This research was undertaken to determine factors causing career indecision of schoolleavers in Kwandebele. Literature study indicates that factors such as interest, sex, dependency, vocational immaturity, the economy and politics have a direct influence on career indecision. Literature study further indicates that parties involved in career decision-making also contribute to career indecision. 424 Kwandebele school leavers answered questionnaires. The schoolleavers were requested to indicate the importance and contributions of five categories, namely personal aspects, family, school, guidance teacher and society to his career choice making process. Most of the personal aspects were regarded as important and also the other four categories showed a significant difference between school leavers who have made a choice and those that have not made a choice. This research could not cover the implication of career education at all levels of the child, recommendations for future research have been made. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The Student Support and Development Services (SSDS) at Further Education and Training (FET) colleges represent a holistic and systemic approach to addressing barriers to learning and development. College SSDS are based on the acknowledgement that all FET students need support and development and that, when addressing needs of the college student, it is done in a holistic, integrated, intersectional and inclusive manner. The SSDS therefore strive to develop competencies, knowledge, skills and attitudes in a systemic and holistic manner. The aim of the study was to design, implement and evaluate SSDS at the FET colleges in the Western Cape Education ..Department and to establish a Lecturer Support and Development Team (LSDT) at each FET college, which would include the following services: • student counselling services • academic development and learning support • occupational development and career guidance • life skills education and health education, and • college institutional development. Student counselling services at FET colleges aim to render comprehensive student services with a holistic developmental aspect of the student in relation to his/her social, emotional, physical and cognitive dimensions. The staff of the LSDT are the first line of contact for the troubled student. The aim of the study was to design, implement and evaluate SSDS at the FET colleges in the Western Cape Education ..Department and to establish a Lecturer Support and Development Team (LSDT) at each FET college, which would include the following services: • student counselling services • academic development and learning support • occupational development and career guidance • life skills education and health education, and • college institutional development. Academic development is aimed at the students who enter the FET sector with inadequate schooling, education and training. Orientation programmes include bridging the gap between schooling and FET education and training. Bridging programmes and remedial programmes are offered to students to compensate for their academic backlog and to accelerate their education and training up to a level suitable for FET. Within the context of academic development learning support is targeted at students experiencing learning and training barriers. This should occur within the framework of inclusive education and training at FET colleges, which is in acknowledgement of the belief that all students can learn and be trained at FET colleges. The development and support mechanisms at the college aim to offer comprehensive assistance to students who experience barriers to education and training. Occupational development and career guidance are aimed at helping the students to make informed and meaningful subject and course decisions which will enable them to enter a suitable occupation in the world of work. Occupational development is the development of appropriate skills, knowledge and competencies to keep students abreast with the fast and ever changing demands of the world of commerce and industry. The South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) development has introduced student learnerships as a 'way of equipping students with the appropriate practical skills for a career. Life skills and health education includes the development of the well-being of students along physical, psychological, social and cognitive dimensions. The HIV/AIDS strategies are the highest priority at the FET colleges. The health promoting education and preventative measures are programmes aimed at minimising risks and giving the student coping strategies. Life skills and health education, which includes sexuality, are infused in the classroom education and training curriculum to ensure that all students are exposed to indispensable information aimed at equipping them for life in the world of work. College institutional development is the ongoing development of the college organisation where the college staff, management and community develop a systemic way of thinking about and managing change. With the clustering and amalgamation of colleges in South Africa, the transformation of the FET colleges necessitates adaptation of the individual and group systems to the development of education and training. The research commenced with a pilot study at eight technical colleges of the Western Cape Education Department (WCED). The study followed a quantitative and qualitative research method to collect data from the college, staff and students. Two questionnaires were used to do a needs analysis. The College Institution Evaluation Questionnaire was then administered to 58 colleges in South Africa and the College Student Profile questionnaire to 2175 students. The data from these questionnaires were used to construct the training programme for the student counselling, academic development and learning support, occupational development and career guidance, life skills and health education programmes which were being conducted at 18 colleges of the WCED. A Student Support and Development Evaluation Questionnaire was then used to evaluate the effectiveness and value of the SSDS programmes. During an interview the Lecture Support and Development Interviewing Schedule was used to evaluate and to determine the efficiency of the LSDT at the college.

