INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos epidemiológicos demonstram que as doenças cardiovasculares e suas complicações estão associadas ao estilo de vida das pessoas. Há evidências de que o processo aterosclerótico se inicia na infância, e que sua prevenção pode ser mais efetiva se iniciada precocemente, com ações de educação em saúde que visem a promover a prática regular de atividade física e a mudança de hábitos alimentares. OBJETIVOS: Observação das representações dos adolescentes sobre hábitos alimentares e práticas de atividade física no contexto da promoção da saúde cardiovascular. Verificação d a exeqüibilidade das técnicas de ensino-aprendizagem baseadas em Paulo Freire, Pichon-Rivière, Prochaska e Di Clemente na reflexão com os adolescentes sobre a prevenção primária dos fatores de risco relacionados com essas representações. Testar a hipótese de que a presença da doença cardiovascular nos familiares têm influência nas representações observadas. MÉTODOS: Alunos da sétima série de uma escola pública de São Paulo foram levantados por meio de questionário epidemiológico para avaliar os riscos associados ao estilo de vida. Dois grupos diferentes de alunos, selecionados de acordo com a presença de doença cardiovascular nos pais, receberam a intervenção educativa em dinâmicas aplicadas no decorrer de 10 reuniões de grupo. RESULTADOS: A matriz de Prochaska e Di Clemente permitiu avaliar que a representação dos temas de alimentação e atividade física foi modificada nos dois grupos, que passaram do estágio de pré-contemplação para contemplação; no entanto, dez reuniões não foram suficientes para os grupos se manterem no estágio de preparação para mudança, oscilando com o estágio de contemplação. A análise feita pela matriz de Pichon- Rivière demonstra que o aprendizado do grupo sem história familiar aparece de forma clara como conhecimento construído sobre os temas propostos, enquanto o grupo com história familiar possui conhecimento pré-existente, e adquire novos conceitos de maneira mais lenta. Justificando as diferentes formas de abordagem aplicadas às atividades dos grupos no presente trabalho. CONCLUSÃO: A intervenção por meio de grupos educativos baseados em Paulo Freire, Pichon-Rivière e Prochaska e Di Clemente se mostrou útil para observar as representações dos adolescentes sobre hábitos alimentares e práticas de atividade física no contexto da promoção da saúde cardiovascular. Durante as atividades dos grupos educativos foi possível avaliar a informação pré-existente, como também, estabelecer com eles um diálogo construtivo para a prevenção primária dos fatores de risco relacionados com essas representações. / INTRODUCTION: Epidemiologic studies demonstrated that the cardiovascular disease and its complications are associated with people\'s life style. There are evidences that the atherosclerotic process begins in infancy and that its prevention can be more effective if it is precociously started by taking educative actions concerning health, which aim at promoting regular physical activity practice and the change of eating habits. OBJECTIVE: Observe the adolescents\' representations on eating habits and physical activities practices to promote cardiovascular health. Verify the techniques applied in the teaching - learning process, based on Paulo Freire, Pichon- Rivière, Prochaska and Di Clemente and together with the adolescents reflect on the primary prevention of the risks related to these representations. Test the hypothesis that the presence of the cardiovascular disease in the family influences in the representations observed. METHODS: Students of the 7th. grade of a public elementary school of São Paulo were surveyed by means of an epidemiologic questionnaire to evaluate the risks associated with their life style. Two different groups of students, chosen according to the presence of cardiovascular disease in their parents were followed during ten sections, when educative dynamics were applied. RESULTS: Prochaska and Di Clemente\'s matrix enabled the evaluation of the representations related to eating and physical activity. The representations were modified in both groups, which changed from pre- contemplation stage to contemplation stage. However, the ten group meetings were not enough for the groups to keep in the stage of preparation for the change, oscillating to the stage of contemplation. The analyses made by Pichon-Rivière?s matrix demonstrates that the learning process in the group which belongs to a family with no risk of cardiovascular disease presents a clear constructed knowledge on the proposed themes, whereas the group belonging to families under such risks has a pre- existing knowledge and acquires new concepts more slowly, justifying the different approaches applied to the activities of the groups in this study. CONCLUSION: The intervention by means of educative groups based on Paulo Freire, Pichon-Rivière, Prochaska and Di Clemente was useful to observe the representations of the adolescents on eating habits and physical activities practices to promote cardiovascular health. During the activities of the educative groups it was possible to evaluate the adolescents pre-existing information as well as establish a constructive dialogue for a primary prevention of the risk factors related to these representations.

