Malmskillnadsgatan i Stockholm har trots sitt centrala läge mitt i Stockholm där mycket folk är i rörelse runtom, blivit synonymt med kriminella aktiviteter och blivit en gata som folk anser vara dyster och oattraktiv. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur aspekter inom den bebyggda miljön påverkar aktivitet och trygghet i gatumiljöer samt hur de påverkar människors upplevelse av gatumiljön. Fokus kommer att ligga på Malmskillnadsgatan och det upprustningsprojekt som Vasakronan, tillsammans med Stockholms stad, har utfört. För att uppfylla syftet har en fallstudie av Malmskillnadsgatan gjorts i form av dokumentanalys, platsbesök och intervjuer med brukare samt en anställd på Vasakronan. Arbetet har utgått från ett teoretiskt ramverk där kopplingen mellan bebyggd miljö, attraktivitet och aktivitet samt bebyggd miljö och trygghet har analyserats. De teorier som använts är Gehls perspektiv på attraktiva gatumiljöer. Ewing och Handys fem kvaliteter för ett aktivt gatuliv, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED), Broken window theory samt Routine activity theory.  Dokumentanalysen visade att en kombination av brist på utbud av aktivitet, oattraktiv och stängd arkitektur och gatans läge jämfört med omkringliggande gator bidrog till att skapa låg naturlig genomströmning och lågt flöde på gatan. Platsbesöket visade att gatan har förbättrats utifrån flera av de teorier som nämnts i det teoretiska ramverket. De tidigare stängda fasaderna har öppnats upp och införandet av aktivitet i bottenvåning, främst i form av restaurangverksamhet, har bidragit till ett större flöde. Brukarintervjuerna visade att en klar majoritet tyckte att Malmskillnadsgatan blivit mer attraktiv och trygg efter ombyggnationen, dock främst enbart vid fastigheten Hästskon 12. Flera respondenter tycker att övriga delar av gatan fortfarande är oattraktiva och otrygga och bilden av att gatan dör ut på kvällar och helger finns fortfarande kvar. Arkitekturen och införandet av restaurangverksamhet nämndes främst som faktorer som fått gatan att bli mer attraktiv. Flödet av människor som dessa skapat var den främsta orsaken till att flera av respondenterna kände sig trygga. Förslag på ytterligare förbättringar var större variation i aktivitetsutbudet, mer aktiva bottenvåningar på övriga delar av gatan samt bättre belysning. / Malmskillnadsgatan in Stockholm, despite its central location in the heart of Stockholm with a lot of people moving around, has become synonymous with criminal activities and has been perceived as a gloomy and unattractive street. This study aims to investigate how aspects of the built environment affect activity and safety in urban environments, as well as how they influence people's perception of the street environment. The focus will be on Malmskillnadsgatan and the redevelopment project carried out by Vasakronan, in collaboration with the City of Stockholm. To fulfill the purpose, a case study of Malmskillnadsgatan has been conducted through document analysis, site visits, and interviews with users and an employee of Vasakronan. The study is based on a theoretical framework that analyzes the connection between the built environment, attractiveness, and activity and between the built environment and safety. The theories used include Gehl's perspective on attractive street environments, Ewing and Handy's five qualities for vibrant street life, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED), the Broken Window theory, and the Routine Activity Theory. The document analysis revealed that a combination of a lack of activity offerings, unattractive and closed architecture, and the street's location compared to surrounding streets contributed to the low natural flow and low activity on the street. The site visit showed that the street has improved according to several of the theories mentioned in the theoretical framework. The previously closed facades have opened up, and the introduction of activities on the ground floor, mainly in the form of restaurants, has contributed to increased flow. User interviews indicated that a clear majority felt that Malmskillnadsgatan had become more attractive and safer after the redevelopment, primarily in the vicinity of Hästskon 12. However, several respondents still found other parts of the street unattractive and unsafe, and the perception that the street dies out in the evenings and on weekends persists. The architecture and the introduction of restaurant activities were primarily mentioned as factors that made the street more attractive. The flow of people they created was the main reason several respondents felt safe. Suggestions for further improvements included greater variety in the range of activities, more active ground floors in other parts of the street, and better lighting.