Syftet med studien är att få en helhets förståelse för sociala nätverkens betydelse i etableringen på den svenska arbetsmarknaden för arabisktalande och persisktalande individer som har invandrat till Sverige. Studien ämnar även att besvara på hur informanterna använder sitt sociala nätverk för etablering på arbetsmarknaden, på vilket sätt de upplever att kompetenser och kunskap har för betydelse i etableringen på den svenska arbetsmarknaden samt vilken betydelse platsen har för nätverkande och etablering.Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod där sju informanter intervjuades. I ramen av den föreliggande studien använde vi oss av tidigare forskning med en relevant koppling till studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Den insamlade empirin analyserades med utgångspunkt i Hodkinsons och Sparkes Careership-teori, Pierre Bourdieus kapitalteori och Robert D. Putnams teori om sammanbindande och överbryggande socialt kapital. Vidare analyserades deninsamlade empirin utifrån social nätverksanalys. Studiens resultat kring nätverkande pekar på att informanterna har använt sig av olika vägar för etableringen på arbetsmarknaden. Det som framkommer tydligt är att för vissa informanter har sammanbindande och överbryggande socialt kapital haft en betydelse för etableringen. Resultatet visar tydligt att utbildning kan en avgörande betydelse för etableringen. Andra faktorer som kan påverka etableringen är språkkunskapen och arbetslivserfarenheter enligt informanternas berättelser. Vidare har det framkommit att geografiska läget har en nära koppling till informanternas livskontext. Utifrån studiens resultat tyder allt på att det svenska språket är den mest avgörande aspekten för nätverkandet och etableringen. / The purpose of the study is to gain a holistic understanding of the importance of social networks in the establishment in the Swedish labor market for Arabic-speaking and Persian-speaking individuals who have immigrated to Sweden. The study intends to answer how immigrants use their social network to establish themselves in the labor market, it also tends to understand in which way the informants experience that competence and knowledge are important in the establishment in the Swedish labor market. Lastly, it aims to understand what significance the place has for networks and establishment.The study was conducted using a qualitative method where seven informants were interviewed. In the framework of the related study, we used previous research with a relevant connection to the study's purpose and issues. The collected empirical data were analyzed on the basis of Hodkinson's and Sparkes Careership-theory, Pierre Bourdieu's capital theory and Robert D. Putnam's theory of connecting and bridging social capital. Furthermore, the study was conducted with the help of an egocentric network analysis. The results of the study indicate that the informants have used different paths for establishment in the labor market. What is clear is that for some informants, connecting and bridging social capital has been important for the establishment. The results clearly show that education is of crucial importance for the establishment. Other factors that can affect the establishment are language skills and work experience according to the informants’ stories. Furthermore, it has emerged that the geographical location has a close connection to the informants' life context. Based on the results of the study, everything indicates that the Swedish language is the most crucial aspect for networking and establishment.