Introdução: A Hipercolesterolemia Familiar (HF) é uma doença genética caracterizada clinicamente por elevados níveis de lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-C) na corrente sanguínea desde a infância. Indivíduos que apresentam HF podem desenvolver doença aterosclerótica ainda em idade jovem. Os principais preditores de risco no desenvolvimento da doença cardiovascular (DCV) nesses indivíduos após entrarem em um programa de rastreamento genético não são conhecidos na nossa população. Além disso, a HF é subdiagnosticada e subtratada mundialmente e o rastreamento genético em cascata dos familiares tem sido mundialmente avaliado como o método diagnóstico mais custo. Contudo, a efetividade do rastreamento genético em cascata é dependente dos critérios clínicos de entrada do primeiro indivíduo da família e não há um consenso de qual critério apresenta a melhor acurácia para detecção de uma mutação. Objetivos: Identificar os fatores determinantes para ocorrência de eventos cardiovasculares (CV) em todos os indivíduos da coorte e avaliar o critério clínico para detecção de uma variante genética patogênica para HF, no primeiro indivíduo da família, após serem inseridos em um programa de rastreamento genético em cascata.Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectiva aberta dos pacientes que foram inseridos no programa de rastreamento genético em cascata para HF. A população do estudo é definida como caso índice (CI), o primeiro da família a ser identificado clinicamente e encaminhado para o teste genético, e os familiares, que são os parentes de 1º grau do CI em que foi encontrada uma alteração genética. Todos os indivíduos são inseridos na coorte no momento em que recebem o laudo genético (tempo zero, T0). Um ano depois do T0 é realizado o primeiro contato telefônico, ou seja, primeiro ano de seguimento (T1) Resultados: No T1, o total de 818 indivíduos foi incluído, sendo verificados 47 eventos CV, sendo 14 (29,7%) fatais. Para o CI, o único fator independente associado ao aumento do risco de eventos CV no T1 foi a presença de arco corneano (OR: 9,39; IC 95%: 2,46-35,82). Para os familiares com uma mutação positiva os fatores associados ao aumento do risco de eventos CV foram diabetes mellitus (OR: 7,97; IC 95%: 2,07-30,66) e consumo de tabaco (OR: 3,70; IC 95%: 1,09-12,50). Na análise do melhor critério clínico para detecção de uma mutação patogênica no CI os valores de LDL-C >= 230 mg/dL tiveram a melhor relação entre sensibilidade e especificidade. Na análise da curva ROC o escore Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN) apresentou melhor desempenho do que o LDL-C para identificar uma mutação, a área sob a curva ROC foi 0,744 (IC 95%: 0,704-0,784) e 0,730 (IC 95%: 0,687-0,774), respectivamente, p = 0, 014. Conclusão: Em um ano de seguimento essa coorte identificou uma alta incidência de eventos CV após a entrada em um programa de rastreamento genético em cascata e os preditores dos eventos CV diferem entre CI e familiares. Esses resultados podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de ações preventivas nesse grupo altamente susceptível de indivíduos. Além disso, devido a importância da detecção da mutação para um diagnóstico definitivo de HF e a importância da cascata ser custo efetiva o estudo identificou que o critério único do LDL-C >= 230 mg/dl é viável para indicar o CI para o teste genético / Introduction: Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disease characterized clinically by high levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) in the bloodstream since childhood. Individuals with FH can develop atherosclerotic disease at a young age. The main predictors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in these individuals after entering a genetic screening program are not known in our population. In addition, FH is underdiagnosed and undertreated worldwide and cascaded genetic screening of family members has been evaluated globally as the most cost effective for the diagnosis of FH. However, the effectiveness of cascading genetic screening is dependent on the clinical entry criteria of the first individual in the family and there is no consensus as to which criterion shows the best accuracy for detecting a mutation. Objectives: To identify the determinant factors for cardiovascular (CV) events in all individuals in the cohort and to evaluate the clinical criteria for detecting a genetic variant pathogenic to FH in the first individual of the family after being inserted into a genetic screening program in cascade. Methods: Open prospective cohort study of patients who were enrolled in the cascade genetic screening program for FH. The study population is defined as index case (IC), the first of the family to be clinically identified and referred to the genetic test, and relatives, who are the first-degree relatives of the IC in which a genetic alteration was found. All individuals are inserted into the cohort at the moment they receive the genetic report (time zero, T0). The first follow-up telephone contact is made one year after T0 (first year of follow-up, T1). Results: In T1, a total of 818 subjects were included, and 47 CV events were verified, of which 14 (29.7%) were fatal. For IC, the only factor independently associated with the increased risk of CV events in T1 was the presence of a corneal arch (OR: 9.39; 95% CI: 2.46-35.82). For relatives with positive mutation, factors associated with increased risk of CV events were diabetes mellitus (OR: 7.97; 95% CI: 2.07-30.66) and tobacco consumption (OR: 3.70; 95% CI: 1.09-12.50). In the analysis of the best clinical criteria for the detection of a pathogenic mutation in the IC, the LDL-C values >= 230 mg/dL had the best relationship between sensitivity and specificity. In the ROC curve analysis, the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN) score performed better than LDL-C to identify a mutation, the area under the ROC curve was 0.744 (95% CI: 0.704-0.784) and 0.730 (CI 95 %: 0.687-0.774), respectively, p = 0.014. Conclusion: At one year follow-up this cohort identified a high incidence of CV events following entry into a cascade genetic screening program and the predictors of CV events differ between IC and family members. These results may contribute to the development of preventive actions in this group highly susceptible to individuals. In addition, because of the importance of detecting the mutation for a definitive diagnosis of HF and the importance of the cascade being cost effective, the study identified that the single LDL-C criterion >= 230 mg / dl is feasible to indicate IC for the genetic test