De miljöer vi planerar för och bygger idag är de platser där kommande generationer kommer att bo och vistas. Det offentliga miljöerna fungerar som en plats för möten och socialisering, därför måste det vara säkert och tryggt för alla människor. Teorin om brottsförebyggande genom urbandesign (CPTED) har sitt ursprung på 1970-talet och har utvidgats till att bli en omfattande teori för att skapa säkra och säkra miljöer. I Sverige finns det varken nationella riktlinjer eller rättsliga krav på användning av CPTED i planeringsprocessen eller att skapa trygga offentliga miljöer bortsett från ett snävt perspektiv. Denna avhandling syftar till att mäta omfattningen av kunskap och användning av CPTED-principer i den offentliga och privata sfären inom planering - så kallad CPTED-beredskap. Detta görs genom en landsomfattande undersökning av kommuner och halvstrukturerade intervjuer med fem framstående privata utvecklare. Denna avhandling testar dessutom betydelsen av sex hypoteser för att bestämma sådan beredskap bland kommunerna genom att genomföra ett stratifierat urval av kommuner för statistiska analyser. Resultaten av denna studie visar att många kommuner inte är beredda att implementera CPTED- principer i sin planeringspraxis och att privata utvecklare i allmänhet saknar CPTED-kunskap men hade en positiv åsikt om ämnet och efterfrågade potentiell vägledning från den offentliga sektorn. Dessa resultat tyder på att för att säkerställa att svenska kommuner och privata utvecklare ska vara redo att planera för säkra och säkra offentliga platser, måste det utvecklas en nationell vägledning om användningen av CPTED i stadsplanering. / The environments we plan for and build today are the places where future generations will live. The public realm serves as a place for meeting and socialization, which is why it must be safe and secure for all people. The theory of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) originated in the 1970s and has expanded to become a comprehensive theory for creating safe and secure environments. In Sweden, there exists neither national guidelines nor legal requirements on the use of CPTED in the planning process. This thesis sets out to measure the extent of knowledge and use of CPTED principles in public and private sphere planning practice- called CPTED readiness. This is done through a nationwide survey of municipalities and semi-structured interviews with five prominent private developers. This thesis additionally tests the significance of six hypotheses in determining such readiness amongst municipalities by subjecting a stratified sample of municipalities to an ordinary least squares regression model. The results of this study show that many municipalities are not prepared to implement CPTED principles in their planning practice and that private developers generally lack CPTED knowledge but had a favorable opinion of the subject and whished more of potential guidance from the public sector. These results indicate that, in order to ensure that Swedish municipalities and private developers are ready to plan for safe and secure public places, there is a need for national guidance on the use of CPTED in urban planning.

No description available.

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Hyung Jin Kim / Obesity levels—related to an increase of physical inactivity—are rapidly rising in the United States (CDC 2010; Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion 2008). Reportedly, African-American women have the highest obesity rates when compared to any other demographic in the United States—especially those residing in crime-plagued urban environments (CDC 2010). Yet active living strategies by designers have been least effective amongst this demographic (Day 2006). Researchers report crime-safety perceptions are one of the biggest environmental factors influencing physical activity levels amongst low-income African-American women (Foster and Giles-Corti 2008; Codinhoto 2009). Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) has been the most common practice towards an intervention of criminal activity in the built environment; however, little practice has addressed both CPTED and physical activity. While first and second generation crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) are inclusive of addressing both physical and social aspects of the built environment (Cleveland and Seville 2008; Griffin et al. 2008; Dekeseredy et al. 2009), they have yet to effectively address crime-safety needs and its potential relationship with physical activity behaviors of low-income African-American women and their neighborhoods. Therefore, what built environment changes tailored for this target population—African- American women—are necessary? This study examines 1) what crime safety perceptions of the built environment are affecting low--income African American women’s physical activity levels in Kansas City, Missouri and 2) what design solutions these women suggest could help increase their physical activity levels, through improving their perceptions of neighborhood safety. As a place-specific study on a low income neighborhood in Kansas City, Missouri, selected through GIS suitability analyses with literature-based criteria, this study used survey and focus group interview methods to identify the target group’s design suggestions. The findings resulted with a connection from research to design solutions—neighborhood and street-level design strategies with CPTED guidelines linking the researched participant’s perceptions of crime in their built environment to the effect of crime on their own physical activity.