Under våren 2020 konstaterades att coronaviruset Covid-19 är en pandemi. Detta medförde restriktioner inom skolvärlden som innebar en påtvingad förändring att bland annat studie- och yrkesvägledningen nu skulle ske digitalt. Med frågeställningarna ”Hur ser utvecklingen av den snäva och vida digitala vägledningen ut för studie- och yrkesvägledare inom gymnasieskolan”, ”Vilka för- och/eller nackdelar ser studie- och yrkesvägledare inom gymnasieskolan med digital vägledning?” samt ”Vilka önskemål finns hos studie- och yrkesvägledare inom gymnasieskolan kring eventuell kompetensutveckling när det gäller digital vägledning?” är vår förhoppning att vi ska uppnå studiens syfte. Syftet är att undersöka huruvida verksamma studie- och yrkesvägledare på kommunala gymnasieskolor i sju kommuner i norra Sverige anser sig besitta de kompetenser som behövs för att anpassa sig till ett eventuellt nytt arbetssätt med digital vägledning, samt om och i så fall hur detta har utvecklats i samband med Covid-19. En kvalitativ forskningsmetod med semistrukturerade intervjuer användes för insamling av data. Vi har analyserat resultatet med hjälp av karriärteorin Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT), och dess begrepp upplevd självförmåga, förväntat utfall och personliga mål. Av denna studie framgår att den snäva vägledningen fungerar relativt väl digitalt, medan den vida vägledningen upplevs som en utmaning. I resultaten lyfts fördelar med digital vägledning som effektivitet och tillgänglighet samt nackdelar som brist på personlig kontakt. Det framgår även att videosamtal föredras framför telefonsamtal bland de studie- och yrkesvägledare vi intervjuat, samt att efterfrågan på kompetensutveckling uppfattas som minimal. Framledes kan informanterna se att en kombination av traditionell och digital vägledning är att föredra, även när det blir möjligt att genomföra mer vägledning på plats. / In the spring of 2020, it was declared that the coronavirus Covid-19 is a pandemic. This led to restrictions in the school generally that meant a forced change that, among other things, career guidance would now take place digitally. With the questions ”What is the development of the narrow and wide digital guidance for career counsellors in upper secondary school?”, ”What advantages and/or disadvantages do career counsellors in upper secondary school see with digital guidance?” and ”What are the wishes of career counsellors in upper secondary school regarding possible competence development in digital guidance?” our hope is that we will achieve the purpose of the study. The aim is to investigate whether active career counsellors at municipal upper secondary schools in seven municipalities in northern Sweden consider themselves to possess the skills needed to adapt to a possible new way of working with digital guidance, and if so how this has developed in connection with Covid-19. A qualitative research method with semi- structured interviews was used for data collection. We have analyzed the results using Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT), and its concept of self efficacy, outcome expectations and personal goals. This study shows that the narrow guidance works relatively well digitally, while the wide guidance is perceived as a challenge. Our results highlights benefits of digital guidance such as efficiency and accessibility as well as disadvantages such as lack of personal contact. Other results indicates, among other things, that video calls are preferred to telephone calls by the career counsellors when it comes to career guidance, and that the demand for competence development is perceived as minimal. In the future, the informants can see that a combination of traditional and digital guidance is preferable, even when it becomes possible to implement more face-to- face guidance.

The fundamental aim of education is to empower learners to succeed in their career path and, as such, the future of South African learners depends on the quality of decisions and the progress made by them in respect of their personal and career development needs. The focus of the study was on investigating the awareness of guidance and counselling in Ga-Rankuwa secondary schools, and explore factors influencing career choice. The total number of secondary schools that participated in the study were seven (7), and all public schools from the disadvantaged context, in the Tshwane West Education District. The study was a descriptive survey, and the target population consisted of 859 participants. The data were collected, using two questionnaires; namely the Career Development Questionnaire (CDQ), and the Selfstructured Questionnaire (SSQ). The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to generate data, which were used as descriptive statistics of frequency table, percentages and cross-tabulation to “raise awareness on the status of career guidance and counselling in GaRankuwa secondary schools” The findings of the study showed that career guidance and counselling was not effectively implemented in schools, and that inadequate career education was offered to learners