Introdução: Estudos prévios têm confirmado genes de susceptibilidade para Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 em diferentes populações. Nesse contexto, os polimorfismos do gene TCF7L2 são considerados as mais importantes variantes genéticas de risco para o diabetes tipo 2, que, por sua vez, é um dos principais fatores de risco cardiovascular conhecidos, especialmente para doença arterial coronariana. Contudo, a hipótese de que variantes de risco do TCF7L2 ou a informação combinada de marcadores genéticos associados ao diabetes também podem predizer eventos cardiovasculares ainda não foi testada. Objetivos: este estudo objetivou avaliar a associação entre o polimorfismo rs7903146 do gene TCF7L2 e doença arterial coronariana em indivíduos diabéticos e não-diabéticos e determinar se a informação combinada de variantes genéticas de risco para diabetes também está associada com eventos cardiovasculares incidentes e diabetes. Métodos: Oitocentos e oitenta e nove indivíduos, que foram referenciados para cateterismo cardíaco, foram avaliados em um formato transversal para lesões coronárias (carga aterosclerótica) e 559 indivíduos do estudo MASS II, um estudo randomizado em pacientes portadores de doença coronariana multiarterial, foram seguidos prospectivamente e avaliados para a incidência de eventos cardiovasculares. Em outra análise, 425 indivíduos, também do estudo MASS II, foram genotipados para 10 polimorfismos associados com diabetes tipo 2. Escores genotípicos foram criados se utilizando da informação combinada destes polimorfismos. Resultados: Os indivíduos não-diabéticos portadores do alelo T do TCF7L2 apresentaram uma frequência significativamente maior de lesões coronarianas que os não-diabéticos que não carreavam o alelo de risco (OR = 2,32 IC95% 1,27-4,24, p = 0,006). O mesmo não foi encontrado para indivíduos diabéticos. Da mesma forma, na análise prospectiva, os indivíduos não-diabéticos portadores dos genótipos CT/TT apresentaram significativamente maior número de eventos cardiovasculares compostos que o genótipo CC (p = 0,049), principalmente devido à mortalidade (p = 0,004). A informação genética combinada também foi capaz de prever a incidência de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade global em indivíduos não-diabéticos em 5 anos. Os indivíduos não-diabéticos com alto risco genético tiveram uma incidência de eventos similar aos sujeitos diabéticos. A adição da informação do TCF7L2, isoladamente, a um modelo de predição clínica de risco de diabetes não foi capaz de aumentar a sua precisão, mas a adição de informação genética combinada à informação clínica melhorou significativamente a capacidade diagnóstica para diabetes. Conclusões: o alelo de risco T do polimorfismo rs7903146 está associado com diabetes e, em indivíduos não-diabéticos, com maior prevalência e gravidade da doença arterial coronária, bem como eventos cardiovasculares combinados. A informação de variantes genéticas de risco para diabetes está associada à incidência de eventos cardiovasculares em indivíduos nãodiabéticos com doença arterial coronária / Background: studies have confirmed and have identified novel susceptibility genes for type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in different populations In this context, polymorphisms in TCF7L2 gene are considered the main genetic risk variants for type 2 diabetes, which is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, especially for coronary artery disease. Nevertheless, the hypothesis that either TCF7L2 variants or combined information from genetic markers associated with diabetes can also predict major cardiovascular events has not been tested. Objectives: this study aimed to evaluate the association between TCF7L2 polymorphism rs7903146 and coronary artery disease in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects and to determine whether information from combined genetic risk variants for diabetes is also associated with cardiovascular events incidence and with diagnosis of diabetes. Methods: eight-hundred and eighty nine subjects who were referred for cardiac catheterization were cross-sectionally evaluated for coronary lesions (atherosclerotic burden) and 559 subjects from the MASS II Study population, a randomized study in patients with multi-vessel coronary artery disease, were prospectively followed-up for 5 years and assessed for major cardiovascular events incidence. In another analysis, 425 subjects from the MASS II Study were also genotyped for single-nucleotide polymorphisms at 10 loci associated with type 2 diabetes. Genotype scores using information from genetic markers were created. Results: non-diabetic individuals carrying the TCF7L2 T allele were associated with a significantly higher frequency of coronary lesions than non-diabetic non-carriers of the risk allele (adjusted OR = 2.32 95%CI 1.27-4.24, p = 0.006). This results were not found for diabetic subjects. Similarly, from the prospective sample analysis, non-diabetics individuals carrying the CT/TT genotypes had significantly more composite cardiovascular end-points than CC genotype (p = 0.049), mainly due to death (p = 0.004). Combined genetic information was also able to predict 5-year incidence of major cardiovascular events and overallmortality in non-diabetic individuals. Non-diabetic individuals with high genetic risk had a similar incidence of events then diabetic individuals. Addition of single polymorphism rs7903146 of TCF7L2 gene to an established clinical risk prediction score did not increased model accuracy, but the addition of combined genetic information to clinical information significantly improved the prediction of diabetes. Conclusions: rs7903146 T allele is associated with diabetes and, in non-diabetic individuals, with a higher prevalence and severity of coronary artery disease and cardiovascular events. Combined information of genetic variants for diabetes risk is associated to major cardiovascular events incidence in non-diabetic individuals with coronary artery disease