The increase in urban violence in Brazil became a frequent subject in the media and the general fear changes the constructed space to reflect and produce even more insecurity. The city has changed, individuals are isolated and ancient streets that were crowded are now lifeless spaces, further causing this feeling of insecurity. Within this context this work seeks to understand how urban design can help prevent various forms of violence that occur on city streets. To better understand this, maps were initially performed with the spatial data of violence in the city of Maceió, which formed the basis for the choice of the study area. The process resulted in the selection of the Ponta da Terra neighbourhood, for some features like great movement and a variety of uses, and its data violence is small compared to the data of the neighbourhoods that surround it. The analysis was done with maps, interviews to understand the perception of residents regarding violence in the neighborhood, and using criteria of CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Enviromental Design), where the physical, functional and environmental characteristics of areas were analyzed. This dissertation aims to discuss the influence of spatial factors in the local crime such as block sizes, lighting distribution and existence of shields that prevent or hinder the view of passers-by, among other things. The problem should be seen in a larger context, the city, the state, the country so that the intervention in an area does not lead to increased crime in another, since the lack of space planning could only move the crimes to other areas. Public policies must be integrated in orderto meet the basic needs of the population and public safety one. / O aumento da violência no Brasil tornou-se assunto frequente nas mídias e o medo generalizado leva o espaço construído a insumos que refletem na produção de mais insegurança. A cidade se transformou, a sociedade se isolou e as ruas antigas que eram movimentadas deram lugar a espaços sem vida, causando ainda mais esse sentimento de insegurança. Dentro desse contexto esse trabalho procura compreender como o desenho urbano pode ajudar a prevenir diversas formas de violência que ocorrem nas ruas das cidades. Para essa compreensão inicialmente foram realizados mapeamentos com a espacialização dos dados de violência no Município de Maceió, que serviram de base para a escolha da área de estudo. O processo resultou na escolha do bairro Ponta da Terra, por algumas características como grande movimentação e a diversidade de usos, e por seus dados de violência ser menores se comparados aos dados dos bairros que o circundam. A análise foi feita com mapeamentos, entrevistas para compreensão da percepção dos moradores com relação à violência no bairro, utilizando-se de critérios do CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Enviromental Design), onde foram analisadas as características físicas, funcionais e ambientais dos espaços. Esta dissertação objetiva discutir a influência dos fatores espaciais na criminalidade local, tais como tamanho de quadras, distribuição de iluminação e existência de anteparos que impedem ou dificultam a visualização dos transeuntes, entre outros aspectos. Estes devem ser considerados e o problema deve ser visto em um contexto maior, a cidade, o estado, o país de modo que a intervenção em uma área não implique no aumento da criminalidade em outra, já que a falta de planejamento do espaço poderia apenas mover os crimes para outras áreas. As políticas devem ser integradas no sentido de atender às necessidades básicas da população, sendo a segurança pública uma delas.