during Life Orientation classes. From the findings, it was discovered that learners did not have the accurate, sufficient, informed and practical knowledge to help them make sound career decisions, and that learners’ levels of career maturity were very low. It was evident from the findings that age, gender, parents/guardians educational background did not have any significant influence on learners’ career choices. The researcher, therefore, recommends that Life-Orientation teachers be exposed to extensive career guidance and be offered training in career counselling, and that there should be adequate and accessible career guidance and counselling facilities for learners – and that career guidance strategies and policies should be reviewed. / Psychology / Ph. D. (Psychology)

Omval inom och avhopp från gymnasieskolan har ekonomiska konsekvenser för såväl skola som samhället och individen själv. En utvecklad valkompetens från grundskolan ses som ett verktyg för att nå förändring. Valkompetens beskrivs av Skolverket som kunskaper och färdigheter individer behöver utveckla för att kunna göra välunderbyggda framtidsval och är alla inom grundskolas uppdrag att arbeta med. Syftet med valkompetens är därmed att gynna samhället och arbetsmarknaden, därav denna studies koppling till arbetsvetenskap. Utifrån att valkompetens med fördel integreras i undervisning för kontinuerlig utveckling är studiens målgrupp lärare. Uppsatsen studerar således arbetet med utvecklingen av elevers valkompetens inom obligatorisk skolform utifrån ett lärarperspektiv samt lärares kunskap och kännedom om begreppet valkompetens. Studien synliggör även lärares upplevelse av ansvarsfördelningen för arbetet med valkompetens utöver en kritisk granskning av begreppet utifrån tidigare forskning och denna studies empiri. Studien är ett bidrag inom området arbetsvetenskap: karriärutveckling samt studie- och yrkesvägledning som hela skolans ansvar, den breda vägledningen.Studiens teoretiska ramverk förhålls till institutionell teori genom löskoppling och isomorfism samt läroplansteori genom förhållandet mellan samhällets krav, styrdokumentens formulerande och utövandet inom skola. Den kvantitativa metoden används med intention att studera flera svar kopplade till studiens syfte och visar att valkompetens som begrepp är okänt av lärare samt att arbetet med valkompetens sker utifrån subjektiva tolkningar av begreppet. Arbetet utförs i förhållande till styrdokument men inte alltid i förhållande till Skolverkets beskrivning av valkompetens. Huvudansvaret för arbetet ses av majoriteten som hela skolans ansvar men empirin visar att styrning i förhållande till begreppet saknas. Då begreppet inte är vedertaget och dessutom tolkningsbart ser studien problematiken med att koppla valkompetensen lärarna arbetar med till Skolverkets förklaring av begreppet och vidare för att få den önskade effekten av förändrad genomströmning inom gymnasieskolan. / Swapping programs or dropping out of upper secondary school has financial consequences for the school as well as society and the individual. Developing Career Management Skills (CMS) in primary school is seen as a way to achieve change. CMS is described by the Swedish National Education Agency as knowledge and skills individuals need to develop to be able to make well-founded choices for the future. It is all personnel’s, in primary school, task to work with. The purpose of CMS is thus to benefit society and the labor market, hence the connection of this study to occupational science. Since CMS benefits to be integrated into teaching for long-term development, this study's target group is teachers. The essay studies the work with CMS within primary school from a teacher's perspective as well as their knowledge and familiarity with the concept of CMS. The study also brings to light teachers' view of the distribution of CMS work in addition to a critical examination of the Swedish translation based on previous research and the empirical work of this study. The study is a contribution in the field of occupational science: career development and career guidance.The study's theoretical framework relates to institutional theory´s decoupling and isomorphism and curriculum theory of the relationship between society's demands, the governing documents and the practice within schools. The quantitative method is used with the intention of studying several responses linked to the purpose of the study and shows that CMS as a concept is unknown to teachers and that the work with CMS is based on subjective interpretations of the concept. The work is carried out by teachers in relation to the curriculum, but not always in relation to the Swedish National Education Agency’s description of CMS. The main responsibility for the work is seen by the majority as the entire schools, but empirical evidence shows that governance in relation to the concept is lacking. Since the concept is not accepted and open to interpretation, the study sees the problem of connecting CMS as it’s taught to the explanation of the concept. And further to get the desired effect in upper secondary school.