Introdução - Na prevenção primária das doenças cardiovasculares, a adoção de estilo de vida saudável representa uma das estratégias mais importantes. Entretanto, baixos índices de adesão e o abandono da dieta constituem obstáculo importante ao tratamento. Neste sentido, as intervenções cirúrgicas surgiram como um mecanismo promotor da restrição alimentar e têm ganhado importância não só pelo tratamento da obesidade como também no controle dos fatores de risco cardiovascular e na possível redução da mortalidade. Através de estudos clínicos foi possível observar que estas estratégias cirúrgicas promovem profundas modificações estruturais no trato gastrointestinal gerando aumento da saciedade e da sensibilidade à insulina. Em especial para os pacientes diabéticos, por si só associados a maior risco cardiovascular, as cirurgias bariátricas seriam capazes de promover um efeito muito intenso e agudo sobre os marcadores relacionados ao desenvolvimento da aterosclerose. Um evento muito definido no tempo como uma intervenção cirúrgica pode ser muito útil para o estudo e identificação de mecanismos que ainda não estão completamente estabelecidos no processo aterosclerótico. Objetivos - Analisar o comportamento das variáveis laboratoriais, clínicas e estruturais relacionadas ao desenvolvimento e progressão da aterosclerose em indivíduos diabéticos submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica. Métodos - Foram incluídos vinte voluntários diabéticos refratários ao tratamento clínico e que apresentavam obesidade abdominal. Deste grupo, metade foi aleatoriamente selecionada para realização da cirurgia bariátrica e metade foi mantida em tratamento clínico otimizado. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a exames clínicos e bioquímicos nas mesmas ocasiões, até trinta dias antes da cirurgia, três e vinte e quatro meses após a cirurgia. Nestas ocasiões além do perfil lipídico e da glicemia, determinamos os hormônios incretínicos, adipocinas. A avaliação da quantidade de gordura epicárdica e a presença de esteatose hepática será realizada somente após dois anos de seguimento em conjunto com as demais variáveis,. Foram incluídos também 10 indivíduos saudáveis e com IMC dentro da normalidade, como parte do grupo controle. Estes indivíduos foram submetidos à coleta de sangue em dois momentos para avaliação dos mesmos metabólitos. Resultados - No momento pré-intervenção os indivíduos do grupo cirúrgico e clinico eram diferentes em relação ao IMC, Glicemia e Triglicérides, sendo assim, os resultados obtidos foram ajustados minimizando o impacto destas diferenças. Após o seguimento de 3 meses, o grupo cirúrgico apresentou redução significativa nos valores de peso, IMC (33,4 ± 2,6 vs. 27,4±2,8 kg/m2, p < 0,001), HbA1c (9,26 ± 2,12 vs. 6,18±0,63%, p < 0,001), CT (182,9 ± 45,4 vs. 139,8 ± 13 mg/dl, p < 0,001), HDL (33,1 ± 7,7 vs. 38,4 ± 10,6 mg/dL, p < 0,001), TG (369,5 ± 324,6 vs. 130,8 ± 43,1 mg/dL, p < 0,001), Pro-insulina (12.72±9,11 vs. 1,76±1,14 pM, p < 0,001), RBP-4 (9,85±2,53 vs. 7,3±1,35 ng/ml, p < 0,001) e CCK (84,8±33,2 vs. 79,9 ± 31,1, ng/ml, p < 0,001), houve também aumento significativo nos níveis de HDL-colesterol (33,1 ± 7,7 vs. 38,4 ± 10,6 mg/dL, p < 0,001), Glucagon (7,4 ± 7,9 vs. 10,2±9,7 pg/ml, p < 0,001) e FGF- 19 (74,1 ± 45,8 vs. 237,3 ± 234 pg/ml, p=0,001). Um dado interessante foi que os valores de Pro-insulina, RBP-4, HbA1c e HDL- colesterol no grupo cirúrgico atingiram valores similares àqueles do grupo controle três meses após a intervenção, sendo que o FGF-19 apresentava valor duas vezes maior do que o encontrado no grupo de indivíduos saudáveis (237 ± 234 vs. 98 ± 102,1 pg/ml). O grupo clínico não apresentou variação nas variáveis clinicas, apenas nos valores de glucagon com redução significativa no período pós-intervenção (18,1 ± 20,7 vs. 16,8 ± 18,4 pg/ml, p < 0,001). Conclusão - Concluímos que indivíduos diabéticos descompensados e refratários ao tratamento clínico, quando submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica, apresentam uma alteração profunda do ponto de vista clínico, metabólico e hormonal, em relação ao indivíduos de mesmo perfil mantidos em tratamento clínico otimizado. Esta importante alteração, observada já com três meses após a intervenção, pode representar uma importante redução do risco cardiovascular nestes indivíduos. Individualmente, a notável modificação dos valores de FGF-19 associadas à intervenção devem ser estudadas com maior profundidade para compreensão de seu significado e sua potencial utilidade como marcador ou como um dos protagonistas no mecanismo de prevenção cardiovascular / Introduction - The adoption of a healthy lifestyle is one of the most important strategies for the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. However, low adhesion rates constitute a major obstacle to treatment. In this scenario, bariatric surgery emerged as an interesting option to promote dietary restriction and have gained importance, not only as obesity treatment but also in the control of cardiovascular risk factors and possible mortality reduction. Data from literature has shown that the surgical strategies can promote deep structural modifications in gastrointestinal tract leading to increased satiety and insulin sensitivity. In diabetic patients, already associated with a higher cardiovascular risk, the surgery would be able to promote a very intense and acute effect on the markers related to the development of atherosclerosis. This procedure, such as a very definite event in time, can be very useful for the study and identification of mechanisms that are not fully established in the atherosclerotic process. Aim - To analyse laboratory, clinical and structural variables related to the development and progression of atherosclerosis in diabetic patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Methods - Twenty diabetic individuals with a BMI between 28-35kg/m2 were randomized to bariatric surgery or clinical treatment and ten healthy subjects (normal BMI) represented the control group. All participants underwent clinical and biochemical tests on the same occasions , up to thirty days before the surgery, three and twenty-four months after surgery. On these occasions beyond the lipid profile and glucose, we determine the incretin hormones, adipokines. Evaluation of the amount of