[EN] The first part of this work reviews the potential applications of satellite remote sensing to regional science research in urban settings. The availability of satellite remote sensing data has increased significantly in the last two decades. The increasing spatial resolution of commercial satellite imagery has influenced the emergence of new research and applications of regional science in urban settlements because it is now possible to identify individual objects of the urban fabric. The most common applications found in the literature are the detection of urban deprivation hot spots, quality of life index assessment, urban growth analysis, house value estimation, urban population estimation, urban social vulnerability assessment, and the variability of intra-urban crime rates. The satellite remote sensing imagery used in these applications has medium, high or very high spatial resolution (Landsat MSS, Landsat TM and ETM+, SPOT, ASTER, IRS, Ikonos and QuickBird). Consistent relationships between socio-economic variables derived from censuses and field surveys and proxy variables of vegetation coverage measured from satellite remote sensing data have been found in several cities in the US. Different approaches and techniques have been applied successfully around the world, but local research is always needed to account for the unique elements of each place. Spectral mixture analysis, object-oriented classifications and image texture measures are some of the techniques of image processing that have been implemented with good results. This work contributes empirical evidence about the usefulness of remote sensing imagery to quantify the degree of poverty at the intra-urban scale. This concept is based on two premises: first, that the physical appearance of an urban settlement is a reflection of the society; and second, that the people who reside in urban areas with similar physical housing conditions have similar social and demo- graphic characteristics. We evaluate the potential of the image-derived urban fabric descriptors to explain a measure of poverty known as the Slum Index. We found that these variables explain up to 59% of the variability in the Slum Index. Similar approaches could be used to lower the cost of socioeconomic surveys by developing an econometric model from a sample and applying that model to the rest of the city and to perform intercensal or intersurvey estimates of intra-urban Slum Index maps. The last part of this work analyzes the relation between the urban layout and crime. The link between place and crime is at the base of social ecology theories of crime that focus in the relationship of the characteristics of geographical areas and crime rates. The broken windows theory states that visible cues of physical and social disorder in a neighborhood can lead to an increase in more serious crime. Based on the premise that a settlement's appearance is a reflection of the society, we ask whether a neighbor- hood's design has a quantifiable imprint when seen from space using urban fabric descriptors computed from VHR imagery. The percentage of impervious surfaces other than clay roofs, the fraction of clay roofs to impervious surfaces, two structure descriptors related to the homogeneity of the urban layout, and the uniformity texture descriptor were all statistically significant. Areas with higher homicide rates tended to have higher local variation and less general homogeneity; that is, the urban layouts were more crowded and cluttered, with small dwellings with different roofing materials located in close proximity to one another, and these regions often lacked other homogeneous surfaces such as open green spaces, wide roads, or large facilities. These results seem to be in agreement with the broken windows theory and CPTED in the sense that more heterogeneous and disordered urban layouts are associated with higher homicide rates. / [ES] La primera parte aporta una revisión de las aplicaciones de la teledetección satelital en la investigación de ciencia regional en entornos urbanos. La disponibilidad de imágenes satelitales se ha incrementado significativamente en las dos últimas décadas, al tiempo que la resolución espacial ha venido aumentando, lo que ha influenciado el surgimiento de investigaciones y aplicaciones de ciencia regional en zonas urbanas. Las aplicaciones más comunes son la detección de hot spots de pobreza urbana, la evaluación de índices de calidad de vida, el análisis del crecimiento urbano, la estimación de valores de vivienda, la estimación de población urbana, la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad social y las variaciones intra-urbanas en tasas de crimen. Las imágenes satelitales usadas tienen resolución espacial media, alta o muy alta (Landsat MSS, Landsat TM y ETM+, SPOT, ASTER, IRS, Ikonos y Quickbird). Se han encontrado relaciones consistentes entre variables socio-económicas obtenidas de censos y