In this paper we consider needs development problem of the individual in the tech revolution period in terms of marketing. Applying the term "Axiology of needs" that displays the spiritual and worth development of the individual and the process of transition to the concept of social-ethical marketing. Spiritual development of the individual is part of the development of society and the emergence of higher needs. Charity as a form of spiritual needs of persons performs an integral part of the socio - ethical society. Helping people with disabilities we have seen as a process of becoming a new spiritual community with qualitatively new values and outlook on life. The project aims to create an educational program for training and retraining of people with disabilities through the use of an inclusive approach in the educational process. Inclusive education involves coeducation persons with disabilities and of physically healthy students at the university, on the general education program. / В данной работе нами рассматривается проблема развития потребностей индивида в условиях техногенной революции с точки зрения маркетинга. Применен термин «Аксиологизация потребностей», который отображает духовно ценностное развитие индивида и процесс, перехода к концепции социально-этического маркетинга. Духовно - ценностное развитие индивида является элементом развития общества и возникновения высших потребностей. Благотворительность как форма духовно – ценностного развития выступает неотъемлемой частью социально – этического общества. Помощь людям с ограниченными возможностями уровне нами рассматривается как процесс становления нового духовного общества с качественно новыми ценностями и взглядами на жизнь. И проблема интеграции людей с ограниченными физическими возможностями в профессиональную среду и их социальная реабилитация в качестве полноценных членов общества, является прикладной частью нашего исследования. Был разработан проект, нацеленный на создание образовательной программы по профессиональной подготовке и переподготовке людей с ограниченными физическими возможностями посредством применения инклюзивного подхода в образовательном процессе. Инклюзивное образование подразумевает совместное обучение инвалидов и физически полноценных студентов в УрФУ, на общей образовательной программе.

Current work is focused on the development of a project of a career guidance complex using virtual reality for schoolchildren with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Various issues related to the subject were highlighted in the work. One of such is the inconsistency of current career guidance methods with current and future labor markets. Another problem is the lack of accessible career guidance techniques for people with health limitations, and in particular with ASD. Current work also underlines the lack of effective assistance to people with disabilities and with ASD in their professional self-determination, despite the allocation of state quotas for vacancies for people with health limitations. In the course of the work, a detailed analysis of various domestic and foreign literature on the stated problems was carried out, and a draft career guidance methodology using virtual reality for schoolchildren with ASD was developed. In the future, it is planned to continue work on the project of a career guidance complex. And, although the project is complex, resource-consuming, and long-term, its implementation can be a step towards solving the problems of career guidance for people with autism spectrum disorders and, in general, the problems of their inclusion in public life. / Работа посвящена созданию проекта профориентационного комплекса с использованием виртуальной реальности для школьников с расстройствами аутистического спектра (РАС). В работе были освящены такие проблемы как несоответствие использующихся в настоящее время методов профориентации современному и будущему рынкам труда; отсутствие доступных профориентационных методик для лиц с ограниченными возможностями здоровья (ОВЗ), и в частности – с РАС; а также отсутствие эффективной помощи лицам с ОВЗ, и с РАС – в частности, в их профессиональном самоопределении, несмотря на выделение государственных квот на вакансии для лиц с ОВЗ. В ходе работы был проведён подробный анализ различной отечественной и зарубежной литературы по заявленным проблемам, а также был разработан проект профориентационной методики с использованием виртуальной реальности для школьников с РАС. В дальнейшем планируется продолжить работу над проектом профориентационного комплекса. И, не смотря на то, что проект является сложным, ресурсозатратным и долгосрочным, его реализация может стать шагом в сторону решения проблем профориентации лиц с расстройствами аутистического спектра и в целом проблем их включённости в общественную жизнь.

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In this essay we have chosen to study single mothers who in conjunction with their parental leave have chosen to change career direction. Through personal and previous experiences during our time at Malmö University we have come into contact with single mothers who had gone through a journey such as the one described which in form led us to question what influences this group and how guidance counsellors can guide them through these turning-points. To be able to identify the reasons for the change of career direction we have chosen to use the following questions: What factors have influenced single mothers'  who have decided to change career direction? Have single mothers' views on their career development changed in the context of parenthood? If so, how? How can career counsellors best guide single mothers in their career transitions?     We have carried out qualitative interviews with six informants who have decided to change career direction by studying or changing workplace. The theoretical framework this essay will be analysed through is based on Bourdieu's research regarding habitus, capital and fields and Hodkinson and Sparkes’ Careership Theory and its horizons of action, turning-points and periods of routine.     The results state that many single mothers, mainly those who have worked in the tourism-, restaurant- or event business previous to their parenthood find it difficult to combine those fields of work with the responsibility of being a single parent. As a result they have either tried to find jobs that fit with their new needs or they have chosen to study. The decision to study has been one with dual purposes; one being the possibility of a higher paying job, for which an education is quite important in Sweden, and the other being the freedom it gives you as the parent of a young child to shape your schedule to fit your current situation.