epicardial fat and the presence of hepatic steatosis will be performed only after two years, in conjunction of the other variables. Results - In the baseline surgical group differ from clinical group showing a higher BMI, Glycaemia and Triglycerides. For this matter all results were adjusted to these variables so that it did not interfere with the interpretation of the results. At 3 months, surgical group presented significant differences such as reduction in BMI (33.4 ± 2.6 vs. 27.4 ± 2.8 kg/m2, p < 0.001), triglycerides (369.5±324.6 vs. 130.8 ± 43.1 mg/dL, p < 0.001), Pro-insulin (12.72 ± 9.11 vs. 1.76 ± 1.14 pM, p < 0.001), glycaemia (217 ± 103.1 vs. 102±2, mg/dL, p < 0.001), glycated haemoglobin (9.26±2.12 vs. 6.18±0.63 %, p < 0.001), Total Cholesterol (182.9±45.4 vs. 139.8±13 mg/dl, p < 0.001), RBP-4 (9.85±2.53 vs. 7.3±1.35 ng/ml, p < 0.001) and increment in HDL-cholesterol (33.1±7.7 vs. 38.4±10.6 mg/dL, p < 0.001), glucagon (7.4±7.9 vs. 10.2±9.7 pg/ml, p < 0.001) and FGF-19 (74.1±45.8 vs. 237.3±234 pg/ml, p=0.001). Interestingly, pro-insulin, RBP-4, HbA1c and HDL-cholesterol levels in the surgical group achieved \"control group\" values after 3 months but FGF-19 levels were almost two fold the results in the healthy subjects (237 ± 234 vs. 98±102,1 pg/ml). Clinical group did not differ from baseline according to clinical variables, and only glucagon had a significant reduction 3 months after the intervention (18.1±20.7 vs. 16.8±18.4 pg/ml, p < 0.001). Conclusions - Our results showed that diabetic individuals when subjected to bariatric surgery showed profound metabolic, hormonal and clinical alterations, when compared to similar individuals subjected to optimized clinical treatment. This improvement seen just after tree months could represent an important cardiovascular risk reduction. Individually, the notable modification of FGF -19 values associated with the intervention should be studied in greater depth to understand its meaning and potential utility as a marker or as one of the protagonists in cardiovascular prevention mechanism

As doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) são responsáveis pelas principais causas (dislipidemias e hipertensão arterial) de morte, sendo que o tratamento convencional é feito com estatina. Hoje alguns componentes presentes em alimentos tem sido apontados como alternativas ou coadjuvantes no tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as concentrações séricas de colesterol e suas frações, triglicérides e pressão arterial em humanos. O estudo foi conduzido em três tratamentos (placebo, estatina e &#969;-3) com dieta de 1200 calorias por dia. Os grupos com oito pacientes cada tratamento, foram avaliados no tempo zero e 30 dias. Nos três tratamentos houveram reduções no peso, porém não houve mudanças significativas no IMC. A circunferência de cintura (CC) diminuiu aproximadamente 3 cm em todos os tratamentos. Para a circunferência do quadril (CQ) maior diminuição foi no tratamento estatina (redução de 2,44 cm). Não houve diferença em nenhum dos tratamentos para relação circunferência cintura-quadril (CCQ). As concentrações de colesterol total diminuiu 41%; 11,38% e 5% para os tratamentos estatina, dieta e &#969;-3, respectivamente. Para o HDL-C o tratamento estatina aumentou 10,09%, dieta diminuiu 9,65% e &#969;-3 não promoveu mudança nos valores. Para LDL-C os tratamentos estatina e &#969;-3 reduziram 49% e 3,03%, respectivamente, porém o tratamento dieta aumentou 3,46%. Para os triglicérides os tratamentos com dieta, estatina e &#969;-3 diminuíram 28,05%, 18,95% e 13,45% , respectivamente. A pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) no tratamento estatina diminuíram 3,52% e 4,60%, respectivamente. No tratamento dieta a redução foi de 1,82% e 5,14% na PAS e PAD, respectivamente. Já no tratamento &#969;-3 houve discreto aumento tanto na PAS (11,30%) quanto na PAD (9,87%). Com isso conclui-se que houve diminuição significativa na medida da circunferência do quadril. Nos três tratamentos o peso, IMC, circunferência de cintura, coeficiente cintura-quadril, concentrações de colesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglicérides, PAS e PAD não influenciaram significativamente nos resultados obtidos durante o experimento. / The cardiovascular diseases are responsible for the main causes (dislipidemias and arterial hypertension) of death, being that the conventional treatment is make with statin. Today some compoments presents in food it was been pointed as alternatives or coadjutants in treatment. The objective of this research was to evaluate the concentration control of cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and arterial pressure in humans. The study was divided in three treatments (placebo, statin and &#969;-3) with diet of 1,200 calories by day to every groups with eight patients each treatment, appraised in time zero and thirty days. This study showed that all the treatments had reductions of weight, but it wasn&#39;t verified changes significative in BMI. The circumference waist decreased approximately three centimeters in all the treatments, to the circumference hip there was a larger decrease in statin treatment (reduction of 2.44 centimeter). For the waist-hip circumference there wasn&#39;t difference in all the treatments. The total cholesterol had decrease of 41%; 11.38% and 5% to statin, diet and &#969;-3 treatments, respectively. For the HDL-cholesterol the statin treatments increased 10.09%, diet decrease 9.65% and &#969;-3 not promoted change in values. In LDL-cholesterol the statin and &#969;-3 treatments decrease 49% and 3.03%, respectively, but the diet treatment increased 3.46%. For the triglycerides the diet, statin and &#969;-3 treatments decrease 28.05%; 18.95% and 13.45%, respectively. The systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) in statin treatment decrease 3.52% and 4.60%, respectively. In the diet treatment the decrease was of 1.82% and 5.14% in SAP and DAP, respectively. In &#969;-3 treatment there was a discreet increase as much SAP (11.30%) as DAP (9.87%). With this concluded that the hip circumference showed difference statistical. In three treatments the weight, BMI, waist circumferences, waisthip circumference, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, SAP and DAP wasn&#39;t difference in experiment.