encuestas y variables de la cobertura de vegetación en varias ciudades de Estados Unidos. Algunas de las técnicas que se han implementado y obtenido buenos resultados son el análisis de mezcla espectral, las clasificaciones orientadas a objetos y las medidas de textura de la imagen. Se aporta evidencia empírica acerca de la utilidad de las imágenes satelitales para cuantificar el grado de pobreza a escala intra-urbana. Se basa en dos premisas: primero, que la apariencia física de un asentamiento urbano es un reflejo de la sociedad que lo habita; y segundo, que la población de áreas urbanas con condiciones físicas de vivienda parecidas tiene características sociales y demográficas similares. Evaluamos el potencial de los descriptores del tejido urbano extraídos de la imagen para explicar una medida de pobreza conocida como el índice Slum. Encontramos que esas variables explican hasta un 59% de la variabilidad en el índice Slum. Aproximaciones similares a esta podrían usarse para disminuir el costo de encuestas socioeconómicas por medio del desarrollo de un modelo econométrico usando una muestra y luego aplicando el modelo al resto de la ciudad, y para elaborar estimaciones inter-censales o inter-encuestas de mapas intra-urbanos del índice Slum. La última parte analiza la relación entre el trazado urbano y crimen. El enlace entre el lugar y el crimen está en la base de las teorías socio-ecológicas de crimen que se enfocan en la relación de las características de las áreas geográficas y las tasas de crimen. La teoría de las ventanas rotas afirma que las evidencias visibles de desorden físico y social en un barrio pueden llevar al incremento de crímenes más serios. Con base en la premisa de que la apariencia de un asentamiento es un reflejo de la sociedad, nos preguntamos si el diseño del barrio tiene un impacto cuantificable cuando se observa desde el espacio usando descriptores del tejido urbano obtenidos de imágenes de muy alta resolución. El porcentaje de superficies impermeables diferentes a los techos de arcilla, la fracción de techos de arcilla sobre las superficies impermeables, dos variables de estructura relacionadas con la homogeneidad del trazado urbano y la variable de textura uniformidad resultaron estadísticamente significativas. Las áreas con tasas de homicidio más altas tienden a tener mayor variación local y menor homogeneidad general; esto es, los trazados urbanos son más desordenados y hacinados, con pequeñas viviendas que tienen materiales diferentes en sus techos localizadas muy cerca unas de otras, y estas áreas carecen a menudo de otras superficies homogéneas tales como espacios verdes abiertos, vías amplias y grandes construcciones industriales o institucionales. Estos resultados parecen estar en acuerdo con la teoría de las ventanas rotas y CPTED en el sentido de que los trazados urbanos más desordenados y heterogéneos están asociados con tasas de homicid / [CAT] La primera part aporta una revisió de les potencials aplicacions de la teledetecció espacial a la investigació en ciència regional en entorns urbans. La disponibilitat de dades de percepció remota des de satèl·lits s'ha incrementat significativament a les dues últimes dècades. La resolució espacial de les imatges de satèl·lit comercials també han anat augmentant i això, ha influït en l'aparició de investigacions i aplicacions a la ciència regional en assentaments urbans. Les aplicacions més comunes trobades a la literatura són la detecció de punts calents de pobresa urbana, l'avaluació dels índex de qualitat de vida, les anàlisis de creixement urbà, l'avaluació de la vulnerabilitat social i les variacions intraurbanes de les taxes de crims. Les imatges de satèl·lit emprades tenen resolució espacial mitjana, alta o molt alta (Landsat MSS, Landsat TM i ETM+, SPOT, ASTER, IRS, Ikonos y Quickbird). S'han torbat relacions consistents entre variables socioeconòmiques obtingudes de censos i enquestes i variables de la cobertura de vegetació en varies ciutats del Estats Units. Algunes de les tècniques que s'han implementat i han donat bons resultats són l'anàlisi de mescla espectral, les classificacions orientades a objecte i les mesures de textura de les imatges. Es aporta evidència empírica sobre la utilitat de les imatges de satèl·lit per quantificar el grau de pobresa a escala intraurbana. Es bassa en dues premisses: primer, que l'aparença física d'un assentament urbà n'és un reflex de la societat que l'habita; i segon, que les persones que resideixen en àrees urbanes amb condicions físiques de vivenda paregudes tenen també característiques socials i demogràfiques similars. Avaluem el potencial dels descriptors del teixit urbà extrets de la imatge per explicar una mesura de pobresa coneguda com index Slum. Trobem que aquestes variables expliquen fins un 59% de la variabilitat de l'índex Slum. Aproximacions semblants a aquesta es podrien emprar per a disminuir el cost de les enquestes socioeconòmiques