能之最適資本結構的範圍。 　　本研究以民國82年到民國86年，台灣地區資訊電子業上市公司為抽樣對象，共抽取61家資料完整之樣本公司進行實證研究。 　　實證研究可分為兩部分，第一部份為橫斷面統計分析，目的在找出資本結構之主要影響因素及影響力大小，以相關分析及多元迴歸分析，結果得到資訊電子業的獲利能力、企業產品獨特性、非負債稅盾與負債比率間呈現顯著的負相關；而資產抵押價值及成長性則與負債比率間呈顯著正相關；公司規模、股利發放率及營業風險與負債比率間則無顯著相關。影響力最大之變數為獲利能力。 　　第二部分則以電腦模擬（情節分析）方式，針對研究者主觀選取之單一樣本公司（仁寶電腦公司），推論其可能之最適資本結構範圍。本研究發現，當負債比率為50％時，仁寶電腦公司之加權平均資金成本最低，預期每股股價達到最高。因此本研究推估仁寶電腦公司之最適負債比率為50％。 第壹章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機與目的 1 第二節 研究範圍與研究限制 7 第三節 研究架構 10 第貳章 文獻探討 11 第一節 資本結構理論 11 第二節 國內實證文獻 38 第三節 國外實證文獻 50 第參章 研究設計 62 第一節 研究假說 62 第二節 資料蒐集與樣本 71 第三節 研究變數的操作性定義 74 第四節 研究方法 82 第肆章 實證結果分析 87 第一節 樣本資料基本統計分析 87 第二節 相關及簡單迴歸分析 89 第三節 多元迴歸分析及檢定 97 第四節 最適資本結構分析 103 第伍章 結論與建議 112 第一節 結論 112 第二節 建議 118 參考文獻 121 中文部分 121 英文部分 124

行政院會於民國八十八年十二月十六日通過保險法修正草案，修正草案中針對強化之監理機制與增進保戶大眾之權益係以強化其資本適足性為其修法目標，所採之方法即建立風險基礎資本額制（Risk-based Capital, RBC）。而保險法修正案於民國九十年六月二十六日業已經立法院三讀通過，然RBC制度將於民國九十二年中實施。台灣保險監理機關的確有必要對於壽險公司之投資效率及經營上的安全作一考量，所以便引入美國監理關協會（National Association of Insurance Commissioners, NAIC）早於1993年便推動的風險基礎資本額制。 　　本文檢視美國壽險業者在風險基礎資本額制實施後，其資本結構與資產風險是否產生顯著之變化，研究保險公司之冒險行為之增減，以作為台灣監理機關未來施行RBC制度的參考。然基於此，本文利用三階段最小平方法來分析壽險業者其風險、資本與風險基礎資本制度的關係，實證結果發現RBC ratio較高的業者在風險基礎資本額制實施後，雖然增加風險但也同時調高資本比率，另一方面，RBC ratio較低之保險公司不僅僅增加公司整體風險外，也降低資本比率。 / The risk-based capital requirements developed by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) were intended to raise the safety net for insurers and provide regulators with the authority to intervene when capital falls below a minimum standard of capital adequacy that is related to risk. The paper examines the simultaneous impact of RBC had on life insurer’s both capital and risk. We employed a three stage least squares (3SLS) model to analyze the relationship between life insurer’s capital, risk and the risk-based capital requirements. The results suggest that life insurers with lower RBC ratio would not only increase their capital ratio but also increase their company-wide risk. Besides, the life insurers with higher RBC ratio would reduce the capital ratio and increase the risk.

<p><strong>Syfte: </strong>Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka och analysera om det finns något samband mellan företags lönsamhet och dess kapitalstruktur, storlek eller branschtillhörigheten. Detta innebär att en empirisk studie kommer att ske på soliditet, omsättning samt branschtillhörigheten för att se hur och om det finns något samband mellan lönsamheten och dessa tre faktorer. Vidare är syftet även att undersöka om det kan finnas något samband mellan företags lönsamhet och företags standardavvikelse på räntabilitet.</p><p><strong>Metod: </strong>Undersökningen är en empirisk studie med en deduktiv kvantitativ och kvalitativ ansats. Empirin undersöks med olika statistiska metoder såsom regressionsanalys och korrelationsberäkning.</p><p><strong>Teori: </strong>Uppsatsen har utgått från teorier gällande kapitalstruktur och lönsamhet. Nyckeltalen som används från dessa teorier är soliditet respektive räntabilitet på eget kapital.</p><p><strong>Empiri: </strong>Data från de 20 största börsnoterade företagen på Stockholmsbörsen har samlats in från företagens årsredovisningar 2003-2007. Den data som tagits fram är data på företagens lönsamhet (räntabilitet på eget kapital), kapitalstruktur (soliditet), storlek (omsättning), samt lönsamhet för företag utöver de 20 valda företagens, detta för att användas i analysen av branschtillhörigheten.</p><p><strong>Resultat: </strong>Resultatet av undersökningen visar att det inte finns något signifikant samband mellan vare sig företags kapitalstruktur och lönsamheten, företagsstorlek och lönsamheten, branschtillhörigheten för ett företag och lönsamheten eller standardavvikelse på räntabilitet och lönsamhet.</p> / <p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of the essay is to analyze the potential correlation between corporate profitability and corporate capital structure, corporate size, and corporate line of business. An empirical study will be done on solidity, turnover and on the line of business to determine if a correlation exists between profitability and these factors. The purpose is also to examine if there is a correlation between the corporate profitabilty and standard deviation of the corporations return on equity.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The survey is an empirical study employing a deductive quantitative and qualitative approach. The empirics are examined with statistical methods such as regression analysis and calculation of correlation.</p><p><strong>Theory: </strong>The essay uses theories about capital structure and profitability. The key numbers that have been used from these theories are solidity and return on equity.</p><p><strong>Empirics: </strong>Data from the 20 largest public corporations on the Stockholm stock market collected from their respective annual 2003-2007 reports. This includes data about corporate profitability (return on equity), capital structure (solidity), size (turnover), and the profitability of corporations beyond the 20 chosen ones, this to be used in the analyze of corporations within the specific line of business.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>This survey shows that there is no significant correlation between corporate capital structure and the profitability, corporate size and the profitability, line of business of a corporation and the profitability or standard deviation of the corporations return on equity and the profitability.</p>

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