A constante exposição à poluição do ar continua acometendo a saúde das populações, resultando num aumento da morbidade e mortalidade decorrente de problemas respiratórios e cardiovasculares. O estudo é transversal, com o objetivo de avaliar as modificações na pressão arterial sistêmica, e pressão de pulso, em indivíduos do gênero masculino, jovens, expostos à poluição do tráfego no município de Santo André, região metropolitana da Grande São Paulo - Brasil. Os níveis horários diários de poluentes do ar obtidos junto a Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), as informações sobre temperatura e precipitação foram obtidas junto ao Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET). Foi realizada a análise descritiva de todas as variáveis do estudo. Foi utilizado o modelo de equação linear, tendo como variáveis dependentes a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) e pressão de pulso (PP), os poluentes do ar como vaiáveis independentes, e como variáveis de controle a temperatura mínima, precipitação, período de trabalho e período do dia. Foram analisados 19 agentes de tráfego do município de Santo André. A média de idade do grupo estudado foi de 42,8 (dp = 5,2) anos, variando entre 32 e 51 anos. Quanto ao IMC, temos que a média do grupo estudado foi de 25,2 (dp = 2,8), variando entre 19,2 e 29,4. Observa-se que para cada aumento de um interquartil no nível de PM10 (34g/m3) a PAS aumenta em 1,35 mmHg (IC95%: 0,40; 2,30), a PAD horária aumenta em 1,35 mmHg (IC95%: 0,57; 2,13), e a PP horária aumenta em 1,35 mmHg (IC95%: 0,40; 2,30) na hora de exposição. Os agentes de tráfego no município de Santo André apresentaram aumento da PAS, PAD e PP com a exposição ao PM10 e do O3. Os agentes de tráfego apresentaram aumentos nos níveis da pressão arterial e pressão de pulso com a exposição a poluição do ar em Santo André / The constant exposition to air pollution continues to cause the populations health problems, and its result an increase of morbidity and mortality by respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. This is a cross-sectional study which aims to assess the modifications in the systemic blood pressure and the pulse pressure in young male individuals, exposed to the traffic pollution in Santo André city, metropolitan region of the Greater São Paulo in Brazil. The hourly daily levels of air pollutants were obtained from the Technology Institute for the Environment and Sanitation of São Paulo State (CETESB), the information by temperature and precipitation was obtained from the National Meteorology Office (INMET). There has been carried out a descriptive analysis of all variables of the study. The linear equation model has been used, having as dependent variables the systolic blood pressure (SBP), the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and the pulse pressure (PP), the air pollutants as independent variables, and as control variables the minimum temperature, precipitation, working period and day time. A number of 19 traffic agents in Santo André city have been analysed. The average age of the studied group was of 42.8 (sd = 5.2) years old, ranging from 32 to 51 years old. Concerning the BMI, we have got the information that the average of the studied group was of 25.2 (sd = 2.8), ranging from 19.2 to 29.4. It is observed that for an interquartile range increased in PM10 (34g/m3), the SBP increases in 1.35 mmHg (CI95%: 0.40; 2.30), the DBP increases in 1.35 mmHg (CI95%: 0.57; 2.13), and the PP increases in 1.35 mmHg (CI95%: 0.40; 2.30) at the exposure time. The traffic agents in Santo André city presented increase of SBP, DBP and PP with the exposure to PM10 and to O3. The traffic agents from Santo André presented higher arterial blood pressure and pulse pressure levels associated with the air pollution exposure in Santo André city

Abstract Physical activity reduces mortality and morbidity and improves physical and psychological health. Lately, the detrimental health associations of excess sedentary time have also been acknowledged. It is still unknown how temporal patterns of physical activity and sedentary time are associated with health, as previous studies have mainly focused on summary metrics of these behaviors; for example, the weekly duration of moderate to vigorous physical activity. This study aimed to investigate the associations between the amount and temporal patterns of physical activity and sedentary time and health at mid-life. Physical activity and sedentary time were objectively measured for two weeks using an accelerometer-based activity monitor in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 46-year follow-up (n=5,621). Participants attended clinical examinations and completed health and behaviour questionnaires. A machine learning method (X-means cluster analysis) was used to identify distinct groups of participants with different patterns of physical activity and sedentary behaviour based on the activity data. A positive, dose-response association was found with perceived health and self-reported leisure time and objectively measured moderate to vigorous physical activity. Higher prolonged sedentary time was associated with better heart rate variability but not with resting heart rate or post-exercise heart rate recovery. Four distinct physical activity clusters (inactive, evening active, moderately active and very active) were recognised. The risk of developing cardiovascular disease was significantly lower in the very active cluster compared to the inactive, and in women also in the moderately active cluster compared to the inactive and evening active clusters. On average, the cardiovascular disease risk was low, indicating good cardiovascular health in the study population. Prolonged sedentary time was associated with cardiac autonomic function, which in this study was not explained by physical activity or