mitjançant el desenvolupament d'un model economètric utilitzant una mostra i després aplicant el model a la resta de la ciutat, i per elaborar estimacions inter-censals o inter-enquestes de mapes intraurbans de l'índex Slum. La darrera part analitza la relació entre el traçat urbà i el crim. L'enllaç entre el lloc i el crim està a la base de les teories socio-ecològiques del crim que es centren en la relació de les característiques de les àrees geogràfiques i les taxes de crims. La teoria de les finestres trencades afirma que les evidències visibles de desordre físic i social d'un barri pot portar a l'augment de crims més greus. Basant-se en la premissa de que l'aparença d'un assentament n'és el reflex de la societat, ens hi preguntem si el disseny del barri té un impacte quantificable quan s'observa des de el espai, utilitzant descriptors del teixit urbà obtinguts de imatges de molt alta resolució. Han resultat estadísticament significatius el percentatge de superfícies impermeables diferents a les teulades de argila, la fracció de teulades d'argila sobre les superfícies impermeables, dues variables d'estructura relacionades amb la homogeneïtat del traçat urbà i la variable de textura de uniformitat. Les àrees amb taxes d'homicidi més altes tendeixen a presentar una major variació local i una menor homogeneïtat general; és a dir, el traçats urbans són més desordenats i amuntonats, amb petites vivendes que tenen materials diferents a les seues teulades localitzades molt prop unes d'altres, i aquestes àrees manquen sovint d'altres superfícies homogènies, com ara espais verds oberts, vies amplies i grans construccions industrials o institucionals. Aquests resultats pareixen estar-hi d'acord amb la teoria de les finestres trencades i CPTED en el sentit de que els traçats urbans més desordenats i heterogenis estan associats amb taxes d'homicides m / Patiño Quinchía, JE. (2015). Cityscape, poverty and crime: a quantitative assessment using VHR imagery [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59453 / TESIS

No description available.

Till följd av att cannabisförsäljningen tillfört konflikter och varit en grundläggande orsak till ökat antal dödsskjutningar i Sverige de senaste åren, råder det därmed ingen tvekan om att det krävs satsningar för att minska cannabisförsäljningen och dess skadliga konsekvenser. Dessutom handlar en del av de globala hållbarhetsmålen i FN:s Agenda 2030 om att främja den sociala hållbarheten genom att bland annat öka tryggheten och säkerheten i den byggda stadsmiljön. Denna studie syftar på att undersöka de platser som attraherar cannabisöverlåtelse, dvs. langning, i stadsmiljön, för att kartlägga när, var och vid vilken situation som brottet förekommer. Detta för att sedan kunna ge förslag till förbättringar för utformandet av platsen för att förhindra cannabisöverlåtelse och skapa en trygg miljö för alla. I och med detta syftar arbetet till att få en ökad förståelse kring sambandet mellan säkerhet och den fysiskt utformade stadsmiljön. För att kunna uppnå syftet med studien grundar sig den kvalitativa formen av studien på data från svenska polismyndigheten där ett urval på 25 brottsplatser i Stockholms län undersöktes under kvällstid. Väl på plats fylldes en mall i löpande, kallad Trygga Platser Mallen, samtidigt som områdena fotograferades. Vidare sammanställdes och analyserades resultatet från fallstudien med underlag av olika trygghets- och säkerhets principer samt teorier. Denna studie är avgränsad och berör endast 25 brottsplatser inom Stockholmsregionen där samtliga cannabisöverlåtelser skett under kvälls-och nattetid mellan klockan 18–01.  Resultatet av studien visar att det är många miljöfaktorer som samspelar på en miljö där cannabislangning sker. Den visar att de omständigheterna på kvällstid som möjliggör cannabisöverlåtelse är i huvudsak att det blir svårare att synas, vilket gör det lättare att sälja cannabis på en del platser. Dessutom stänger de flesta verksamheter under kvällen, vilket minskar flödet kraftigt och den naturliga övervakningen försämras. På mikronivå, visar resultatet att de fysiska egenskaper som underlättar utförandet av cannabislangning är vägar, gångvägar och grönska. Vägarna kan öka tillgängligheten och mobiliteten till platsen. Dessutom ger gångvägar även en möjlighet för möte mellan potentiella kunder och cannabisförsäljare. Vidare blir grönskan ett hinder för den formella och naturliga övervakningen. Dock finns det förbättringar som kan tillämpas på den fysiska miljön för att förhindra cannabislangning. Men i huvudsak skulle det krävas en kombination mellan brottsprevention genom urban design och specifika lösningar som riktas mot en förbättring av den sociala sammanhållningen i olika områden, vilket kan vara att fler offentliga mötes-och aktivitetsplatser skapas under dagens alla timmar. I grund och botten krävs det djupare kunskap av dessa platser som är särskilt utsatta för droghandling för att kunna skapa säkrare miljöer för samtliga medborgare i dagsläget och framöver. Kandidatarbetet avslutas med en kritisk diskussion av metoden och rekommendationer för framtida studier presenteras. / In the past few years, dealing cannabis has led to conflicts, and had a significant role in the increased numbers of fatal shootings in Sweden. Hence, measures to solve the issue are undoubtedly needed to prevent these consequences. Additionally, part of the global sustainability goals in the UN's Agenda 2030 is about promoting social sustainability by, among other things, increasing the safety and security of the urban environment. The aim of this study is to examine the places in the urban environment that attract the dealing of cannabis to map when, where, and in what situation the crime occurs. Consequently, the possibility of identifying different changes to the environmental design enables the prevention of crime and promotion of safety.  To achieve the purpose of the study, a sample of 25 crime scenes in Stockholm County were examined during the evening and night, based on data from the Swedish police authority. Once in place, a template, called “Trygga Platser Mallen” (Safe Places Template), was filled in on an ongoing basis, while the physical environment was photographed at the same time. The results were then compiled and analyzed based on various safety and security principles, as well as theories. The study is delimited and therefore only contains 25 crime scenes in the Stockholm region. Also, the cannabis exchange at those places occurred during the evening between 6 pm and 1 am.  The results of the study show that there are many environmental factors that interact in a setting where dealing cannabis takes place. In essence, cannabis crime is strongly linked to the social interaction between people. However, the physical aspect facilitates the execution of the crime. The results show that the conditions of the environment in the evenings enable cannabis dealing because dealers are less likely to be seen, making it easier to sell. Additionally, most businesses close during the evening, which greatly reduces the flow of people, and the natural surveillance deteriorates. At a micro level, the results show that the physical properties that facilitate cannabis dealing are streets, walking paths, and greenery. The reason is most likely due to the streets increasing the accessibility and flow to these places. Moreover, walking paths provide an opportunity for cross paths between potential customers and dealers. Furthermore, the greenery obstructs formal and informal surveillance.  However, there are approaches to prevent the dealing of cannabis, such as combining methods for crime prevention through urban design and focusing on the improvement of social cohesion in different areas. An example would be to create spaces that encourage social interactions and activities at all hours of the day. Essentially, it is necessary to gain a deeper knowledge of the places that attract the dealing in cannabis to create safer spaces that discourages crime. Lastly, this project ends with a critical discussion of the methods and mentions recommendations for future studies.

Cannabis är den vanligaste illegala drogen i Sverige, och dess konsumtion är ständigt växande. De senaste årens massiva ökning av dödsskjutningar tros vara ett resultat av konflikter mellan kriminella nätverk i fråga om just cannabisförsäljning. För att ta itu med dessa problem måste vi först lära oss mer om de platser där hantering av cannabis sker, i synnerhet försäljning. Den här studien ämnar ge en inblick i hur de här platserna ser ut, vad som kännetecknar dem, och varför just dessa blir utvalda för drogrelaterade aktiviteter, med målet att formulera förslag på hur de kan utformas så att försäljningen av cannabis förebyggs. Studien utfördes genom fältarbete och tillämpandet av ett särskilt fältprotokoll där variabler avsedda att beskriva förhållanden i miljön bedömdes. Dataunderlaget kom från polisens register över arresteringar för misstanke om överlåtelse av cannabis under åren 2019–2020. Vad som kan sägas är att en typisk plats låg i ett bostadsområde med flervåningshus, avskild från stora folkmassor och trafik, öppen med god sikt, och med god tillgänglighet. De erhållna resultaten analyserades sedan i relation till kriminologiska teorier, i syfte att skapa en större förståelse om varför brotten inträffar just där. För att kunna förhindra cannabishandeln på dessa platser har lösningsförslag baserade på principer i CPTED-strategin framförts. Dessa gäller bland annat ökad övervakning från byggnader runtomkring samt att ta upp kampen om det sociala rummet genom att skapa en känsla av ökad territorialitet på platserna. Rapporten avslutas med en utvärdering av den nyttjade metoden samt en diskussion om komplexiteten i att lösa problemen enkom genom åtgärder i stadsmiljön, då det finns en rad andra faktorer som spelar