cardiorespiratory fitness level. Higher cardiovascular disease risk was found in the activity clusters in which the amount of physical activity was lower and in women took place later in the evening. Results of the study can be used for designing feasible interventions for risk groups with unhealthy physical activity and sedentary behaviour patterns. / Tiivistelmä Fyysinen aktiivisuus vähentää sairastavuutta, kuolleisuutta sekä parantaa fyysistä ja psyykkistä terveyttä. Viime aikoina on lisäksi tunnistettu liiallisen paikallaanolon terveyshaitat. Vielä ei tiedetä, miten fyysisen aktiivisuuden ja paikallaanolon ajallinen jakautuminen päivän aikana vaikuttaa terveyteen, koska aiemmat tutkimukset ovat keskittyneet enimmäkseen tiettyihin summamuuttujiin kuten kohtuullisesti kuormittavan liikkumisen määrään viikossa. Työn tarkoituksena oli tutkia fyysisen aktiivisuuden ja paikallaanolon määrän ja ajallisen jakautumisen terveysyhteyksiä keski-iässä. Fyysinen aktiivisuus ja paikallaanolo mitattiin kiihtyvyysanturipohjaisella aktiivisuusmittarilla kahden viikon ajan Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohortin 46-vuotistutkimuksessa (n=5621). Tutkittavat osallistuivat kliinisiin tutkimuksiin ja täyttivät kyselyitä terveydentilastaan ja käyttäytymisestään. Koneoppimismenetelmällä (X-means cluster analysis) tutkittavat luokiteltiin aktiivisuusdatan perusteella ryhmiin, joissa fyysisen aktiivisuuden määrä ja ajallinen jakautuminen päivän aikana poikkesi mahdollisimman paljon ryhmien välillä. Positiivinen annos-vasteyhteys löydettiin koetun terveyden ja itseraportoidun vapaa-ajan liikunnan sekä mitatun kohtuullisesti kuormittavan liikkumisen väliltä. Suurempi pitkittynyt paikallaanoloaika oli yhteydessä parempaan sykevälivaihteluun mutta ei leposykkeeseen tai harjoituksen jälkeiseen sykkeen palautumiseen. Neljä aktiivisuusryhmää tunnistettiin (inaktiiviset, ilta-aktiiviset, kohtuullisen aktiiviset ja erittäin aktiiviset). Sydän- ja verisuonitautien sairastumisriski oli merkitsevästi pienempi erittäin aktiivisessa ryhmässä verrattuna inaktiiviseen ryhmään ja lisäksi naisilla kohtuullisen aktiivisessa ryhmässä verrattuna inaktiiviseen ja ilta-aktiiviseen ryhmään. Sairastumisriski oli keskimäärin matala viitaten hyvään sydänterveyteen tutkimusjoukossa. Pitkillä paikallaanolojaksoilla oli yhteys sydämen autonomiseen säätelyyn, jota tässä työssä ei selittänyt fyysinen aktiivisuus tai aerobinen kunto. Korkeampi sydän- ja verisuonitautien riski löydettiin aktiivisuusryhmistä, joissa fyysisen aktiivisuuden määrä oli vähäisempää ja naisilla painottunut myöhäisempään iltaan. Tutkimuksen tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää interventioiden suunnittelussa riskiryhmille, joiden fyysisen aktiivisuuden ja paikallaanolon piirteet ovat terveydelle haitallisia.

Lymph is primarily composed of fluid and proteins from the blood circulatory system that drain into the space surrounding cells, interstitial space. From the interstitial space, the fluid enters and circulates in the lymphatic system until it is delivered into the venous system. In contrast to the blood circulatory system, the lymphatic system lacks a central pumping organ dictating the predominant driving pressure and velocity of lymph. Transport of lymph via capillaries, pre-collecting and collecting lymphatic vessels relies on the synergy between pressure gradients, local tissue motion, valves and lymphatic vessel contractility. The direction of lymph transport is regulated by bicuspid valves distributed throughout pre-collecting and collecting lymphatic vessels. Effective transport of lymph into the venous system is of prime importance. Disruption of lymph transport, because of impaired lymphatic function, reduced numbers of vessels or valvular insufficiencies can have severe health consequences, including lymphedema for which current clinical therapies are not curative. The lymphatic valves are usually bicuspid, however, congenital malformations in the valve such as single leaflet valve formation and arrested lymphatic valve development are observed and can cause lymphedema. Here we employ 4-week-old mice to study the effects of valves and malformed valves on lymph transport shedding light into some of the potentially underlying consequences of lymphedema. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) coated latex particles were injected into the inguinal lymph node of anesthetized mice. Particle displacement measurements through efferent lymphatic vessels yielded velocity, wall shear stress, vorticity and strain of the efferent lymph flow field carrying lymph from subdermal inguinal lymph nodes. Lymphatic vessel endothelial Prox1 green fluorescent protein (GFP) marker enabled the detection of lymphatic vessel walls and valves. Flow field, flow velocity, flow rate, velocity profiles, wall shear stress, vorticity and strain values were compared in regions downstream of normal and malformed valves in two wild type mice. A Clec2-deficient mouse, which experiences lymphatic development defects and is used as a lymphedema model, was employed to further elucidate the lymphatic valves on transport. The absence of centralized pumping yields highly variable lymphatic flow cycles varying from one to fifteen seconds. The presence of lymphatic valves introduces boundary conditions that yield spatial and temporal flow gradients increasing the degree of complexity of lymph transport. The valves dictate the trajectory of the particles and promote the formation of recirculation zones. Even in the presence of valves, lymph flow commonly reverses. Congenital defects like a single leaflet valve lowers the lymph flow efficiency and promotes higher wall shear stress regions. Furthermore, the absence of functional valves in the Clec2-deficient mouse not displaying lymphedema yielded lymph flow lacking the pulsatility that characterizes normal lymphatic flow.