in. Det vi samhällsplanerare kan erbjuda är lösningsalternativ som må stävja brottsligheten, men i slutändan är det individer som väljer att begå dessa kriminella handlingar. / Cannabis is the most common illegal drug in Sweden, and its consumption is constantly increasing. The massive rise in fatal shootings in recent years is believed to be a result of conflicts between criminal networks regarding cannabis sales. To address these issues, we must first learn more about the places in which cannabis occurs, particularly dealing. This study aims to provide an insight into what these places look like, what characterizes them, and why these are selected for drug-related activities, with the aim of offering suggestions on how they could be designed to prevent the dealing of cannabis. The study was carried out through fieldwork and the utilization of a special fieldwork protocol in which variables intended to describe conditions in the environment were assessed. The data came from police records of arrests for suspicions of selling cannabis during the years 2019– 2020. What can be said is that a typical place was in a residential area with multi-storey buildings, separated from large crowds and traffic, open with good visibility, and with good accessibility. The results obtained were then analyzed in relation to criminological theories, to create a greater understanding of why the crimes occur right there. In order to prevent the cannabis dealing in these places, proposed solutions have been put forward based on principles in the CPTED strategy. These include increased surveillance from surrounding buildings and taking up the fight about the social space by creating a sense of increased territoriality in the places. The report ends with an evaluation of the method used and a discussion about the complexity of solving the problems solely through measures in the urban environment, as there are a number of other factors that come into play. What we urban planners can offer are alternative solutions that may curb crime, but in the end, it is individuals who decide to commit these criminal acts.

The creation of sustainable and safe environments nowadays moves more and more into focus for urban planners and architects. Cities should be designed in a way to contribute to social cohesion, shaping an inclusive environment and focusing on the wellbeing of its citizens. Nevertheless, these processes can be undermined by public crime and the fear of crime, which is not only affecting aspects of personal safety but also affecting the people’s behaviour. Reasons why criminality occurs are manifold, impacted by a dynamic set of socioeconomic, demographic, personal but also environmental aspects. In recent years especially the impact of factors related to urban and environmental design respectively planning received rising attention in the field of crime prevention. However, the implementation of strategies regarding ‘crime prevention through environmental design’ or ‘designing out crime’ is still in its early stage in Sweden.   This study aims to investigate spatial and temporal patterns of public crime for the case of Umeå in order to identify potential risk areas, which could receive particular attention regarding crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). In this sense a GIS based spatial analysis had the aim to detect statistically significant hotspots of crime and furthermore to assess the development of these hotspots over time. In order to understand the nature of public crime and criminal behaviour in Umeå in a more holistic way, also temporal aspects regarding the occurrence of crime were analysed. One particularly vulnerable neighbourhood was examined with a qualitative field observation regarding the principles of crime prevention through environmental design in order to assess in which way the built environment is designed and suited to prevent and deter criminality.   Umeå displays rather clear patterns of higher crime activity, assigned to seasonal, weakly and daily periods, which are connected to higher activity in the public space. Also from a spatial perspective certain patterns are detectable with a higher vulnerability for crime at spots which generate higher activity such as shopping areas or neighbourhoods with nightlife and transport hub functions, and in general neighbourhoods with a higher building density. The neighbourhood of Ålidhem displayed thereby a high concentration of criminality, marked as a constant or even intensifying hotspot for the entire period of investigation. The results of the field observation regarding principles of CPTED are especially indicating a lack of maintenance and furthermore the street and building layout is contributing to disorientation. On the other hand, the area is in most cases well equipped for natural surveillance and provides a high amount of locations for leisure and recreation in order strengthen social cohesion.