La trithérapie antirétrovirale a considérablement augmenté l’espérance de vie des personnes vivant avec le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (VIH), mais ne permet pas de guérir l’infection. En effet, le virus latent persiste dans des réservoirs, comme les lymphocytes T CD4+, ce qui empêche son élimination complète. Bien que plusieurs études aient montré un lien entre l’âge et la progression de la maladie, la relation entre le vieillissement et la persistance virale demeure peu explorée. Puisqu’il est connu que la diminution de la production thymique avec l’âge a un impact sur l’homéostasie lymphocytaire, nous avons étudié l’association entre le vieillissement, l’activité thymique et les réservoirs du VIH. Chez les personnes infectées traitées, nos résultats montrent que le réservoir viral inductible est significativement corrélé à l’âge. Cette association est partiellement expliquée par la diminution de la production thymique, causant notamment une réduction de la fréquence des lymphocytes T CD8+. De plus, nous avons observé que les individus ayant des plaques athérosclérotiques, un indicateur sous clinique fortement associée au vieillissement, ont un réservoir viral plus élevé. Finalement, nos résultats montrent que la restauration du thymus par l’administration d’hormone de croissance semble avoir un impact bénéfique sur la taille du réservoir total. Nos résultats suggèrent que le réservoir évolue différemment en fonction de l’âge et que l’involution du thymus contribue à la persistance du VIH, ce qui ouvre la voie à de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques. Également, ils indiquent que certaines mesures du réservoir viral pourraient contribuer à l’évaluation du risque de développement de plaques d’athérosclérose. / Antiretroviral therapy has prolonged the life expectancy of people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but does not cure the infection. Indeed, latent virus persists in reservoirs, like CD4+ T cells, which is a major barrier to it’s complete elimination. It is well established that age has an impact on the clinical progression of the disease. However, the relationship between aging and viral persistence is still unknown. As age-associated reduction of thymic production has important consequences on lymphocyte homeostasis, we studied the association between aging, thymic activity avec HIV reservoirs. In infected individuals under antiretroviral therapy, we show that the inducible reservoir is significantly correlated with age. This association can be partially linked to the reduction of thymic production with age, causing a decrease in the frequency of CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, we highlight that individuals with atherosclerotic plaques, a sub-clinical factor highly associated with aging, have a bigger HIV reservoir. Finally, we show that restauration of thymic activity induced by the administration of recombinant growth hormone has a modest but significant beneficial effect on the size of total HIV reservoir. Overall, our results indicate that HIV reservoir evolves differently with age and that thymic involution contributes to viral persistence, which open the way to novel therapeutic approaches. In addition, they suggest that some viral reservoir measures could contribute to the evaluation of the risk of atherosclerotic plaques development.

Background: Religious involvement is widespread and may influence patient engagement with their healthcare (patient activation) and health outcomes. This dissertation examined the association between religiosity and patient activation, changes in health-related quality of life (HRQOL), readmissions, and survival after hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods: We recruited 2,174 patients hospitalized for ACS in Georgia and Central Massachusetts (2011-2013) in a prospective cohort study. Participants self-reported three items assessing religiosity – strength/comfort from religion, petition prayers for health, and awareness of intercessory prayers by others. Patient activation was measured using the 6-item Patient Activation Measure. Generic HRQOL was assessed with the SF-36®v2 physical and mental component summary scores. Disease-specific HRQOL was evaluated with the Seattle Angina Questionnaire Quality of Life subscale. Unscheduled readmissions were validated from medical records. Mortality status was obtained from national and state vital statistics. Results: After adjustment for several sociodemographic, psychosocial, and clinical variables, reports of strength/comfort from religion and receipt of intercessions were associated with high activation. Praying for one’s health was associated with low activation. Prayers for health were associated with clinically meaningful increases in disease-specific and physical HRQOL. Neither strength/comfort from religion, petition, nor intercessory prayers were significantly associated with unscheduled 30-day readmissions and two-year all-cause mortality. Conclusions: Most ACS survivors acknowledge religious practices for their health. Religiosity was associated with patient activation and changes in HRQOL. These findings suggest that religiosity may influence patient engagement in their healthcare and recovery after a life-threatening illness, buttressing the need for holistic approach in patient management.